现在分词
现在分词由动词+ing (doing)构成,具有形容词、副词的特征,它有下面形式:
主动 | 被动 | |||
肯定 | 否定 | 肯定 | 否定 | |
简 单 式 | doing | not doing | being done | not being done |
完 成 式 | having done | not having done | having been done |
作表语:
例:He is still living. 他还活着。
The toys are amusing to children. 这些玩具使孩子们发生兴趣。
The news is exciting to us all. 这消息令我们大家激动。
作定语:
例:Do you know the lady getting out of the car? 你认识从车里出来的那位女士吗?
This is a confusing word because it has several meanings. 这是一个令人糊涂的词,因为它有几个意思。
作补语:
例:The next morning she found the man lying in bed, dead. 第二天早晨,她发现这个男人躺在床上,死了。
I could hear it raining. 我可以听见天在下雨。 Listen to the birds singing. 听那些鸟儿歌唱。
I felt the house shaking. 我感到房子在震动。
She kept me waiting for over twenty minutes. 她让我等了二十多分钟。
现在分词和不定式作宾补,在意义上是有差别的,现在分词多表示动作正在进行,而不定式表示动作完成。
比较:He saw her coming up the street. (She was coming up the street.)
He saw two men enter the bar. (They entered the bar.)
I woke and heard the wind blowing. (The wind was blowing.)
I was delighted to hear you say that. (You said that.)
I didn’t notice you carrying a bag. (You were carrying a bag.)
I didn’t notice you come in. (You came in.)
He felt his heart beating fast. (His heart was beating fast.)
He felt someone touch his shoulder. (Someone touched his shoulder.)
上述结构可以变为被动结构,这时宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。
例:The man was found lying on the ground. 那人被发现躺在地上。
He was seen speaking to her daughter. 有人看见他在和她女儿谈话。
The boy was caught cheating in the exam. 这男孩考试作弊给抓住了。
How long have you been kept waiting? 让你等了多久?
有时现在分词可用被动形式:
例:I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走。
He was seen being taken away by the police. 有人看见他被带走。
作状语:
分词短语可作时间状语:
a. 一个动作(多为简短动作)一发生,另一个动作随即发生(分词短语多放在前面)。
例:Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. (=After he took a key…) 他从口袋里掏出钥匙把门打开。
Turning around, she saw an ambulance driving up. (=When she turned around…)
她转过身,看见一辆救护车开了过来。
b. 在某一动作进行时,另一动作同时发生(这时分词短语前多加while或when)。
例:Be careful when crossing the road. (= When you cross…) 过马路要当心。
While trying to open the door, I cut my hand. (=While you were trying…) 在设法开门时,我把手刺破了。
c. 在做某事时另一事也发生(有时也可不加when或while)。
例:He cut himself shaving. (= when he was shaving…) 他刮胡子时把脸刮破了。
The man slipped and fell getting off the bus. (=While the man was getting...) 那人下公共汽车时滑了一跤。
现在分词短语有时表示原因(相当于一个表示原因的状语从句)。
例:Being anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present. (= As I was anxious…)
因为我想讨好他,我给他买了一件好礼物。
Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to contact her. (=As I didn’t know her address…)
由于不知道她的地址,我没法和她联系。
分词表示的动作先于谓语动词表示的动作时,现在分词要用完成形式。
例:Having been ill for a long time, he needed time to recover. (= As he had been ill…)
由于病了很久,他需要一段时间恢复。
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. (= After we had found…)
在找好旅馆之后,我们就去找吃饭的地方。
Not having received an answer, she decided to write him another letter. (= As she had not received…)
由于没收到他的回信,她决定再给他写一封信。
在很多情况下现在分词(短语)表示一个伴随的情况或方式。
例:Following Tom, they started to climb. 跟在汤姆后面,他们开始攀登。
Some left the hall still weeping. 有些人离开大厅时还在哭泣。
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. 她丈夫于1942年过世,给她留下五个孩子。
总的说来,现在分词作状语,主要用在书面语中,在口语中用其他结构更多些。
结构:(Absolute Construction)
在绝大多数情况下,现在分词都表示句子主语的动作。但有时现在分词前可有一个名词或代词表示它逻辑上的主语。这种带逻辑主语的现在分词称为结构。
比较:She was lying in bed reading. (=She was reading.) 她躺在床上看书。(现在分词作状语)
John got home, feeling very tired. (=John felt very tired.) 约翰回到家里,感觉很疲劳。(现在分词作状语)
It being a holiday(= As it was a holiday.), all the shops were shut.
由于今天是假日,所有的商店都关门了。(结构)
I’ll play golf this afternoon——weather permitting. (=If weather permits.)
我今天下午打高尔夫球——如果天气允许的话。(结构)
过去分词
作表语:
过去分词作表语的时候很多(其中有些已变成形容词)。
例:We were amazed at the beauty of the lake. 我们对湖光的美感到很惊异。
Jim seemed frightened of the wild animals. 吉姆似乎对野生动物很害怕。
The library is closed on weekend. 周末图书馆关门。
Did you feel satisfied with the arrangement? 你对这安排感到满意吗?
过去分词作表语与被动语态的差别:
“be +过去分词”的结构与被动语态是相似的,不同的是这种结构表示一种状态,而被动语态表示一个动作。
比较:带表语结构的句子(状态) 带被动结构的句子(动作)
The bank is closed now. It is usually closed at 5:30.
银行现在已经关门了。 它通常五点半关门。
The vase is broken. It was broken by my sister.
花瓶打破了。 它是我妹妹打破的。
The lake is surrounded by trees. They were surrounded by the
enemy.
湖周围都是树。 他们被敌人包围了。
The bridge is completed now. It was completed last winter.
桥已经建成。 它是去年冬天建成的。
作定语:
有很多过去分词可用作定语,特别是表示情绪的词。
例:The excited children are opening their Christmas presents. 激动的孩子们正在把圣诞礼物打开。
He didn’t notice the surprised look on her face. 他没注意到她脸上惊异的表情。
Interested members will meet at two. 感兴趣的会员将于两点钟碰头。
Mr. Knight gave a satisfied smile. 奈特先生露出满意的微笑。
有些过去分词短语跟在所修饰的名词后面,作用接近于一个定语从句。
例:The system used (which is used) in this school is very successful. 这学校使用的系统很成功。
The boy injured (who was injured) in the accident was taken to hospital. 车祸中受伤的男孩被送到医院去了。
Some of the people invited (who have been invited) to the party can’t come. 有些被邀请参加晚会的人不能来。
在个别情况下也有单个的过去分词放在名词后面作定语。
例:There is nobody injured. 没有人受伤。
One of the measure taken is to organize visits to other factories. 采取的措施之一就是组织参观别的工厂。
We’ve only got a little left. 我们只剩一点儿了。
Do you know the number of books ordered? 你知道订购了多少书吗?
作定语用的过去分词通常指已完成的动作,若要表示现在正进行的动作要用过去分词的进行形式。
例:We must keep a secret of the things being discussed (= which are being discussed ) here.
我们必须对这里讨论的问题保密。
What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Geneva? 你对正在日内瓦举行的高峰会议怎么看?
如指未来的情况,都用不定式的被动形式。
例:They were not very interested in the election to be held next month. 他们对下月举行的选举不太感兴趣。
She made a list of things to be taken on the way. 她开了一份路上要带的东西的单子。
He prepared some poems to be recited at the English Evening. 他准备了几首诗将在英语晚会上朗诵。
现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别:
例:The road joining (=which joins) the villages is very narrow. 连接两个村子的公路很狭窄。
The police never found the money stolen (=which was stolen) in the robbery.
在劫案中被抢去的钱始终未找到。
从以上例句可看出:现在分词作定语与先行词在逻辑上是主动语态的主谓关系;过去分词作定语与先行词在逻辑上是被动语态的主谓关系。
作宾语补足语:
例:She got her suits dry-cleaned. 她把她的套服请人干洗了。
You should have your television repaired. 你应该请人把你的电视修理一下。
I saw him taken away in an ambulance. 我看见他被救护车送走。
What made you so frightened ? 什么使你这样惊恐?
He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不希望谁谈到这事。
作状语:
例:Viewed from a distance, the island looked like a cloud. (= When it was viewed…)
从远处看,这座岛屿就像一朵云彩。
Born in a farmer’s family, he had only six years of schooling. (= As he was born…)
他出生在农民家庭,只上过六年学。
Compared to many women, she was very fortunate.
(= When she was compared to…) 和许多女人相比,她是很幸福的。
Judged by the ordinary standards, he was reliable.
(= When he was judged…) 按普通标准看,他是可靠的。
Seated in the presidential car, the President waved to the crowd.
(= While he was seated…) 总统坐在他的座车上向群众挥手。
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
(= If I am given…) 如果我身体状况良好,我希望今年能完成这项工作。
从以上例子可以看出过去分词短语,接近一个被动结构的从句。
有些过去分词可以单独作状语。
例:He turned away disappointed. 他失望地走了。
We went home exhausted. 我们精疲力尽地回到家里。
过去分词有时和连词一起用,接近状语从句的紧缩形式。
例:Although (it was ) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order.
这台发动机尽管是战前制造的,仍然处于良好状态。
Unless (it is ) changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers.
除非加以修改,否则这条法律将给农民的生活造成困难。
Metal expand when heated and contract when cooled. 金属热胀冷缩。
Exercises
I. Pick out the participle in each of the following sentences and point out its grammatical function:
1. He set a shining example to all the people working there.
2. I hate to read letters written in pencil.
3. Hearing the noise, they immediately left the house.
4. The building being repaired is our library.
5. His mother is busy getting ready for work.
6. Today most diamonds used in industry come from Russia.
7. What do you think of the performances given by the girls of our class ?
8. Her husband died in 1992, leaving her with two children.
9. Having sent her little sister to school, she began to do some shopping.
10. Where are we to get the information needed ?
11. We plan to go boating on the Kunming Lake on Sunday.
12. The atmosphere is all the air surrounding the earth.
13. Thinking she must be late, Miss Brown decided to take a taxi.
14. We must solve the problems facing us one by one.
15. She watched the ship being unloaded.
II. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the brackets in their proper forms:
1. It was a very small house ________(stand) in a beautiful garden, with the green mountain _____(rise) up behind it.
2. They often go _______(ride) or _______(shoot).
3. He always wants everything _______(do) in a hurry.
4. He spent most of his free time _______(play) football.
5. She was a clear speaker, with a good, _____(please) voice, which was fully under her control.
6. The rat was placed in a _______(close) cage.
7. He was listening to his daughter ________(read) a story in English.
8. _______(lie) under the apple tree, Newton was thinking and thinking.
9. They watched the satellite _______(move) slowly in the sky.
10. He saw me and came _________(run) towards me.
III. Fill in the blanks with the verbs given in their proper forms:
1. I meant _____(ask) Mr. Smith for help, but he had left for Shanghai on business.
2. Do remember _____(telephone) your parents when you arrive in London.
3. I’m sorry I can’t go _____(skate) with you, for I’ve been busy _____(prepare) my lessons.
4. Since you have difficulty _____(work) out the problem, why not try _____(do) it in some other way ?
5. George went out _____(hunt) for a week but still he didn’t find a room _____(live) in.
6. The teacher advised us _______(devote) more time to _____(speak) English out of class.
7. The guard didn’t permit ________(enter) the building without a permit.
8. There is _________(no say) whether the singing contest will be put off or not.
9. _______(walk) along the street, I met an old friend of mine.
10. His words left me _______(wonder) about his real purpose.
IV. Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences:
1. I’ll go with you after I get through with ______ the house.
A. cleaning B. to clean C. to be cleaned
2. He avoided ______ (drive) over the unpaved way (未铺砌的) by ______ (take) the new highway.
A. to drive, to take B. driving, to take C. driving, taking
3. –Do you feel like ______ (go) to a movie?
–No, I’d rather ______ (watch) TV.
A. to go, watch B. going, watch C. to go, to watch
4. –Did they agree about ______ (repaint) the house?
–No. They agreed ______ (do) the living room only.
A. repainting, doing B. repainting, to do C. to repaint, to do
5. It was impolite of him ______ ( leave) without ______ (say) goodbye.
A. to leave, saying B. leaving, to say C. to leave, to say
6. He kept ______ ______to his parents.
A. putting off, writing B. to put off , to write C. putting off, to write
7. Please forgive me for ______ (not, ask) your permission ______ (use) your typewriter.
A. not to ask, to use B. not asking, using C. not asking, to use
8. I advise you ______ (think) twice before ______ (decide) ______ (accept) the position.
A. to think, deciding, to accept B. thinking, deciding, accepting C. to think, to decide, to accept
9. Would you please keep me _____ of how things are going on with your studies ?
A. thought B. thinking C. to think
V. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the brackets in their proper forms:
1. I can’t go with you , for I’ve busy _____ (prepare) my lessons.
2. Tom should like ______(spend) the summer holidays in a seaside city.
3. The big department store is said ___________(destroy) in a fire a few months ago.
4. It is no use ________(try) to learn English by reciting new words only.
5. Please remember ______(post) my letter for me on your way to the office.
6. We were _______ (surprise) to find that few of the students did the experiment well.
7. Most of the people _________(invite) to the party didn’t come because of the heavy rain.
8. ______(walk) along the street, I found many of the shops crowded with people.
9. The doctor insisted ________(operate) on the patient without delay.
10. I advise you ________(think) carefully before _______(make) the decision.
11. Don’t you mind _______(laugh) at in public?
12. Now the need ________(learn) a foreign language is becoming greater and greater.
13. This kind of machine is used ________(cut) paper with.
14. Look! The old lady is still standing by the school gate. She seems _________(wait) for somebody there.
15. ________(give) another chance, I’ll do it much better.
16. When ______(heat), ice can be changed into water.
17. Is there anything you want from downtown ? I’m going to get those letters _______(mail).
18. —Who is the man _______(talk) to our headmaster ?
—A professor _______(pay) a visit to school from Beijing University.
19. The old scientist left all of a sudden, _______(leave) the project unfinished.
20. _______(admit) what she has achieved, I still think she has a long way to go.
21. Why _________(not, wait) for a couple of days?
22. The soldier got off the truck and moved the _______(fall) tree away from the highway.
23. The ______(die) man was immediately taken to the hospital.
第八章 动名词 (Gerund)
动词的-ing形式起名词作用时称为动名词。它有几种形式:
主动形式 | 被动形式 | |
一般式 | doing | being done |
完成式 | having done | having been done |
例:Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。(谚语) Finding work is difficult these days. 现今找工作可不容易。
Decorating the rooms takes time. 装饰这些房间要花时间。
有时可用先行词it作主语,而把动名词主语放到后面去,作表语的可以是形容词(a),也可以是名词(b)。
例:a. It is pleasant and comfortable sitting here. 坐在这里很愉快很舒服。
It’s terribly tiring working late like this. 像这样干到这么晚非常累人。
Do you think it’s worth while quarrelling with me? 你认为和我吵值得吗?
b. It’s no good complaining. 抱怨没有用。 It’s a wonder seeing you here. 在这里见到你真是奇迹。
It’s a nightmare worrying where the children might be. 担心孩子们在哪里简直是一场噩梦。
动名词有时可用被动形式。
例:It felt funny being called Grandmother. 被称作奶奶感觉怪怪的。
It’s a pleasure being taken to the zoo. 被带到动物园很快乐。
作表语:
例:His job is collecting folk songs. 他的工作是收集民歌。
My only hobby is playing football. 我唯一的嗜好是踢足球。
作宾语:
例:I suggest doing it a different way. 我建议以另一种方式做这事。
He denied working for them. 他否认为他们工作。
Why have they delayed opening the new school ? 为什么他们推迟开办那所新学校?
She is interested in acting. 她对演戏有兴趣。
动名词可用被动形式(a)或完成形式(b)。
例:(a)He hated being laughed at. 他讨厌被人嘲笑。
He doesn’t like being treated like that. 他不喜欢受到那样的对待。
(b) She regretted having said such silly words. 她后悔说了这些蠢话。
She admitted having read the letter. 她承认看过这封信。
有时动名词前可加形容词性的物主代词或名词所有格表示动名词逻辑上的主语。
例:Your going off in such a hurry is very risky.(作主语) 你这样匆忙离去十分危险。
Forgive my interrupting you.(作宾语) 原谅我打断你的话。
I appreciate teachers’ helping me. (作宾语) 我感谢老师们帮助了我。
有时动名词前还可用人称代词宾格(或名词)表示动名词逻辑上的主语,特别是在口语中。但在正式语言中仍以用物主代词较好。
例:Please excuse him not writing to you. 请原谅他没给你写信。
I can’t imagine my mother approving. 我不能想像我母亲也赞成。
有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式作宾语,但意义有时不同。
比较:Remember to post the letters. 记住把这些信发出去。
I remember posting (having posted) the letters. 我记得这些信是发走了的。
We regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you the job.
我们遗憾的通知你,我们没法给你这份工作。
I regret saying what I said. I shouldn’t have said it.
我懊悔我所讲的话。我不应当这样讲。
Please try to be quiet. 请设法保持安静。
Try doing the experiment. 尝试做一下这个实验。
You need to take more exercises. 你要多运动。
The batteries in the radio need changing. 收音机里的电池需要换了。
The minister went on to talk about foreign policy.
接着谈外交。
The minister went on talking for two hours.
一连谈了两个小时。
Exercises
I. Underline the gerund in each sentence and point out its grammatical function:
1. Traveling takes less time than it used to.
2. For most adults learning a language is a very difficult task.
3. She complained of being paid a small amount of money for doing the same work as others.
4. One’s freedom should be limited so that he is kept from hurting others.
5. By taking the back way he escaped being seen.
6. They thought much in building their houses.
7. Old people can feel the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely.
8. I prefer reading English in the morning.
9. He forgot having seen me before.
10. Are you interested in buying a second-hand car ?
II. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the brackets in their proper forms:
1. Do you have anything _____(say) about this ?
2. They went along the main road _____ (lead) to the city.
3. I regret _____ (say) that I can’t go with you today.
4. I don’t feel like _____ (eat) anything now.
5. She advised me _____ (learn) from the _____ (experience) workers.
6. I must apologize for not ______(let) you know ahead of time.
7. Nowadays people can do their _____ (bank) without _____ (leave) the house.
8. He insisted on _______ (do) things in his own way.
9. When _____ (finish), the book will probably have 500 pages.
10. Mary has given up _____ (smoke) since she was ill in July, but she hasn’t stopped _____ (eat) too much so she’s put on weight.
11. George has passed his _____ (drive) test but failed his college exam.
12. We dreamed about _____ (buy) a _____ (wash) machine _____ (make) things easier for the family.
13. Instead of _____ (go) to the railway station, I went in the other direction.
14. We can prevent this from _____ (happen) by carefully _____ (control) the new technology.
15. Please remember _____ (bring) an English-Chinese dictionary to class tomorrow.
16. Work is said _____ (do) when a body is made _____ (move) a distance.
17. For centuries, the Atlantic Ocean kept the Americans from _____(discover) by the people of Europe.
18. We are looking forward to _____ (meet) you in Macao (澳门).
19. She always has dozens of excellent excuses for not _____ (be) able _____ (help) you.
20. The student’s _____ (know) French well helps him a lot in _____ (learn) English.
III. Choose the best answer for each of the following sentences:
1.How can you keep the machine _____ when you’re away.
A. run B. to run C. running D. being run
2.The best way _____ this principle is to see how it actually works in practice.
A. understood B. understanding C. understand D. to understand
3.Before he came to New York, he had never heard a single English word _____.
A. speak B. to speak C. spoke D. spoken
4.I am glad _____ to look around your research center.
A. to allow B. to be allowed C. having allowed D. being allowed
5.She did not stop _____ until it became dark.
A. working B. to work C. worked D. for work
6._____ all his homework, he went to bed.
A. Doing B. Being done C. To do D. Having done
7.Instead of _____ for the teacher to explain, they tried to find the patterns and the rules for themselves.
A. wait B. to wait C. waiting D. being waited
8.For passengers, ships have the advantage of _____ cheaper than trains or aeroplanes.
A. having been B. to have been C. being D. to be
9.They sat together, _____ carefully the blueprint of the building.
A. and study B. to study C. studying D. and studying
10.What _____ next will be discussed at the next meeting.
A. to do B. is doing C. will do D. shall we do
11. There are too many difficulties for us _____.
A. to deal B. dealing with C. to be dealt D. to deal with
12. I’d like to learn more about your country, but I do not know _____ a book about it.
A. what to get B. where to get C. why to get D. which to get
13. Jim is sitting at the desk, _____ the new book he bought yesterday.
A. reads B. is reading C. reading D. read
14. The _____ Boston boy became famous and was forever remembered as “Doctor Frank”.
A. neglecting B. being neglected C. neglected D. to neglect
15. Mr White was seen _____ the Palace Museum.
A. enter B. entered C. have entered D. to enter
16. He finds it difficult _____ making mistakes in the examination.
A. avoid B. avoid not C. to avoid D. avoiding to
17. A little child _____ often falls.
A. learns to walk B. learned to walk C. learning to walk D. learning walking
18. _____ why he was late for the party, he said he had been stopped by a policeman when driving over the speed limit.
A. Asked B. Asking C. When asking D. If asking
19. I don’t feel like _____ to the film with him.
A. to go B. go C. going D. went
20. It is very kind _____ the warm-hearted lady _____ us out when we were in trouble.
A. of… to help B. of… to have helped C. for… to help D. for… to have helped
21. When _____ the hall, he found everyone waiting for him.
A. entered B. to enter C. entering D. have entered
22. Many students have been looking forward to _____ with the hero.
A. talking B. to talk C. talk D. be talking
23. The fire lasted three hours, _____ 10 people in all.
A. to kill B. killing C. was killing D. was killed
24. I am thinking _____ your country some time next year.
A. to visit B. visiting C. to visiting D. of visiting
25. I had a tooth _____ last week.
A. taking out B. taken out C. taken off D. taking off
26. You should not do anything that might make other people _____ uncomfortable.
A. felt B. to feel C. feel D. feeling
27. _____ deep down in the earth, the dead forests rotted away and became coal.
A. Burying B. Buried C. To bury D. To be buried
28. It is clear that the thief was seen _____ into the room that night.
A. went B. go C. gone D. going
29. The mother wanted the assignment _____ at once though the boy seemed unwilling.
A. to do B. to be done C. doing D. do
30. On his return from the trip, Jackson found _____.
A. someone stole his house B. someone stealing his house
C. his house robbing D. his house robbed
31. _____ writing his book, he went to Hong Kong in 1997 to get it published.
A. Had finished B. Have finished C. Have been finished D. Having finished
32. When the child were listening to the rhythm of the _____ rain, they considered how to collect all the _____ leaves on the ground.
A. A. falling… falling B. fallen… fallen C. falling… fallen D. fallen… falling
33. The building _____ over there next year is our library.
A. built B. being built C. to build D. to be built
34. I think _____ quite rude _____ to an old man like that.
A. it… speaking B. that… speaking C. it… spoke D. that… to speak
35. The computer doesn’t work. You’d better have it _____ as soon as possible.
A. repair B. to repair C. repaired D. repairing