2. rigid = stiff = unchanged = little change = invariable 一成不变的
3. exchange = swap = alter = shift…from… 交换,转换
4. approximately = nearly = almost 几乎
5. proportion = percentage = percent 比例
6. deplete = exhaust = exploit = run out of 开采完,耗尽
7. complex = complicated = sophisticated = intricate 错综复杂的
8. deadly = fatal = lethal = mortal 致命的
9. prosperous = thriving = booming (特指人口,行业) = flourishing 兴旺,繁荣
10. circumstance 环境(event社会)/ surroundings(around周边)/ environment 环境(influence环保)背景/ background 后台/ settings 后台,布景/ context 上下文(文章中)/ condition环境(location形势)/ situation(a state or position)
11. isolate =alienate (人与人)= insulate 隔绝,排外,孤立 – be alien to/ insulate (-ion) 绝缘,隔热(体)
12. substitution 替代物 – substitute sth for sb = replace/ alternative 选择性,代替性,辅助性
13. inventive (-tion) = innovative (-tion) = creative (-tion) = ingenious (-ity) = novel (-ty) = revolutionary (-tion) 创新的,新颖的
14. ambiguous (ambiguity) = obscure = vague=unclear=dim 模棱两可的,暧昧的
15. inadequate = insufficient ( insufficiency n.缺乏,短缺) = deficient = be lack (of) = be short (of) = be shortage of 缺乏的,短缺的
16. (be) skeptical (sceptical) = dubious = suspicious (about/of) 对……怀疑
17. contradictory = opposing = clashing = conflicting = incongruous 矛盾的,相反的
18. accelerate = speed up = increase speed = hasten = step up 加速
19. peripheral = marginal = fringe = bordering = unimportant = insignificant 次要的,边缘化的
20. create / gain efficiently = increase productivity 提高生产率/效率
21. poor = in poverty = impoverished = underdeveloped 贫穷的,落后的
22. associate with = link to = relate to = combine with 与……有关联
23. improve = enhance = promote = boost = strengthen 加强
24. neutral中立的,中性的/negative否定,消极,阴性的/positive 肯定,积极,阳性的
25. drawback = fault = defect = imperfection = failing = weakness = shortcoming = flaw 缺点,缺陷
26. bewildering = puzzling = perplexing = confusing = baffling= embarrassing令人困惑的
27. handicap = disabled = primitive 残疾的,落后的
28. caliber = criterion = standard = specification 标准
29. unsatisfactory = hardly be looked upon 不令人满意的
30. be alike/ be similar to = be resemble in = be identical to 相似的
31. barrier = hurdle = obstacle 障碍
32. address = solve = resolve = cope with = deal with = tackle the problem 解决问题
33. emphasize = stress = highlight = focus on = concentrate on = pay attention to 强调,重视
34. apparently = patently = obviously = evidently = clearly 显而易见的
35. molten rock = lava = magma 岩浆
36. degenerate (-tion) = degrade = deteriorate 恶化,每况愈下
37. make up one’s mind to do = be determined to do 下定决心
38. indicate = demonstrate (具体动作)= display = exhibit = illustrate(举例) 展现,证明
39. in terms of = concerning = considering = with regard to 考虑到
40. reduced = declined = downward trend 下降的趋势
41. pesticide 杀虫/ suicide 自杀/ homicide/ murder 杀人 massacre大
42. a vast array of = a great variety of = a great range of 各种各样的+可数或不可数
43. chronic 长期的,慢性/ long-term 长期的/ acute 急性的,短时的/ short-term 短期的
44. impede = keep…from… = prevent…from… = stop…from… = inhibit =forbid 阻止,禁止
45. result in = lead to = cause = bring about = induce 导致
46. include = embrace = comprehend = comprise = cover = involve = constitute = consist of 包括
47. constrain = restrict = limit = confine
48. reduce = decline = cut = lessen = diminish = eliminate=decrease 减少,消除
49. predict = expect = anticipate 预期
50. conclude = make/reach a conclusion = put down to = prove that = attribute to = turn out to 归结为……
51. eminent=famous=well-known=celebrated=noted=renowned=notorious(famous for sth bad) 著名的/ imminent 即将发生的
52. deduce(推断)/induce(引诱 导致)/reduce(减小)
53.
54.