
在英语中,it、one和that都是用来指代前文提到的名词,但它们各自有着不同的用法。
it通常用来替代前面提到的事物,包括可数名词和不可数名词。当指代可数名词时,it的复数形式为they/them,不带任何定语。
one可以用来替代与前文同类但不同一的事物,可以指代某一类事物中的任何一个。它可以作为同位语,重复指代前面的事物,并且其后可跟定语从句来进一步说明前文的名词。one通常用来表示泛指,相当于a/an+名词。one只能用来指代可数名词,其复数形式是ones。one可以在它前面或后面加上一些定语,但one前不能直接加不定冠词(a / an)或物主代词。如果one前已经有形容词,则可以加不定冠词或物主代词。one前加the与否取决于是否特指,如果特指就加the。one既可以指代物,也可以指代人。
that则用来替代与前文同类但不同一的事物,表示特指,相当于the+名词。它可以用来指代可数名词和不可数名词。指代可数名词时,复数形式为those。that后面可以加一些定语,多为of短语;而其前面不能有任何定语。that只能用来指代物。
通过对比,我们可以发现it、one和that在语法结构上的不同。例如,I have lost my umbrella; I'm looking for it.(it指代前面的my umbrella)I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one.(one表示泛指,因为my umbrella已经丢失)The umbrella you bought is cheaper than that I bought.(替代词that特指“the umbrella I bought”,以区别“the umbrella you bought”)
在使用这些代词时,我们需要根据上下文来选择合适的代词。例如,A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.(one可以换成a chair)The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot.(that可以换成the water)I like this pen more than that one.(one代替可数名词单数pen)There were a few young people and some older ones in the house.(ones代替可数名词复数people)Mary's handwriting is far better than that of Peter.(that代替不可数名词handwriting)These pictures are more beautiful than those.(those代替可数名词复数pictures)The one/That on the table is mine.(The one/That指代桌子上的事物,并且也可以用That)He is the teacher, the one who is loved by the students.