
Literate women of colonial time:
Anne Bradstreet first woman get published 1660s/1670s
Abigail Smith Adams wife of John Adams
Phillis Wheatley first black woman poet
Great Awakening (1730s-1750s):
A series of Protestant religious revivals
Leading figures: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield (from England)
- undermined the old clergies, brought “New Light” ministers and
- created “New Light schools” such as Princeton, Brown, Dartmouth
- increased the numbers and competitiveness of the churches
- encouraged missionary work among the Indians and black slaves
- The first spontaneous mass movement of American people
The Industrial Revolution (1800-1850)
& The Market Revolution (1812-1845):
1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin
- Raising cotton became more profitable
More slaves in the South,
Cotton production moved west (Black Belt),
Northern textile industry develop
1807 Robert Fulton invented the steamboat
- Opened the West and the South
- Lowered the cost and improved the efficiency
- Enabled Southern planters to send cotton north in bulk, giving rise to the Northern textile industry
Other Inventions:
Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper (1830s)
John Deere Steel plows (1837)
Elias Howe Sewing machine
Samuel Morse Telegraph, Morse code
Assembly lines, interchangeable parts (Eli Whitney)
Transportation Revolution:
1815 Henry Clay proposed the American System
National Road (began in 1811, completed in 1838), Erie Canal (始1817, from Albany to Buffalo, connected Hudson River to Lake Erie), the first railroad(1828)
Expand the market Market Revolution
市场经济发展,工厂人员分工,全国地域分工、Mass Production
1830s-1840s大量移民
爱尔兰穷人 cities 工厂、铁路、National Road、Canal Roman Catholic 歧视
德国有钱人 cities and rural area在Great Lakes附近 small farmers or artisans
Nativism, Know-Nothing Party
Social Stratum:
Social mobility limited (greater than in Europe)
North:
The wealthy: involved in politic, children educated
The middle class: woman don’t work (confinement, discontent women’s right movement)
The poor: child labor, poor living & working conditions, easily replaceable
South:
Wealthy planters: few, own disproportional wealth, social & political power
Small farmers: self-sufficient
Poor whites: illiterate
Slaves: preserve rich culture, slave narratives (Frederick Douglass) antislavery ↑
Antebellum Reform:
Second Great Awakening (1790s-1830s):
Charles Grandison Finney
- Appealed strongly to women and African Americans
The African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church
- Led to reform movements that focused on improving human conditions:
Penitentiary reform, aid to the poor, insane asylum (Dorothea Dix)
Temperance Movement led largely by Protestant Women
The American Temperance Society (1820s) (Prohibition prohibited sale of alcohol)
Horace Mann campaigned for the development of public common schools as well as normal schools for teachers (education)
- Utopian communities Oneida Experiment
The Abolitionist Movement:
William Lloyd Garrison founded the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833), The Liberator in response to the Nat Turner Rebellion (1831, killed all whites they met, led to severe slave codes in the South)
Black editor David Walker opposed Henry Clay’s American Colonization Society (sending freed blacks to Liberia in Africa)
Gradual abolitionism in the North
Women’s Rights:
Background: By law, women had few rights to property or to earnings; few colleges or professions open to women.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Convention in Seneca Falls (1848) in New York to address women’s rights and suffrage, resulted in “The Declaration of Sentiments”, which called for legal and social reform.
Lucy Stone kept her maiden name when he married (Lucy Stoner);
Susan B. Anthony focused her efforts on fighting for political rights for women.
Progress: 1848New York passed the Married Women’s Property Act(别州效仿)
Literature:
American Renaissance
Literary community developed around Concord, Mass. Transcendentalism
| Louis May Alcott | Little Women | 
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | On Friendship, Self-Reliance | 
| Henry David Thoreau | Walden, Civil Disobedience | 
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | The Scarlet Letter | 
| Edgar Allan Poe | Horror fiction, Poetry | 
| Walt Whitman | Leaves of Grass | 
| Emily Dickinson | Poems | 
| Herman Melville | Moby-Dick | 
The social movements primarily addressed the concerns of the developing middle class. (Inspired by urban ills.)
Westward Movement (1860s-18s):
Government land act of 1862:
| Homestead Act | Anyone who staked a claim to up to 160 acres of land could keep it if he or she farmed and lived on the land for 5 years. | 
| Pacific Railway Act | Railroads companies could apply for land grants on which to develop and build a transcontinental railroad system. | 
| Morril Act | Granted 17 millions acres of federal land to the states, requiring that they sell that land and use the money to found agricultural and engineering colleges. | 
Immigrants, freedmen (to escape racial segregation), and middle-class whites went west.
Farming:
Without reliable water supply, 1862 the U.S. Department of Agriculture, developed techniques, windmills and irrigation.
Willa Cather (My Antonia) and Laura Ingalls Wilder (“Little House” stories) wrote classic novels of immigrants pioneers on the Great Plains.
Ranching:
Cowboys:
Ended because: (1) the supply of the cattle was starting to exceed the demand, (2) the invention of barbed wires made others unable to water or grass on ranchers’ property (JOSEPH GLIDDEN) (3) a severe blizzards
Native Americans:
The Sand Creek Massacre (Cheyenne, no NA attacked troops),
The Wounded Knee Massacre (Sioux, NA already surrendered)
Ghost Dance --> killed Sitting Bull Sioux
内战前migration:families in search of farmland (first wagon trail) & young men seeking gold
内战后migration:immigrants, freedmen, middle-class whites
The Big Business and the Gilded Age (1870s-16s):
The Second Industrial Revolution:
The Bessemer process, discovered by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly, an efficient way to convert iron into steel, led to a rise in steel production.
Edison Light bulb
Elisa Otis Mechanized elevator
Alexander Graham Bell Telephone
Wilbur and Orville Wright First piloted airplane flight
More populated cities, skyscrapers, railroads, and heavy machinery.
Big Business:
Technological development led to mass production, the rise of big business and capitalism.
In corporations, owners sold shares of stock. Stock market
Trusts (a group of trustees ran all the corporations in a trust as a single enterprise) and monopoly (vertical and horizontal)
Social Darwinism proposed by Charles Graham Sumer
Horati Alger’s “rag-to-riches” stories
Andrew Carnegie Carnegie Steel Company Charity Gospel of Wealth
John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil
Cornelius Vanderbilt New York Central Railroad; many other railroads
Leland Stanford Railroads
Sherman Antitrust Act 10 禁止一切“商业活动”的合并, failed to state exactly what a monopoly or a trust was. Ineffective
Labor Unions fought for an eight-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, law against child labor.
Strikes
1877 Railroad Strike
National wage cut led to the Great Upheaval of 1886
Chicago, Haymarket Square Riot(本peaceful,警工互殴,爆炸)
Worker activism slowed after the Riot, and union membership dwindled.
Owners effectively stopped union formation by blacklisting, hiring strike breakers and being supported by the government.
The Knights of Labor: a national Union begun by Philadelphia garment workers under the leadership of Uriah Stephens.
(White, women, and African Americans, Excluded Chinese)
Samuel Gompers formed The American Federation of Labor (AF of L or AFL): for skilled workers, which colluded with management to the detriment of its members.
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
“Wobblies” a militant anti-capitalist group
Literature and Arts: (realism)
Edith Wharton and Henry James (The Bostonians): novelists recorded the lived of the upper classes of this era, “conspicuous consumption”
The House of Mirth, the Age of Innocence, the Wings of the Dove, the Golden Bowl
Stephen Crane “The Red Badge of Courage” depicts the Civil War
Mark Twin, Willa Cather
Thomas Eakins & Winslow Homer &
The ashcan school of painting represents urban poverty.
Social:
The upper class: formed fro the giant industrialists and financiers who had made their money in big business
The middle class: expanded greatly during this era, educated trained workers
Female worked, rights limited
The lowest class: recent immigrants, majority of the urban population,
暂时和美国主流社会以及别国移民isolate,形成自己的community
(From Italy, Central and Eastern Europe, China)
Took lowest-paying job, easily bullied, face discrimination, lived in tenets
Jacob Riis photojournalism How the Other Half lives (10)
People called for reform
Settlement house
Jane Adams Hull House, Chicago
Ellen Gates Starr Greenwich House, NYC
- offer classes & job training
- bring culture and art to the poor
- Daycare centre
- Training for middle-class women
- Community centre
- Limited ability, not supported by the government
1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act, denied U.S. citizenship to anyone born in China, and banned further Chinese immigration to the U.S.
(Italians-Ellis Island in New York, Chinese-Angel Island, California)
Politics:
President: Ulysses S. Grant
Vice President Schuyler Colfax’s construction company Credit Mobilier overcharged the Union Pacific Railroad to gain money.
Political machine, William Marcy Tweed synonymous with Tammany Hall, NYC, discredited by Thomas Nast.
Rutherford B. Hayes banned employees of federal government to take part in political campaigns. Republican split into: Stalwarts (support patronage) and Half-breeds (公)
Half-breed James A. Garfield assassinated, Stalwart Chester A. Arthur promoted Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883.
Mugwumps: reform-minded Republicans supported Democrat Grover Cleveland.
后Republican Benjamin Harrison “the Billionaire Congress”
Populism: (Socialist Party也发展)
Grain supply exceeded demand, prices fall, railroads continued to raise prices, equipments more expensive.
Oliver Kelly founded the National Grange, members of which formed cooperatives to
- buy equipment and supplies in bulk to save money
- pressure state legislatures to regulate railroad freight and grain storage costs
Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act & established the Interstate Commerce Commission
The Farmers’ Alliance, Texas
The Southern Alliance, the Colored Farmers’ Alliance
The Populist Party
- A graduated income tax
- Regulation of banks
- Government ownership of the railroads and the telegraph lines
- Unlimited coinage of silver
- Restrictions on immigration
- A shorter workday
- Voting reforms
The election of 16, supported William Jennings Bryan (also supported by the Democrats), who delivered the “cross of gold” speech.
Defeated by William McKinley (McKinley Tariff ↑50% 不是总统时propose)
The Progressive Movement (1900-1920):
Social Gospel: Against urban ills, wipe out political corruption, improve life conditions, and support workplace legislation.
Middle class, men and women, called for eight-hour workday, a minimum wage across all industries, safer working conditions, and an end to child labor (ill of urban life).
Muckrakers:
Investigative journalists
McClure’s Magazine, Collier’s Magazine.
Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed the shocking practices of the meatpacking industry. Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
Ida M. Tarbell’s History of the Standard Oil Company
Lincoln Steffen’s The Shame of the Cities (corruption in city management)
Ray Stannard Baker’s Following the Color Line
Republican Theodore Roosevelt:
Square Deal protected the workers and the public
“Trustbuster”: the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC),
Elkins Act (outlawed rebate to shipping companies),
Hepburn Act (authorized ICC to set railroad rates and regulate all companies in interstate commerce)
The U.S. government sued the Northern Security Company for violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Conservation: forest reserves and national parks
1912 lost the nomination of the Republican Party and created the National Progressive Party (the Bull Moose Party)
Big-stick diplomacy
Republican William Howard Taft:
The 16th Amendment about income tax & a graduated tax system
more efficient, and fairer to the poor and middle classes
The 17th Amendment- Direct election of Senators
New Nationalism: better and safer working conditions, support for public health, regulation of the big business
Payne-Aldrich Tariff ↑57%
Democrat Woodrow Wilson:
Underwood Tariff Act: lowered tariff
Federal Trade Commission: prevented business from misrepresenting their products.
The Federal Reserve Act: under combined federal and private control
Clayton Antitrust Law: stated what corporations could and couldn’t do, protected small business from being swallowed
Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916, a special banking system for farmers only
National Railroad Strike Adamson Act
- reduce working day for railroad worked from 10 to 8 hours
- maintain the current wage level
- financial compensation for workers injured at work
The 19th Amendment:
1920! Women Suffrage!
10, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony found the National American Woman Suffrage Association;
1914, Alice Paul formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, later became the National Woman’s Party.
The Jazz Age (1920s):
Background: economy booming, wealthy and middle-class American had plenty of money to spend.
Arts:
The new technologies of recorded music and radio broadcasts helped the popularity of jazz.
Rise of the mass entertainment such as film, and modern sports such as baseball.
Figures:
Jazz: Jelly Roll Morton, Duke Ellington
Baseball: George Herman “Babe” Ruth
The Harlem Renaissance:
Result of the Great Migration of African Americans to the north (Harlem in NY)
A community of creative artists: Poet Langston Hughes, jazz musicians
黑人希望可以改变在美国的形象,为Civil Rights Movement奠定基础
The Lost Generation:
Young men disillusioned by the WWI: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald.
The Great Gatsby: no place for romanticism any more
The Sun Also Rises: the generation that had survived the war suffered permanent psychological and physical damage
For Whom the Bell Tolls (EM): the Spanish Civil War
Social:
Flappers: women cut their hair as short as boy’s, shortened their skirts, smoked, drove their own automobile and played sports
Henry Ford installed the assembly line
↑popularity of automobiles urban sprawl
Electricity changed the rhythms of family life
Organized Crime:
The “Black Sox” scandal:
- Baseball was the only professional team sport, and enormously popular
- Gamblers would pressure athletes to lose a race or throw a game
- Government regarded it as a sport and did not regulate it as business
- Players were like indentured servants, severely underpaid and undervalued
1919, Chicago White Sox members were persuaded to throw the World Series
The Era of Prohibition:
The 18th amendment made it illegal to consume or sell alcoholic beverages or transport them across state lines. Failure
Speakeasies, bootleg whiskey, Bathtub gin
不同帮派之间为争夺究竟制造和销售war,Al Capone 基本控制了Chicago的酒类销售 1929年杀了rival帮派的7个人St. Valentine’s Day Massacre
帮派贿赂、威胁以防他们对speakeasy的调查
FBI成立专门branch调查 无用 “The Untouchables”
Repealed in 1933
The Scopes Trial:
Tennessee 禁止在公立学校中教进化论 (Fundamentalists认为上帝造人)
John Scopes, science teacher, taught the evolution, supported by the American Civil Liberties Union (AUCU,认为此规定unconstitutional). Clarence Darrow, famous criminal lawyer, defended Scope, former congressman, William Jennings Bryan, appeared for prosecution.
Judge biased, found Scope guilty.
The Scopes trial failed to resolve disputes over the teaching of evolution.
The Great Depression (1929-1941):
Stock market crashed in October, 1929.
- People buying things they could not afford, buying on credit
- Borrow money to buy stock (margin buying, speculators)
- Business misreported and lied about their profits
(Only automobiles and steel industries were really doing well.)
- Insider trading, no regulation of financial rules
Herbert Hoover:
“Rugged individualism”: people rescuing themselves by their own efforts
Construction of Boulder (later Hoover) Dam;
Establishment of the Federal Farm Board which lent farmers money and bought up their surplus crops
Useless; Homeless people formed communities called Hoovervilles
Franklin Delano Roosevelt:
New Deal:
President Roosevelt asked Congress to grant him special power to take action, marked a shift in the balance of national power (legislative branchexecutive)
Important programs:
| Emergency Banking Act | 暂时关闭银行,检查账本,再重新开有偿付能力的银行 | 
| Farm Credit Administration | 向农民提供长期低息贷款 | 
| Civilian Conservation Corps | 提供工资,雇佣18-25岁的年轻人在国家公园里工作或是在西部种树(Dust Bowl) | 
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration | 为家庭提供援助 | 
| Agricultural Adjustment Administration | 付钱让农民少种以提高价格 | 
| Tennessee Valley Authority | 建水坝供电提高TV的生活水平(全国最穷的地方之一) | 
| Banking Act of 1933 | 设立FDIC | 
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation | 为银行存款担保 | 
| National Recovery Administration | 监管商业,设立最低工资和其他标准来保护workers | 
| Security and Exchange Commission | 监管销售股票和债券的公司(safeguard) | 
AA认为New Deal没有给他们和白人一样的权利(最低工资不同,有些项目有种族隔离)
Republican认为是Socialism,Democrats认为改革还不够
Huel Long, Father Coughlin proposed radical solutions embraced by many.
Civil Rights:
The Indian Reorganization Act helped Indians both financially and socially.
FDR appointed AAs government jobs, and the first female cabinet secretary.
The Second New Deal:
The Works Progress Administration (WPA)提供就业机会,
financed Federal Project Number One为失业艺术家提供工作
The Social Security Act of 1935, 提供失业保险,保证美国工人退休金,payments for残废工人或者寡妇和小孩(工人工资交一部分给基金)
The Dust Bowl:
Great Plains严重干旱 农民没收成没钱被收地 到California果园寻找机会
John Steinbeck made the journey with one family of Oklahoma farmers (“Okies”) The Grapes of Wrath
Photojournalism of Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, a poster image summarizing the Great Depression
Californians began providing decent housing and sanitary conditions for seasonal immigrants
Escape:
Science fiction of H. G. Well’s The War of the Worlds, adapted by director Orson Weller’s Mercury Theatre Broadcast
Hollywood movie studios↑Technicolor developed
Gone with the Wind, written by Margaret Mitchell, was popular
The 1940s-1970s: Consumerism
(The largest economical growth in US history)
John Kenneth Galbraith “The Affluent Society”
Affluence in private is at the expense of affluence in public.
希望wealthiest society去eradicate poverty
The 1950s: (Social Conformity & Political Conservatism)
解除战时物价,物价涨工资未涨 1946 a huge strike, highly successful +
二战后anti-labor, anti-union情绪 Taft-Harley Act 打压labor
AFL与CIO合并
Baby Boom, Television (ads, consumerism↑)
Rock and Roll (Chuck Berry, Elvis Presley)
Suburbs:
- William Levitt mass-produced houses on former agricultural land near city
Levittown, Long Island, New York
- G. I. Bill provided low interest rate loan
- Interstate Highway Act (suburbcity more convenient)
WW2 AA从南方到北方 战后“white flight”从城市搬到郊区
“Redlining” community covenant 不卖房子给黑人
Malvina Reynold’s song Little Boxes 批判郊区生活的单调和conformity
Women: suburban housewives
Dr. Benjamin Spock Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care
Encourage women to devote full time into mothering
Men: breadwinners
Sloan Wilson The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit 批判the pressure to conform
Teenagers: Teenage Market ↑ Juvenile Delinquency
“Rebel without a Cause” starring James Dean
The Beat literary movement:
Flaunted convention and embraced spontaneity, jazz, alcohol, drug, and open sexuality
Poet Allen Ginsberg’s Howl attacked contemporary American society
Jack Kerouac’s On the Road
The 1960s: (Social Dissenting of the baby boomers)
Intellectual Roots:
The Power Elite C. Wright Mills
调查了 “ruling class” 用来 dominate society的方式,并提出美国是一个阶级社会,大众被少部分有钱人控制
Contours of American History William Appleman Williams
美国既不民主而且是帝国主义
Growing Up Absurd Paul Goodman critiqued the expected roles for young people
The Sane Society & The Art of Living Erich Fromm
为baby boomers 发泄他们对这个浅薄的物质社会的真实开发的psychological permission
Political Organizations:
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Wanted to “let the people decide” in both the economic and political spheres.
(Founding document Port Huron Statement agrees with Paul Goodman)
New Left that different from the Communist and Socialist organizations
Some members called for more violent way split into the Weathermen
The Free Speech Movement started from Berkeley不只是想要可以表达自己政治观点的权利,也想要被尊重对待
Mario Savio “sick at heart” at the repression of his ideas and actions
Vietnam Day Committee (VDC)
Yippies: (fantasy and drug)
Abbie Hoffman (Steal this Book) and Jerry Rubin组织
Youth International Party反越战 反对conformity of consumer culture
Cesar Chavez organized Mexican migrant workers in California to found
United Farm Workers of America: Boycott of grapes and lettuce
Dennis Banks, a Chippewa, and Russell Means, a Sioux, led the American Indian Movement to obtain equal rights for the Native Americans.
Music:
Motown record company
Joan Baez; Peter, Paul, and Mary;
Bob Dylan (Blowin’ in the Wind, Like a Rolling Stone);
The Beatles (musical and intellectual depth far beyond their first impression);
The Rolling Stones (often tinged with a violence and hostility);
Ravi Shankar & John Coltrane (influence by Indian music)
Monterey outdoor concert; Woodstock drugs and nudity, on the verge of chaos
Hippies:
Hippies and their leader Timothy Leary were readers of 印度教佛教藏传佛教道教
The Way of Zen Alan Watts 说东方强调通过冥想获得内在的平衡
Timothy Leary认为LSD可以带给他东方圣人所追寻的那种知识和平衡
Be-in at Haight-Ashbury San Francisco Summer of Love of the Beatles
The Second Wave of Feminism:
At conscious raising groups, 女性发现她们难以脱离传统的家庭女性角色的原因是social-wide political obstacles
Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique 批判当时社会对女性角色的束缚
Kate Millet Sexual Politics 描述对housewives的oppression
The National Organization of Women (NOW), Ms. Magazine
颁布保护女性经济、教育和民权的法律
The Equal Rights Amendment - Opposition from Phyllis Schlafly
Environmentalism:
Population Bomb by Paul Ehrlich
Silent Spring by Rachel Carson
Clean Air Act, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
20s~21s:
Economic expansion – “dot-com” companies
Multinational corporations – avoid tariffs and some regulations - Mergers
Chrysler merged with Daimler
Computer Revolution – Microsoft
Stock market boom of 1990s “new economy” stock
很多普通人都想通过投资股票来“get rich quick”
Boom of 1990s slowed, many “dot-com” companies went out of business
1980s-1990s Immigrants!
Asian and Latin American (early 1900s European)
The Immigration Reform and Control Act惩罚雇佣非法移民者
California想要阻止墨西哥移民deprive illegal immigrants of benefits such as education and medical care
Territory Expansion:
1783, Treaty of Paris, East of Mississippi
1803, Louisiana Purchase (from France)
President Thomas Jefferson
→Lewis and Clark Expedition, funded by the Congress, guided by Native Americans, from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean, establish U.S. claim to the disputed Oregon territory.
1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement
Limited the number of warships of Britain and the U.S. could maintain at the Great Lakes, negotiated border between the U.S. and Canada, co-occupy Oregon until 1828.
1819 Florida
From Spain, through Adams-Onís Treaty
President James Monre
1830 John O’Sullivan Manifest Destiny
The U.S. should expand to fill the borders of North America between Canada and Mexico, all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
1845, Texas annexed (applied in 1837)
President James K. Polk
1848, Oregon Country (agreement with Britain)
President James K. Polk
1848, Mexican Cession
1853 The Gadsden Purchase
From Mexico, a long narrow piece between Texas and California.
James Gadsden, ambassador to Mexico, Secretary at War Jefferson Davis
1867, Alaska Territory (from Russia)
By Andrew Johnson’s Secretary of State William Seward;
“Seward’s Folly”, “Johnson’s Polar Bear Garden”, where later found gold
18 Hawaii
President: William McKinley
