英语长难句结构分析(含2019年高考全国1-3卷试题长难句)

英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转换而来。五种基本句式如下：

1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)

2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语

3主语＋系动词＋表语

4主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

5主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语

此外还有特殊句式如therebe-,强调句，倒装句等。

但是在真实的语言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂介词短语，还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。高考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，影响考生对语篇文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写(概要写作)和应用文写作。在评分标准中把“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”视为是否得高分的标准之一。因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。

一个句子之所以成为长难句，就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，具体说就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语(介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和状语)以及各种从句等。下面分类解析：

1、复杂主语

包括下列情形：含有连词如and,both...and...,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...but(also),aswellas；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构做主语等。如：

Thosewhowerehighestinstatusinhighschool,aswellasthoseleastlikedinelementaryschool,are“mostlikelytoengage(从事)indangerousandriskybehavior.”(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(aswellas连接thosewho...与thoseleastliked...做主语)

Thegunnersliketodescribewhattheydoascharacter-building,butweknowthattowoundananimalandwatchitgothroughtheagony(痛苦)ofdyingcanmakenobodyhappy.(动词不定式todo结构做主语)

Connectingtothecommunity（社区）asyoufreelygiveyourtime,money,skills,orservicesprovidesarealjoy.(2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(-ing形式做主语)

Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.(2018全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(-ing形式做主语)

Whatyouneedisagreatteacherwholetsyoumakemistakes.(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解B)(主语从句充当主语)

Shackleton,aonetimeBritishmerchant-navyofficerwho?hadgottowithin100milesoftheSouthPolein1908,?started?abusiness...(2016全国甲卷阅读理解D)(同位语结构做主语)

2、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔

Mr.Robbins,togetherwithhiswifeandchildren,isleavingLondonforParis.

Somepeople?think?that?thegreatChinesescholarConfucius,?who?livedfromroughly551to479B.C.,?influenced?thedevelopmentofchopsticks.(2016全国丙卷语法填空)

FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostofwhichhaveneverbeforebeenpublished.(2016全国新课标甲卷阅读理解D)

Accordingtothereport'skeyfindings,“theproportion(比例)whosaythey‘never’or‘hardlyever’readforfunhasgonefrom8percentof13-year-oldsand9percentof17-year-oldsin1984to22percentand27percentrespectivelytoday.”(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读C)

Thewomansittingatthedesk,seeingmymadness,sympatheticallyjumpedup.(2016全国甲卷完形填空)

3、复杂表语

包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。

One(reason)wasthatIwasamazedatthefactthatasickpersoncouldfeelmuchbetterafterseeingadoctor.(2019高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错)(表语从句中还含有一个同位语从句)

Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.(2018全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)(表语从句中还含有while并列句)

4、复杂宾语

包括非谓语动词、(并列)宾语从句(介词后和动词后)等。

Dr.Prinsteinhasalsofoundthatthequalitiesthatmadetheneighborswantyouonaplaydate--sharing,kindness,openness--carryovertolateryearsandmakeyoubetterabletorelateandconnectwithothers.(2019全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有定语从句)

Backin1983,twoscientists,JackSchultzandIanBaldwin,reportedthatyoungmapletreesgettingbittenbyinsectssendoutaparticularsmellthatneighboringplantscanget.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解D)(宾语从句中含有-ing形式和定语从句)

Inordertopasstheclass,amongothercriteria,wehadtowriteapaperonhowweplantoapplywhatwewouldlearninclasstoourfutureprofessionsand,eventually,toourlives.(2018全国卷Ⅱ完形填空)(是介词on所带的宾语从句，是动词apply所带的宾语从句)

Axaniwroteinhispostthatheisnotlookingforanythinginreturnandthatthewomanwhousestheextraticketcanchoosetoeithertravelwithhimortaketheticketandtravelonherown.(2017全国Ⅲ卷完形填空)(wrote带有2个由that引导的宾语从句，第个宾语从句含有who引导的定语从句)

5、复杂定语

包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、(多个)定语从句等。

It’sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.(2017全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解A)(省略了that/which的定语从句)

TopeoplewhoareusedtothelimitedchoiceofapplessuchasGoldenDeliciousandRoyalGalainsupermarkets,itcanbequiteaneyeopenertoseetherangeofclassicalapplesstillinexistence,suchasDeciowhichwasgrownbytheRomans.?

(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解C)(who引导定语从句)

ButmyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporterpermittedtofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.(2016全国新课标乙卷语法填空)(when引导的定语从句中含有-ed形式和-ing形式做定语)

ThursdayseesusmaketheshortjourneytoPariswherewewillvisitDisneylandParispark，stayinguntillatetoseetheparadeandthefireworks.(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读A)(where引导定语从句)

Readersalsotendedtosharearticlesthatwereexcitingorfunny,orthatinspirednegativefeelingslikeangeroranxiety,butnotarticlesthatleftthemmerelysad.(2016全国新课标丙卷阅读理解D)(含有三个that引导的定语从句)

Also,itisnotuncommonanymoretofindcarpenters(木匠)withcollegedegreesandcarpenterswithasolidknowledgeofmathematics,whichwouldenablethemtodealwithmoredifficulthousedesigns.(含有两个with介词短语做定语和which引导的定语从句)

Now,usingteethandbonepiecestakenfromthebaby’sgrave,scientistshavecomparedtheDNAfromtheUnknownChildwiththosecollectedfrommembersoffivefamilieswholostrelativesontheTitanicandneverrecoveredthebodies.(含有两个-ed形式做定语和who引导的定语从句)

6、复杂同位语(同位语从句)

Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidencethattheyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.(2019全国Ⅰ卷语法填空)

ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandTheStingfouryearslaterhaditsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheaterandliveTV.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有although引导的状语从句)

Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou’refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback---hewithhisNewman’sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.(2017年全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解B)(that引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有if引导的状语从句)

7、复杂状语

包括介词短语、非谓语动词、(多个)状语从句等。

Withthecollegeentranceexaminationaroundthecorner,allthestudentsareoccupiedwiththeirrevision.(with介词短语做状语)

BytranslatingtherichandhumouroustextofLove’sLabour’sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL(英式手语),DeafinitelyTheatrecreatesanewinterpretationofShakespeare’scomedyandaimstobuildabridgebetweendeafandhearingworldsbyperformingtobothgroupsasoneaudience.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解A)(两个by介词短语做状语)

Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.(2018全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)(-ed形式做状语)

TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.(2017全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解D)(动词不定式todo做状语)

DelightedasIwasbythetomatoesinsight,myhappinessdeepenedwhenIlearnedthatBrown’sGroveFarmisoneofthesuppliersforJackDusty,anewlyopenedrestaurantattheSarasotaRitzCarlton,where——luckilyforme——Iwasplanningtohavedinnerthatverynight.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B)(as和when引导状语从句)

Itwascalculatedthatwhenitspopulationreacheditshighestpoint,thereweremorethan3billionpassengerpigeons–anumberequalto24to40percentofthetotalbirdpopulationintheUnitedStates,makingitperhapsthemostabundantbirdsintheworld.(2014全国新课标Ⅰ阅读理解B)(when引导状语从句中，含有-ing形式做状语)

Giventhatmanypeople'smoods(情绪)areregulatedbythechemicalactionofchocolate,itwasprobablyonlyamatteroftimebeforesomebodymadethechocolateshopsimilartoadrugstoreofChinesemedicine.(2013全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解C)(-ed形式做状语,before引导状语从句)

Inasecondstudypresentedatthemeeting,scientistsfromtheUKandDenmarkshowedthatevenafewdaysofhightemperaturescanseverelyreduceproductionofcrops,suchaswheat,soyabeans,riceandgroundnuts(花生),ifitoccurswhentheplantsareflowering.(福建卷)(if和when引导状语从句)

Accordingtothestudy,ifthecatisadoptedbeforethedog,andiftheyareintroducedwhenstillyoung(lessthan6monthsforcats,ayearfordogs),itishighlyprobablethatthetwopetswillgetalongswimmingly.（2011广东卷B）(两个if引导并列状语从句)

8、多个从句且从句套从句

Helikesthathecansitandcheckhisphoneinpeaceorchatupthebarkeeperwithwhomhe'sonafirst-namebasisifhewantstohavealittleinteraction（交流）.((2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C)(是宾语从句，是定语从句，是状语从句)

Forthiscourierjob,you’reconsciouslyaware? thatinthatboxyou’vegotsomething? that?ispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody’slife.(2016全国乙卷阅读理解C)(是宾语从句，是定语从句)

Therefore, whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops, whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.(2016全国新课标乙卷阅读理解D)(是状语从句，是主语从句，是表语从句，是宾语从句)

Ifsomeoneknocksandit’snotanimportantmatter,excuseyourselfandletthepersonknowyou’rebusysotheycangetthehint(暗示）thatwhenthedoorisclosed,you’renottobedisturbed.(2017全国Ⅱ卷阅读七选五)(是状语从句，是宾语从句，是同位语从句，是状语语从句)

Butyoucan’tbesuccessfulwhenthere’salackoftrustinarelationshipthatresultsfromanactionwherethewrongdoertakesnoresponsibilitytofixthemistake.(2015全国新课标Ⅰ阅读七选五)(是状语从句，是定语从句，是定语从句)

Cursingmymisfortune,IwaswonderingwhereIwasgoingtospendthenightwhenIrealizedthatthevillagerswhohadgatheredaroundmewerearguingastowhoshouldhavethehonorofreceivingmeasaguestintheirhouse.(2007高考广东卷)(是宾语从句，是定语从句，是宾语从句)

Studiesshowthatsocialsciencemajorsaremostsuitedforchange, whichistheleadingfeatureofthekindofhighspeed,highpressure,high-techworldwenowlivein.(是宾语从句，是定语从句，是定语从句)

Itisimportantbecauseitshowsthatregularphysicalexerciseenablesustomakebetteruseoftheoxygenwebreatheinandthatthistraining,infact,reducestheamountofworkourheartsdo.(辽宁卷)(是状语从句，是宾语从句，是定语从句，是并列宾语从句，是定语从句)

9、复杂并列句(包含从句)

Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)

Wewent10-1andIwasnamedmostvaluableplayer,but?Ioftenhadcrazydreams?inwhich?IwastoblameforMiller’saccident.(2016全国丙卷完形填空)

Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating,forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious(难为情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces——andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood..(2015全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解B)

Whentheweatherisfairandsettled,theyareclothedinblueandpurple,andprinttheirbeautifulshapesonthecleareveningsky,butsometimeswhenitiscloudless,graysteamgathersaroundthetopofthemountainswhich,inthelastraysofthesettingsun,willshineandlightuplikeacrownofglory.(2004全国卷)

十、多个非谓语动词

Then?theperson?leaves?itinapublicplace,? hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure,? traveling?farandwidewitheachnewreader?who?findsit.(2016全国甲卷阅读理解C)

Hereportedthecasetothepoliceandthensatthere, lostandlonelyinastrangecity, thinkingoftheterribletroublesofgettingallthepaperworkorganizedagainfromadistantcountrywhiletryingtosettledowninanewone.(2014全国新课标Ⅱ阅读理解A)

2019年全国卷中出现的倒装句

1. Notonlyislikabilityrelatedtopositivelifeoutcomes,butitisalsoresponsibleforthoseoutcomes,too.(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(notonly开头的倒装句)

2. Wefoundthattheleastwell-likedteenshadbecomemoreaggressiveovertimetowardtheirclassmates.Butsohadthosewhowerehighinstatus.(2019高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解D)(so开头的倒装句)

3. Onlyatdinnertimeareweeatingtogetheranymore，74percent，accordingtostatisticsfromthereport.(2019高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解C)(only开头的倒装句)

4. Ofcourse,notonlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina-someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese."(2019高考全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B)(notonly开头的倒装句)

5. "ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,"shesays.(2019高考全国Ⅲ卷阅读理解B)(so开头的倒装句)

6.