Table of Content.
Section | Title | Page |
7.1 7.1.1. 7.1.2. 7.1.3. 7.1.4. | Application methods – Introduction Brush application Roller application Application by spraying Application technique – airless spray | 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.5 |
7.2 7.2.1. 7.2.2. 7.2.3. 7.2.4. 7.2.5. | How does spray equipment function Low pressure spray equipment High pressure spray equipment Plural component spraying (Two component spraying) Float coating Paint-drum pump | 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 |
7.3. 7.3.1. 7.3.2. | Treatment of equipment before and after application Before application After application | 7.10 7.10 7.11 |
7.4 | Application and curing condition | 7.11 |
7.5. | Safety aspects during application | 7.14 |
7. Application of paint.
7.1. Application methods – Introduction.
The protective properties of paint have no effect unless the paint is applied correctly. Many people think that all the problems are solved as soon as the anti-corrosive paint is applied in the specified film thickness. It is, however, a fact that the method of application can be equally important with regard to the final result. The following general guidelines for application are recommended:
∙All coating systems must be applied in accordance with their product data sheets.
∙Application must take place under controlled climatic conditions suitable for the particular product in use.
∙If thinning of the paint is required, this must be done in accordance with recommendations given in the data sheets.
∙Correct coating intervals, i.e. max./min recoating times according to data sheets, must be respected.
∙Film thickness measurements must be made after each stage of application. The wet-film thickness of each coat must be checked and adjusted, so that the coating thickness meets the requirements in the specification.
∙Maximum and minimum paint film thickness given by the technical data sheets from the paint supplier must be satisfied.
∙Stripe coating must be done with brush for the first coat. (Roller application can be used on subsequent coats).
The paint must be applied by means of the most suitable equipment and correct application technique. Methods of application include the following:
∙Brush
∙Roller
∙Low-pressure spray (conventional spray)
∙High-pressure spray (airless spray)
∙Other methods
Figure 7.1.
All methods have their good and bad points.
7.1.1. Brush application
From a technical point of view the ideal method of applying a paint is with a brush. The advantage of brushing is that the paint is worked well into the surface so that gaps, pores and pits are filled up, for example in uneven welding seams. Also the paintbrush is moved back and forth, moving the paint or coating in two or more directions. Each of these actions makes the coating flow over the surface in several directions, increasing the intimate contact of the paint with the surface. This is particularly valuable where a coating with only low wetting characteristics is applied. It is also an advantage where the surface is rough, hand prepared, or where there may be surface contaminants or dust present. Contaminants on the surface must of course be avoided! Still, any dust, water drops or other impurities present will, to a certain degree, be moved by the brush thus allow for the paint film to have good contact with the surface. Without this physical action the surface may not be wetted and there will be poor adhesion between the coating and the substrate when the coating has dried.
Another action of the brush is that of stippling or dabbing the coating on to the surface. This is particularly important when applied around bolt heads, rivets, welds, and in corners. Such a movement aids in filling pinholes, pits and rough surfaces with the coating. In many cases the physical action created by using the brush is the only one that can make the coating flow into these areas. Neither rolling nor spraying will do this so well.
Figure 7.2.
A paintbrush is an excellent tool for stripe coating
Coating should be brushed on to all areas, which for any reason cannot be properly spray coated. Surfaces not accessible to brushes should be painted by other suitable means to ensure a uniform paint film of adequate thickness.
Brushes shall be of a style and quality that permit proper application of the paint. If available, it is recommended to always use a round brush. Round (or oval brushes) generally are considered most suitable for rivets, bolts, irregular surfaces, and rough or pitted steel.
The main disadvantage with brush application is that the coats will be thinner and less even than obtainable by spraying. Also the method is time consuming. In practice therefore we see that the brush is mainly used for:
∙Touching up areas which are difficult to reach
∙Stripe coating of edges, corners, weld seams, around notches, etc.
Ideally, a paintbrush could be used for the first coat of paint and the subsequent coats could be applied using a paint roller or, alternatively, by means of airless spray.
7.1.2. Roller application
Application by roller is a commonly used method. Rolling is primarily suitable for large flat areas such as the exterior of a tank or the flat side of a ship. Experiments and practical experience have shown that application of the first coat with a roller is not to be recommended. This is particularly true on surfaces where the pre-treatment has not been ideal or where moisture or other impurities having collected on the surface. Areas generally not suitable to be coated with a roller are: Complicated structures, porous or uneven surfaces, corners, sharp edges, along areas with many bolt heads or rivet heads
The reason for this is that the physical forces involved are quite different from those of brushing and spraying. The roller lays the coating on the surface as the roller moves ahead. Since the roller moves easily, there is little slipping, sliding or scrubbing action to improve wetting of the surface. The result is poor contact between the uneven surface and the paint. Air pockets and void spaces will remain underneath a paint film applied on porous or uneven surfaces. (Remember the physical action when using a brush). Also, by using a roller, a lot of air is pushed into the paint. During the drying/curing process all the air will try to get out from the paint film. Some of it will succeed, depending on temperature and ventilation, some will create pinholes and some will remain within the paint film or on the substrate surface. The pinholes will create pin point rust very soon, entrapped air will increase the water uptake and the air left on the metal surface will reduce the adhesion.
The major rule is therefore, never to apply the first coat of paint by roller.
A paint roller may be used with good results for subsequent coats.
Paint glove.
This is used for stripe coating of edges, around cut-outs and on thin pipes and railings. The method leaves only a thin film on the substrate. Also the glove often leaves behind fur. This method should only be used when other tools are unsuitable.
7.1.3. Application by spraying
A paintbrush is not a very practical choice when painting large areas. Here paint spraying equipment is a more effective alternative. The most important advantages of spray-application are:
∙It gives a very high production rate and is suitable for large jobs.
∙All coats, including the first, may be applied by airless spraying.
∙Airless spraying, when used correctly, offers the advantages of giving a higher film thickness per coat. Consequently, fewer coats would be needed with an airless spray than with, for example a roller, to obtain the same total film thickness.
∙A much more even film thickness is obtained. This is very important as thin parts are recognised as the weak points of the paint film and consequently a decisive factor for the durability of the corrosion protective system. An even film thickness depends on the application technique used.
The major disadvantages of spray- application are:
∙It requires a lot of training / practice to apply an even film to a pre-determined thickness, with no defects and a smooth surface.
∙It is not suitable for application in narrow gaps or areas with difficult access (Like rat holes, behind corners etc.)
∙Location and surrounding environment may be affected.
The two most common methods of paint spray application are “air spray” and “airless spray”. The air spray method (also called conventional air spray) uses compressed air to atomise the paint as it exits the spray gun. The airless spray method uses a pump to pressurise the paint to a high pressure and force it through a small orifice as it exits the spray gun, causing the paint to atomise (hydraulically).
A much better finish is obtained by using low pressure than by airless spraying. It is very easy to regulate, making it most suitable for jobs requiring high standards such as the application of car enamels or furniture lacquers.
On the other hand, air spraying use large amounts of air which may cause a portion of the paint to be blown away by the continuous stream of air coming from the spray-gun. It is apparent that low-pressure spray will lead to dust formation and high paint loss.
Normally, the addition of a thinner to the paint is done to adjust the paint to a correct spray viscosity. Information about thinners to be used and the level of thinning is found in the Technical data sheet.
7.1.4. Application technique - airless spray.
High-pressure spraying is used for application of most types of coating used to protect ships, offshore structures and industrial plants. Paint application using airless spraying must be carried out correctly in order to obtain satisfactory results.
∙Always remember to start the movement of the spray gun before pressing the trigger. Release the trigger before having reached the end of the next band, the flow of paint should be stopped. Otherwise, there will be too high a wet-film thickness at the point where the spray gun is turned / stopped.
∙It is very important that the spray gun is kept in constant motion. So much paint is passing through the nozzle (about 1.2 litres per minute using 0.021” nozzle) that only a short stop or speed reduction will result in a much too thick paint film.
∙The spray gun must be held at the correct distance from the substrate, i.e. about 30-60 cm (12-24 inches). Strong wind, excessive good ventilation and high temperature during application may influence the distance that should be used.
∙The gun should be held perpendicular to the substrate and it should remain so throughout the stroke. It has been proven that too long a distance between the spray gun and the surface will cause dry spraying, pinholes, entrapped air and heavy dusting resulting in loss of paint and uneven film thickness. By correct use of airless spray equipment it is possible to carry out the spray application with hardly any dust formation at all.
∙Each stroke should overlap the previous stroke by 50% or cross application. Using correct overlapping and the correct rate of movement of the spray gun, an even film thickness will be obtained over the whole construction. At the same time minimum dust formation is obtained.
∙Difficult areas such as profiles, corners, edges, etc. are sprayed first. The other surfaces are subsequently sprayed.
∙The wet film thickness should be controlled continuously during spraying. With a little practice the correct film thickness can easily be obtained. When new equipment is to be used, or a new paint is to be applied for the first time it is wise to “calibrate” the applicator. Apply the paint on a test piece or plate and measure the wet film thickness. If necessary adjust the equipment or the speed of the movement until the desired thickness is achieved.
∙Always remember to choose the correct nozzle for the job. The user-instructions for most paints will indicate the type/size of nozzle recommended for the individual paints. These indications can be a good guide; however, often it may be wise to experiment to find alternative nozzles, which give the best result under prevailing conditions.
∙It should always be born in mind that the nozzle will gradually wear out thus changing the dimensions of the opening and, thus, the spray pattern. As a rule of thumb: Change the nozzle for every 400-500 litres of paint applied.
Figure 7.3.
Stroke and triggering with at spray application
Figure 7.4.
Airless spraying with overlap.
Figure 7.5.
Correct application of corners
Outside corner inside corner
7.2. How does spray equipment function?
Let us look at how the two most common methods of paint spray application operate.
7.2.1. Low pressure spray equipment
In the case of conventional air spraying the paint is in a container on the spray gun itself or it may be in a separate container (pressure feed tank or pot) joined to the spray gun by a hose. The paint is forced to the gun and through the nozzle using a relatively moderate pressure. The nozzle on the spray gun is so constructed that the paint is forced through one opening in the nozzle and air through other holes in the nozzle. This method of paint application makes use of compressed air to transport the paint towards the surface to be coated. The paint jet leaving the nozzle will be broken up by the air jet, atomised and blown towards the surface to be coated.
7.2.2. High pressure spray equipment
The term “airless spray” (without air) is commonly used to differentiate between high pressure spraying and low pressure spraying (conventional spraying). High pressure spraying (airless spraying), is a high-capacity method, suitable for spraying thick films, and for paints that usually do not require further thinning. The high pressure in the paint is generated by a pump, usually a piston pump. This pump may be driven by various means, e.g. by an electrical motor, but the most common solution is to connect an air motor to the paint pump. A combination like this, eliminates for instance the sparks created by electrical motors. The compressed air supply associated with this type of spray equipment is thus used to drive the air motor, not to spray the paint itself.
This method pressurises the paint and forces it through a small nozzle on the spray gun. The combination of pressure and small nozzle opening turns the paint into an aerosol. The aerosol pressure is usually around 180 - 280 bars, but certain pumps provide pressures of up to 400 bars. This gives the paint the very high speed necessary for atomisation. The sudden fall in pressure when leaving the nozzle will more or less cause the paint to explode into tiny droplets. Thus, no compressed air is required for atomisation nor for transportation of the paint to the substrate. In this way we get less dust formation than for air spraying.
The most important detail in the airless spray equipment is the nozzle. The nozzle has a tungsten carbide tip with a narrow opening, through which the paint is forced. The dimension of the opening varies for the different nozzles. Furthermore, the opening may also be varied, allowing a choice of fan angels during spraying. The result of the application is to a large extent dependent upon the correct choice of nozzle.
An air driven, high-pressure pump functions in the following way: The air is introduced into a compressed air motor at the top through a reduction valve. Then the air passes through a channel of the distribution valve at the top of the motor casing and under the piston in the compressed air motor. The piston is pushed up, and at the same time forcing the air above the piston through the valve out into the atmosphere. The piston in the compressed air motor is connected to the piston in the paint pump through a piston rod. The piston in the paint pump is now on the way up, thus closing the ball valve in the piston and opening the ball valve in the bottom of the cylinder. The paint in the cylinder above the piston is forced up through the filter and out through the high-pressure hose to the spray gun.
The air distributing valve decides in which direction the piston will move and is controlled by means of a plunger on the piston rod. When the air piston and the paint pump piston are both near the top of the cylinder the plunger receives an impact from below, making the valve change its position and forcing it down. The air below the piston will be forced out through the air distributing valve and into the atmosphere.
This results in the paint piston being forced downwards. The ball valve in the bottom of the cylinder closes while the ball valve in the piston opens. The large volume of the piston rod will partly displace the paint present in the pump cylinder. The paint is thus forced out through the filter and the high-pressure hose to the spray gun. When the piston is nearly at the bottom the air distributing valve will again be displaced and the piston will again be forced upwards. The paint is pumped out through the filter to the spray gun both by upward and downward piston movements.
The pressure of the paint leaving the cylinder is decided by the input air pressure, which can be regulated, and by the gear ratio. The gear ration is the ratio between the area of the compressed air piston and the area of the piston in the paint pump. Most high-pressure pumps have a gear ratio in the range 1-28 up to 60:1. Recommended air pressure is normally 5-7 kg/cm (70-100 p.s.i.). Supposing an input air pressure of 7 kg/cm and a gear ratio of 40:1, the paint will have a pressure of 280 kg/ cm or 280 atmospheres (4000 p.s.i.) as it leaves the high-pressure pump.
A drop in pressure must be expected as the paint travels through the filter and hose. Too long a hose will cause a considerable drop in the pressure. In the example mentioned we calculated with a pressure in the spray gun of approx. 250 kg/ cm (3500 p.s.i.).
7.2.3. Plural component spraying (Two component spraying)
Plural component spraying is a method in paint application in which two-component, catalysed paints are mixed and proportioned automatically by the spray equipment system. They are used to spray coatings with high volume content solids and solvent free coatings with a very short pot life, from 30 seconds to some minutes.
The base and the catalyst are mixed at the spray gun or at a manifold preceding the spray gun. The mixed two components are then immediately sprayed onto the substrate. Each component is placed in a separate pot and then drawn through lines to the manifold or spray gun. In this way spraying can continue with out frequent stopping and flushing the equipment with solvent.
7.2.4. Float coating
This method has been used to apply non-drying or semi-drying oils or derivatives. The method varied somewhat from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the principle is that the product is poured on to the water surface in a tank. The coating is transferred to the tank walls by raising or lowering the water level. Tank tops and bottoms are difficult to protect by means of this method, but such problems can be reduced by combining it with spraying. The danger of contaminated wastewater and the occasionally doubtful efficiency of this method mean that it is seldom used nowadays.
7.2.5. Paint-drum pump
As an alternative to high-pressure spraying, soft coatings may be applied using a simple low-pressure paint-drum pump.
7.3. Treatment of equipment before and after application
Cleanliness is definitely the most important factor in the correct handling of airless spray equipment. In fact, most problems we meet in practice are due to faulty or poor cleaning of the equipment.
7.3.1. Before application
During storage or transportation or actually at the site a lot of impurities can be collected on the lid of the can. When starting paintwork, the first thing to be done is to thoroughly clean the lid of the paint to prevent any of these impurities from entering the can when it is opened. When stirring the paint, a mechanical agitator is highly recommended. Never make use of any old piece of wood lying around as a stirring implement (It will introduce dirt or splinters to the paint). When the paint is well stirred the tin may be put directly under the spray equipment. If so desired the paint may be poured into a special container attached to the spraying equipment. However, it is of vital importance that this container is thoroughly cleaned beforehand.
Some types of spray equipment are fitted with a special paint intake feed which can be lowered directly into the original paint can. The reduction valve is set at a pressure of 1-2 kg/cm. At this point no nozzle is attached to the spray gun. The trigger on the spray gun is pressed and the thinner in the equipment is pumped out. This thinner may be kept for later washing. When the paint has forced all the thinner out of the system the trigger is released. The spray gun is subsequently pointed into the paint container, the trigger is again pressed and the paint allowed circulating through the system to remove any residual solvent present in the equipment.
The size of the nozzle must match the viscosity of the paint (see data sheet for recommended tip size). In general, high viscosity materials require larger orifices to assure adequate flow. Low viscosity materials require smaller orifices.
Before the spraying work begins it is important to perform adjustments of the system pressure. This is done according to the following procedure: Point the gun at a target. Then increase the pressure until the proper spray pattern is achieved. Do not use higher pressure than necessary for achieving a proper spray pattern. Too high pressure will increase the formation of dust (dry spray). If a proper spray pattern is not achieved then the first thing to do is to try another nozzle. The second alternative is thinning of the paint. However, changing the viscosity of the paint by adding a solvent or by heating must be in conformance with the requirements of the paint manufacturer and as expressed in the technical data sheet.
Another reason for having a bad spray pattern is that too small dimension of the material hose is used. With heavy duty paints hoses with dimensions of 3/8” should be used. Over thinning must be avoided because you may not be able to achieve proper film build.
Remember, the nozzle is the most important part of the airless spray equipment. Always choose the correct nozzle for the job. The nozzle is very expensive and should be handled with great care. Never use a metallic object for cleaning the holes of a clogged nozzle. If necessary, wooden splinters may be used but never any harder material. After cleaning, the nozzle is fitted and the equipment is ready for use. By using reversible nozzles you can in most cases overcome the problem with clogged nozzles.
7.3.2. After application
After application reduce the pressure with the control valve down to zero. Secure the gun and remove the nozzle. The nozzle should be thoroughly cleaned and stored separately. Then, the can with the paint is removed from the pump and replaced by a container filled with thinner/cleaner. Before circulating the thinner through the system residual paint should be discharged from the system and fed back into the paint can by increasing the pressure a little. Thereafter thinner/cleaner is circulated through the system for 5 - 10 minutes. Remove the thinner/cleaner from the system and spray out the rest of the thinner. The air valve is then closed and the pressure released by pressing the trigger again. This is followed by disconnecting and cleaning the filter. The latter is thoroughly cleaned using a spray gun. All parts with the exception of the nozzle are subsequently reassembled. Finally, the complete equipment must be cleaned with thinner/cleaner until clean thinner is coming out. Then, increase the pressure up to approximately 5 kg/cm, secure the spray gun and disconnect the air supply.
When the spray equipment is not in use it should always be filled with thinner or cleaner, from the ball valve at the bottom of the paint pump and to the valve in the spray gun. It should be stored like this until next time it is used. The high-pressure hose and spray gun should never be dismantled when the spraying equipment is put away. The equipment will thus always be ready for use.
7.4. Application and curing conditions
All paints are affected by the environmental conditions during the painting work as well as the conditions during drying / curing of the paint. Unfavourable conditions can lead to a number of failures. Below the most common failures are listed.
Temperature.
∙Temperature affects the drying / curing process and rate of evaporation of solvents.
∙The temperature of steel and air influence the rate of evaporation of the solvent from the coating and also the rate of curing. Too low a temperature reduces the speed of curing. In some cases the curing stops completely.
∙Skinning may occur when paint is applied to a cold surface and is directly exposed to the sun or other source of heat.
∙The recoating times for individual coats of the systems are influenced by steel and air temperature.
∙Paint applied at temperatures outside the limits indicated may not adhere, dry or cure satisfactorily, and their performance may be impaired.
∙The best result is obtained when the surface to be coated is warmer than the ambient air temperature.
∙Too high a substrate temperature will promote pin-holes.
Humidity
∙Humidity also affects drying time. When humidity is high, i.e. > 85 %, solvents evaporate more slowly, and drying time is longer.
∙Painting at a humidity above 85 % is not recommended.
∙The dew point is the temperature at which the air deposits humidity on a surface. Before paint is applied and during application, the temperature of the steel surface should be at least 3 oC above the dew point.
∙Finished coated tanks must be kept in a condensation-free condition until the coatings have cured sufficiently to withstand condensation.
Ventilation
∙Air circulation during application and drying is important for the drying and curing process, as air will transport the solvents away.
∙For tanks and closed compartments: Air is added from the top of the tank at the same time as air mixed with solvents is drawn out from the bottom (solvents are heavier than air). The air drawn into the tank should be dry and temperate, but somewhat lower in temperature than the steel surface. If the air used for ventilation is warmed, the surface of the paint film will dry more rapidly, resulting in entrapment of solvents which in turn will lead to blistering and poor adhesion. During application of paint, the ventilation/dehumidification rate is normally high, in order to ensure rapid removal of solvents from the coating and the tank, but it should not be so high that surface (skin) drying occurs.
∙The concentration of solvent fumes must be maintained below the lower explosion limit. (See section 7.5. and section on Safety, Health and Environment)
∙If the wind is too strong during application it may result in dry spraying, porous film and in addition a very high paint consumption. (Wind carries paint away from the substrate).
Figure 7.6
Good ventilation is essential to have good drying and curing conditions.
Good practice
Bad practice
Salts and contaminants
Salts, oil, grease, dust, abrasive and other contaminants that can precipitate on the surface to be painted must be avoided. Contaminants can come with the atmosphere (marine and industrial) or by other work / trades carried out close by. To prevent contamination of the surface the surfaces to be painted must be sealed off. Any existing salt must be washed away with fresh water and other contaminants such as oil and grease, with a suitable detergent.
∙Salt may cause osmotic blistering
∙Oil and grease will give reduced adhesion between the substrate and the paint
7.5. Safety aspects during application
Because airless spray systems operate at high pressure you need to give special attention to safety during operation. Two safety considerations are paramount:
∙Fluid sprayed from the gun is propelled with sufficient force to penetrate a mans skin and cause very serious damage.
∙The entire system is pressurised so that hose ruptures or leaks at fittings can result in dangerous high-pressure spray.
Some important safety practices should always be born in mind:
∙Never point the gun at any part of your own body or at another person.
∙Do not make adjustments to the equipment set-up, such as changing nozzles or fittings without first shutting off the pump, releasing the system pressure and securing the gun.
∙Do not remove the tipguard during operation. The tipguard is there so that you cannot put your finger close to the tip and inject paint under your skin.
∙Always engage the trigger lock when the gun is not being used.
∙Always make sure the fluid hose is in good condition before spraying.
∙Do not use standard hardware on an airless system; only high-pressure fittings.
∙High-pressure hose is required for fluid flow. The hose must never be bent or kicked.
∙Airless spray equipment must be grounded to prevent static sparking.
∙Do not spray solvent through the nozzle tip because this can build up static electricity and cause explosion or fire.
Figure 7.7.
Ailess spraying can be dangerous