初中英语语法
Section one
名词
名词变复数变化规则综述
一、绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式,是在该词末尾加上后辍-s。
读音变化:结尾是清辅音读[s],结尾是浊辅音或元音读[z]。
例:friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces
二、凡是以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词,在该词末尾加上后辍-es构成复数。
读音变化:统一加读[iz]。
例:bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes
三、以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,将y改变为i,再加-es。
读音变化:加读[z]。
例:candy→candies; daisy→daisies; fairy→fairies; lady→ladies; story→stories
四、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数。
读音变化:加读[z]。
例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo→torpedoes; bingo→bingoes
反例:silo→silos; piano→pianos(外来词); photo→photos; macro→macros(缩写词)
五、以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves,但有例外。
读音变化:尾音[f]改读[vz]。
例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff→staves; scarf→scarves
反例:roof→roofs
六、以-us结尾的名词(多为外来词),通常将-us改变为-i构成复数。
读音变化:尾音[Es]改读[ai],其中[kEs]要改读为[sai],[gEs]要改读为[dVai]。
例:fungus→fungi; abacus→abaci; focus→foci; cactus→cacti; cestus→cesti
七、以-is结尾的名词,通常将-is改变为-es。
读音变化:尾音[is]改读[i:z]。
例:axis→axes; basis→bases; naris→nares; hypothesis→hypotheses; restis→restes
八、以-ix结尾的名词,通常将-ix改变为-ices,但有例外。
读音变化:尾音[iks]改读[isi:z]。
例:matrix→matrices; directrix→directrices; calix→calices; appendix→appendices 反例:affix→affixes
九、以-um结尾的名词,将-um改变为-a。
读音变化:去掉鼻尾音[m]。
例:forum→fora; stadium→stadia; aquarium→aquaria; datum→data; vacuum→vacua
十、以-a结尾的名词,在该词末尾加上后辍-e。
读音变化:尾音[E]改读[i:]。
例:larva→larvae; formula→formulae; ala→alae; media→mediae; hydra→hydrae
十一、部分单词的复数形式不变。
读音变化:保持原音。
例:fish→fish; sheep→sheep; cattle→cattle; deer→deer; salmon→salmon
十二、极少数单词,其复数形式没有任何规律。
读音变化:没有规律。
例:man→men; woman→women; child→children; person→people; ox→oxen
十三、一些单数词得加en才能变成复数词:
例:ox→oxen; child→children; brother→brethren
十四、一些单数词得改头换面一番,才能变成复数词
例:analysis→analyses分析; basis→bases基础; datum→data数据; foot→feet;
formula→formulae/formulas公式; goose→geese; louse→lice虱子; man→men
mouse→mice; medium→media/mediums媒介; memorandum→memoranda/memorandums备忘录;
parenthesis→parentheses 圆括号; phenomenon→phenomena现象; radius→radii 半径
tooth→teeth; woman→women
十五、有些名词是单数、复数不分的
例:deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鲑鱼; trout 鳟鱼
十六、一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词
例:abscence; clothing; film; help; furniture家具; machinery机械; news; scenery风景; sugar;
traffic交通
十七、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多
例:bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀
trousers长裤; wages工资
十八、compound nouns,这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示
例:daughter-in-law→daughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-law→fathers-in-law岳父
man-of-war→men-of-war兵舰; maid-servant→maid-servants
step-son→step-sons晚子; son-in-law→sons-in-law
十九、若表达具体数目,要借助数量词
例:pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers
二十、另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,
例:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼
二十一、除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
例:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
复合名词变复数
1.以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式。
如:homework, newspaper等。
2.以man或woman为前缀的名词变复数时,前后两个名词都变成复数。
如:woman doctor→women doctors, man waiter→men waiters。
3. 以两个名词构成的复合名词(前面的名词为man或woman除外),一般把后面的名词变复数。
如:boy friend→boy friends, paper bag→paper bags。
4. 以“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词变复数时,把前面名词变复数。
如:father-in-law→fathers-in-law。
5. 以“动词 / 过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词变复数时,在词尾加s。
如:grown-up→grown-ups, stand-by→stand-bys。
6 以“man” "woman"等构成的复数名词,两个都要变复数
man doctor →men doctors
woman teacher →women teachers
相关练习1
1.leaf_________________ 2. life_________________
3. thief_________________ 4. knife_________________
5. shelf_________________ 6. half__________________
7.roof_________________ 8.German_______________
9.sheep________________ 10.deer_________________
11.child_________________ 12.woman teacher________
13.tooth_________________ 14.foot_________________
15.people_______________ 16.postman______________
19.boy________________ 20.key___________
21.story_______________ 22.family______________
23.century_____________ 24.baby_______________
26.tomato_______________ 27.potato________________
28.radio_________________ 29.zoo_________________
30.kilo_________________ 31.photo________________
32.businessman_________ 33.woman_______________
34.man__________________ 35.difficulty____________
36.monkey_____________ 37.mouse_______________
相关练习2
1.There are a lot of B in our school. They work very hard.
A.woman teachers
B.women teachers
C.womans teachers
2.There is a c on the desk.
A.news
B.paper
C.newspaper
D.bread
3.My son got up late this morning. He only had C for breakfast.
A.two bread
B.two slice of bread
C.two slices of bread
D.two slices of breads
4.My school isn't far from here. It's only C walk.
A.fifteen minutes
B.fifteen minute's
C.fifteen minutes'
5.There are twenty B in our school. Some of them are .
A.woman teachers; Germans
B.women teachers; Germans
C.women teachers; Germen
D.woman teachers; Germen
6.Come on, children. Help yourselves to some A if you like.
A.fish and chicken
B.fishes and chicken
C.fish and chickens
D.fishes and chickens
7.Which is the most popular A at the moment?
A.piece of music
B.music
C.a music
D.a piece of music
8.— Sam, you have made so D progress in English. Congratulations!
— Thank you.
A.several
B.many
C.little
D.much
9.He had something to write down and asked me for D .
A.a paper
B.some papers
C.some pieces of papers
D.a piece of paper
10.They got much D on the Internet.
A.photo
B.ideas
C.message
D.information