2012 -2013 学年第一学期
院、系:双语学院 | 班级:英德xxxx |
姓名:谢茹辉 | 学号:xxxxxxxxx |
科目:美国文学史概述及作品选读 |
Analysis of the Fall of the House of Usher
小说《厄舍古屋的倒塌》之小析
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Analysis of the Fall of the House of Usher
小说《厄舍古屋的倒塌》之小析
Abstract:
The Fall of the House of Usher is one of the famous work from Edgar Allan Poe, which is regarded as an horror novel. In the novel he created horror atmospheres through Gothic style. Besides, he mainly described three characters: the narrator, Usher and Madeline. To make this horror novel be successful—the gothic style and horror atmospheres, he also kept his eyes so much on the appearance and weird actions of the twins—Usher and Madeline, the atmosphere around the house and inside house, especially the Madeline’s death and her relive, that he used hundreds of thousands of words to create his horror world. This work is very important and significant, so it is necessary to lucubrate and analyze it.
Key words: horror atmosphere Gothic three characters
Ⅰ.Introduction
First of all, I will introduce the correlative information about the author—Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849), who had a miserable childhood. He was as an orphan at the age of two, and luckily he was took care of by a childless but wealthy merchant—John in Virginia. But he was not quite well in his adulthood. Although he died at the age of 40, but he had at least 25 years wrote his works. He did leave us lots of great and fantastic works, including Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque—his first collection of short stories, The Raven and To Helen —poems, The Golden Bug—the detective story, The Business Man—the comedy, The Fall of the House of Usher—horror tale and so on. There are also a variety of works about the theme or style that I have mentioned above. Therefore, he was a prolific and versatile writer in the 19th century America. And his works, ranging from fiction, legend, tales, and poetry to critical articles, influenced the course of literary criticism and literature itself. Today, he was remembered by his poems, horror tale –because of his being a master of it—and short stories, editor and literary critic. As an inventor of the detective story, even Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, a famous British detective story writer, who wrote Sherlock Holms, for although even his death for a long time, he remained being a controversial writer and others couldn’t understand him at all, however, he was received well in Europe. The fall of the house of Usher was one of his famous masterpiece, whose article is not only means the fall of the real Usher’s house but also the fall of the Usher’s family.
Then I would like to summarize the contents of the novel. It was a story that happened during the whole of a dull, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, the narrator went to his friend’s named Usher, his friend in his childhood, who invited him to company Usher by sending him a letter, because Usher got psychological or mental illness. Usher, with his twin sister Madeline, lived in a melancholy and choking house, which is inherited from his family. Madeline was sick for many years, while her brother was oppressed by a mental disorder. The narrator came with his goodness and wanted to comfort Usher. Until one day Usher told him that Madeline died. Actually it is he who encoffined her too early, that means Usher buried her before she died or when she was still alive. However, she relive in a stormy night. She came out from the coffin and came up the upstairs where we were to get her revenge. When she fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother, both she and her brother died, and the narrator came out of the house panicly. At the end of the story the house of Usher crushed down in to the well near by.
Ⅱ.Analysis of the Fall of the House of Usher
In the novel, what give us the most profound impression is the Gothic style and horror atmosphere from the house, 3 main characters, and its horrible and appealing plots. Poe did this horror novel successfully by using his luxurious language and his colorful imaginations. Besides, we should know that this novel is a Gothic novel. And Gothic novel, named also Dark Romance, is one branch of the English literature and the father of horror movies. In this novel, it touches some gothic elements including horror, mystery, death, haunted house and sort of family distorted. This kind of novel was called commonly the gothic literature, which often base on the ancient castles, wasteland or wilderness. The story, which happened in the past – one night, especially in the medial century, was often filled with murder, violence, revenge, rape, incest. Even there are appearing ghosts or supernatural phenomenon. The plot was very exciting. Horror, suspense, mystery, eeriness are through the whole novel. It is the interval theme for gothic novel that the conferences between brightness and darkness, goodness and evil, god and ghost. In the following I will share my thoughts—analysis of this novel—with you. So follow my opinions closely, then you can get what kind of views do I have deeply in heart.
ⅰ.The environmental atmosphere
At the beginning of the story, the first sentence describe a gloomy and obituary tone: during the whole of dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year, … the clouds hung oppressively low in the heavens, …I had been passing alone, on horse back, through a singularly dreary tract of a country, … within the melancholy House of Usher. All--the autumn, sunset, the (dark) clouds, and the wilderness—indicates the approaching of the death. It makes the narrator insufferable. This environmental description make a great basis for developing the following story.
Then when he arrived at the place where he can get the whole view of the house, he got this scene: --upon the mere house, and the simple landscape features of the domain—upon the bleak walls—upon the vacant eyes-like windows—upon a few rank sedges—and upon a few white trunks of decayed tress. … I reined my horse to the precipitous brink of a black and lurid tarn that lay in unruffled luster by the dwelling, and gaze down,… upon the remodeled and inverted images of the gray sedge, and the ghastly tree—stems, and vacant and eye—like windows.
Then when he look up the mansion again, he got a kind of illusion: the whole mansion there hung an atmosphere peculiar to themselves and their immediate vicinity-an atmosphere which had no affinity with the air of the heaven, but which had reeked up from the decayed trees, and the gray wall, and the silent tarn—a pestilent and mystic vapour, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. In my opinion, it is enough to scare me, because the scenes are vivid, so that I am almost personally on the scene and experience it.
Besides, at the end of the story it was a horrible night, he was driven to be crazy. His room was fearful. And he was afraid of something, so he had to …endeavoured to believe that much , if not all of what I felt, was due to the bewildering influence of the gloomy furniture of the room—of the dark and tattered draperies, which, tortured into motion by the breath of a rising tempest, swayed fitfully to and fro upon the walls, and rustled uneasily about the decorations of the bed…. I uplifted myself upon the pillows, and, peering earnestly within the intense darkness of the chamber, hearkened—I know not why, except that an instinctive spirit prompted me—to certain low and indefinite sounds which came, through the pauses of the storm, at long intervals, I knew not whence. All these scenes were seen by the narrator and experience. He was a kind of media that exploring the horror. Combined with his psychological change, we also be the one the house and being scary.
ⅱ.The horror atmosphere from 3 main characters:the narrator, Usher and Madeline
The narrator was an unnamed character, and a friend of Usher from his boyhood but he did not understand Usher so much. He only know that Usher family are a respected noble family and Usher has a sister with illness all the time. They haven’t connected each other for a long time. But he came to the Usher’s house, because Usher sent him a letter with an ill information and invited him to accompany with. Therefore, he was the sole person who saw how everything happened. What he saw and heard was the main plotline of the story, including everything happened with the twin sister and brother.
ⅲ.Three main characters
1. The narrator
He was the only clear—headed and rational person in the house. As the third point of view, it makes us believe that everything he said that happened in the house was real, because he was not only saw it but also experienced it. But actually if you think while reading, you can get the arguments. He said that they are intimate associates, but he did not know little about Usher. He decided to come to the house just because he was attracted by Usher’s and his sister’s mental illness from Usher’s inviting letter. He believed that he could change the situation and comfort Usher through his accompany. However, the fate of Usher could not be altered. He tried to analyze Usher’s psychology and actions, for he did not believe it inherited from generations to generations just as Usher’s explanations. But some time later he was infected and became fearful when he was with Usher. He tried to control his fear when he continued to narrate the plot. When he saw Madeline, she was a kind of invisible, both of them did not have any greeting like Hello or eye contact. Some days later, Usher told him that she died. He put Madeline in to the coffin lively with Usher, and at this time he notice that her appearance was familiar to her brother—twins. Here, he was a kind of Usher’s accessory. When he felt that Madeline did not die, that catastrophe night when Madeline came out from coffin, he had an inexpressible and unbearable fear whatever he tried to calm down himself. He was so crazy by the sound from the cellar where Madeline and the coffin were that he could not fall into sleep. Usher came in and stayed with him. Since they two are fearful, he read the book Mad Trist to help them calm down. But on the contrary, they became more anxious. When Madeline appeared at the door, and she fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother. Seeing their corpse, he ran away with great horror as the house falling down. This plot is successfully caught reader’s attention.
When he met Usher, he was scared by Usher from appearance, especially the eyes. It’s weird.
Usher was the owner of the house, which was inherited from his ancient family.
2. Usher
Just as we have mentioned, he got mental illness. With narrator’s description from him: an eye large, liquid, and luminous beyond comparison; lips somewhat thin and very pallid, but of a surpassingly beautiful curve; a nose of a delicate Hebrew model, but with a breadth of nostril unusual in similar formations; a finely moulded chin, speaking, in its want of prominence, of a want of moral energy; hair of a more than web-like softness and tenuity; these features, with an inordinate expansion above the regions of the temple, all of us followed him and got the first impression of Usher, who believe everything had its spirits. Besides, He suffered much from a morbid acuteness of the senses; the most insipid food was alone endurable; he could wear only garments of certain texture; the odours of all flowers were oppressive; his eyes were tortured by even a faint light; and there were but peculiar sounds, and these from stringed instruments, which did not inspire him with horror. He had an habitual trepidancy --an excessive nervous agitation. Then he told the his friend that he was going to die. He did not tell much about his sister. When he told the narrator she died, in fact, she did not and he knew it, but he put her in a coffin in the cellar. Seven or eight days later, before she came out from the coffin, he acted weird. he felt her because they were twins. It seems he knew everything and predicted it exactly. He murmured before she appeared at the door: Not hear it? --yes, I hear it, and have heard it. Long --long --long --many minutes, many hours, many days, have I heard it --yet I dared not --oh, pity me, miserable wretch that I am! --I dared not --I dared not speak! We have put her living in the tomb! Said I not that my senses were acute? I now tell you that I heard her first feeble movements in the hollow coffin. I heard them --many, many days ago --yet I dared not --I dared not speak! And now --to-night --Ethelred --ha! ha! --the breaking of the hermit's door, and the death-cry of the dragon, and the clangour of the shield! --say, rather, the rending of her coffin, and the grating of the iron hinges of her prison, and her struggles within the coppered archway of the vault! Oh whither shall I fly? Will she not be here anon? Is she not hurrying to upbraid me for my haste? Have I not heard her footstep on the stair? Do I not distinguish that heavy and horrible beating of her heart? MADMAN!
3. Madeline
She was a minor role in this novel. There is no many words for her, even when she passed by from the narrator. From her appearance, the narrator had this sentence: a striking similitude between the brother and sister. Just because she was mysterious, the plot develop to the climax, especially before she came out from the coffin. Besides, at the end of the novel, she appeared with the image: There was blood upon her white robes, and the evidence of some bitter struggle upon every portion of her emaciated frame. . For a moment she remained trembling and reeling to and fro upon the threshold, then, with a low moaning cry, fell heavily inward upon the person of her brother, and in her violent and now final death-agonies...
Ⅳ.Conclusion
From above, I make my points in the gothic style, the extroadinary and horrible atmosphere, and the 3 main characters and its plot. This is a great novel that develop gothic style or horror novel. The images of decay and death rule the whole context and we can smell the scent of terror and death right from the beginning to the end. We could hardly help being carried into it, placing themselves in a dark, dull and gray ancient house, and experiencing a thrilling story with the narrator. Poe wrote it not only in the atmosphere, but also in the psychology—the father and master of this style, especially from the narrator and Usher, so that the horror can shock us from our heart, our inner world.
Bibliography
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