1. 适当用被动替换主动,
这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾2004年六月六级作文的最后一段:It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so,its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.
2. 善于使用插入语,
比如说把副词、连接词等,作插入语放在中间,一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后,两边分别加上逗号。
如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间,一般放在动词,助动词后,两边分别加上逗号。
比如说: Other individuals, however, take the attitude that …
3. 一定要学会换词,换形象,具体的替换太宽泛的。
(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think,
people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中,applicable替换proper, approaches替换ways, implement替换carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge替换enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物竞争力)
以下是30个最经典的替换词
1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)
2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的),promising
(有希望的),perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad
如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive替换
eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 沪江四六级
4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.
注:用many, if not most 一定要小心,many后一定要有词。
Eg. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替换most.
5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some 6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,
hold the view that, it is widely shared that,
it is universally acknowledged that)替think
(因为是书面语,所以要加that)
7:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing 8: shared 代 common
9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits )
10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion
11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly.
Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.
Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly 13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,
14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer 15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very
16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换 unnecessary, avoidable
17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.沪19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect
20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear
21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.
22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换..reasons for sth 23.desire 替换want.
24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to 25.bear in mind that 替换remember
26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思) 27. interaction替换communication
28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth
29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance
30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible
写作用得最广的句式
1.表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
6)We have good reason to believe that...
例如: There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our
life.Firstly,people’s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid, and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
注:如写第一个句子没有把握,可将其改写成两个句子。如:Great changes have taken place in our life.
There are three reasons for this.这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。
2.表示好处
1)It has the following advantages. 2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot. 4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如: Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they
can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is
of great benefit to us.
3.表示坏处
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages. 2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmful to us.
例如: However,everything divides into two.Television can also be harmful to
us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time
watching television.
4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient, possible)for sb.to do
sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth. 3)It plays an important role in our life.
4) It is of great significance to …
例如: Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in
schools or in business.Soon, computers will be found in every home,too.We
have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly
important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5.表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如: The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and
more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.
6.表示变化
1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.
2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications.
3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.
例如: Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five
years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to
seek.Nowadays,more and more people are switching from grain to meat for
protein,and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.
7.表示事实、现状
1)We cannot ignore the fact that... 2)No one can deny the fact that...
3)There is no denying the fact that... 4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in. 5)However,that’s not the case.
例如: We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the
problems of pollution.To solve these problems, we can start by educating
the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part
should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.
8.表示比较
1)Compared with A,B... 2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.
3)There is a striking contrast between them.
例如: Compared with cars,bicycles have several advantages besides being
affordable.Firstly,they do not consume natural resources of
petroleum.Secondly,they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not
least,they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical
exercise.
9.表示数量
1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...
2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800,000.
3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% compared with that
of January.
例如: With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s
income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has
increased.
再如: From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of
computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in
1990 to 20 hours in 2000.
10.表示看法
1)People have(take,adopt,assume)different attitudes towards sth.
2)People have different opinions on this problem.
3)People take different views of(on)the question.
4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...
例如: People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that
failure leads to success.
Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success
at their renewed endeavor.However, others are easily discouraged by
failures and put themselves into the category of losers.
再如: Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck?Different people have
different views on it.
注:一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始,应掌握这一写作方法。
11.表示结论
1)In short,it can be said that ... 2)It may be briefly summed up as follows.
3)From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that
例如: From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that
examination is necessary,however, its method should be improved.
注:例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句;例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。
12.套语
1)It’s well known to us that ... 2)As is known to us,...
3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about.
4)From the graph(table,chart)listed above,it can be seen that ...
5)As a proverb says,“Where there is a will,there is a way.
例如: As is well known to us,it is important for the students to know the
world outside campus.
The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays,the society is changing and
developing rapidly,and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower .As college
students,we must get in touch with the world outside the campus.Only in
this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate.
再如: Does it pay to be honest?This is a topic that is being widely talked
about and different people have different opinions on it.
经典作文句型
一、~~~the + ~ est + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 +(that)+ 主词 + have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句:Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句:Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.
(再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。)
例句:We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too
much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...(不可否认的……)
例句:There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone
from bad to worse.
不可否认的,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ (全世界都知道……)
例句:It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable tous.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ (毫无疑问的……)
例句:There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something
to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子(……的优点是……)
例句:An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create
(produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子(……的原因是……)
例句:The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide
us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh
air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子(如此……以致于……)
例句:So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵,它经不起我们浪费。
十、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be, S + V~~~ (虽然……)
例句:Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no
means satisfactory.
{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V
~~~(愈……愈……)
例句:The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力,你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多,我们愈有学问。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ (借着……,……能够……)
例句:By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。
十三、~~~ enable + Object(受词)+ to + V (……使……能够……)
例句:Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ (我们绝对不能……)
例句:On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十五、It is time + S + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)
例句:It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve
the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
十六、Those who ~~~ (……的人……)
例句:Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
十七、There is no one but ~~~ (没有人不……)
例句:There is no one but longs to go to college.
没有人不渴望上大学。
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不……)
例句:Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to
give up doing sports. 的
既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 (可想而知的) It is obvious that + 句子 (明显的)
It is apparent that + 句子 (显然的)
例句:It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our
life.
可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
二十、That is the reason why ~~~ (那就是……的原因)
例句:Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don't like it.
夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
二十一、For the past + 时间,S + 现在完成式...(过去……年来,……一直……)
例句:For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the
examination.
过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。
二十二、Since + S + 过去式,S + 现在完成式。
例句:Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自从他上高中,他一直很用功。
二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ (……是值得的。)
例句:It pays to help others.
帮助别人是值得的。
二十四、be based on (以……为基础)
例句:The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V (不遗余力的)
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 (让……明白……事)
例句:We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
二十七、be closely related to ~~ (与……息息相关)
例句:Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做运动与健康息息相关。
二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving= make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)
We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~ (因为……)
例句:Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。
三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!(多么……!)
例句:What an important thing it is to keep our promise!
How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守诺言是多么重要的事!
三十一、Leave much to be desired (令人不满意)
例句:The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。
三十二、Have a great influence on ~~ (对……有很大的影响)
例句:Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
三十三、do good to (对...有益), do harm to (对……有害)
例句:Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。
三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ (对……造成一大威胁)
例句:Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。
三十五、do one's utmost to + V = do one's best (尽全力去……)
例句:We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
常考句型:
1) take a rain check 延期 2) lost count 弄不清楚 3) be in another world 精神恍惚;魂不守舍
4) make yourself at home 随意,随便 5) save your breath 省口气吧;别白费口舌了
6) make sense 有意义,理解 7) cost sb. an arm and a leg 非常昂贵
8) burn a hole in one's pocket 很快地被花光 9)fill one's shoes 很好地顶替;令人满意地替代
10)is ice cold 表示理所当然 11)like apples and oranges 用来表示无法相比的事物
12)wait until the last minute 直到最后一刻 13)lose one's train of 忘记
14)meet each other half way 相互妥协,让步 15)on the dot 准时;正点
16)once and for all 最后一次;干脆 17)out of earshot 不在听力所及范围
18)out of this world 非常好 19)play by ear 随机应变,视情形而定
20) ring a bell 令人想起某件事;听起来耳熟 21)share a common outlook 有共同的观点
22)six of one and half-a-dozen of the other 半斤八两;没什么区别
23)stick around 在附近逗留或等待 24)stick with 继续做,坚持
25)straighten out 扯平;结清
26)toss and turn (身体)翻来覆去(通常表示难以入睡)
27)turn one's back (在别人遇到困难时)不愿帮助 28)under the weather 身体不适,生病
29)bite off more than one can chew 贪多嚼不烂;心有余而力不足;不自量力;力不从心
30)break new ground 创新 31)do the trick 做成功;达到理想的结果
32)drag one's feet 行动缓慢;磨磨蹭蹭不情愿 33)draw the line 拒绝,拒不容忍
34)feel down in the dumps 心情不好;情绪低落
35)few and far between 不多;少而分散的;不常碰到或发现的;稀少 36)fit as a fiddle 身体很健康
37)grin and bear 任劳任怨;毫无怨言地忍受
38)hit the spot (特指吃了食物,喝了饮料之后)精神完全恢复过来或感到满足;恢复精力;提精神
39)keep between the two of us 不让第三者知道,保密
40)know a thing or two about 略知一二
名词与介词的搭配
influence on对……的影响 impact on对……的影响
nothing but 只有;只不过(=only) access to通往……的路
answer to ……的答案;…… solution to ……的解决办法
barrier to ……的障碍(=obstacle to) comment on 对……的评论 thanks to 由于
形容词与介词的搭配
be busy with 忙于……
be content with 对……满意
be in sympathy with 赞同,同情
be satisfied with 对……感到满意
be disappointed with sth. 对……感到失望
be popular with sb.受到某人的欢迎或喜欢
be patient with sb.对某人有耐心
be fed up with sth. 对……极其厌倦(=be tired of sth.)
介词短语和短语介词
according to 根据……所说;按照
as for 至于,就……方面说
as to 至于,关于
at all costs 不惜任何代价
at any cost 不惜任何代价
at the cost of 以……为代价
at large 完全地;详尽地
ahead of 在……前面,先于;胜过
at all events 无论如何
at the expense of 归……付费
at ease 自由自在;舒适,舒坦
with ease 容易地
at any rate 无论如何;至少
at a speed of 以……的速度
at full speed 以全速
at heart 在内心里;实质上
动词短语
account for 说明(原因等);解释 take into account 考虑;重视
accuse sb. of sth. 控告(某人某事)(=charge sb. with sth.)
accustom sb. to sth. 使某人适应某件事情(=be accustomed to sth.; adapt sb. to sth.)
act on 按照……而行动 take advantage of 趁……之机,利用(=make use of)
afford to (买)得起(某物);负担得起
常考短语
1. at the thought of一想到…
2. as a whole (=in general) 就整体而论
3. at will 随心所欲
4. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有
5. access(to) (不可数名词) 解
6. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地,
7. of one’s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地 ,主动地
8. in accord with 与…一致 .
out of one’s accord with 同….不一致
9. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地
10. in accordance with (=in ) 依照,根据
11. on one’s own account
1) 为了某人的缘故, 利益
2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责
3) (=by oneself)依靠自己
12. take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去
13. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释 (理由)
14. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明.
15. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为.
16. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)
17. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告
18. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于.
19. be (=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially) 熟悉
20. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理
21. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于
22. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)
23. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之
24. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外
25. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持, 遵循
26. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的
27. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应;
28. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能,留有…的余地.
29. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先.
30. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地.
31. have an advantage over 胜过.
have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件
have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事
32. take advantage of (=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.
33. agree with 赞同(某人意见) agree to 同意
34. in agreement (with) 同意, 一致
35. ahead of 在…之前, 超过…;……………. ahead of time 提前.
36. in the air 1)不肯定, 不具体. 2)在谣传中.
37. above all (=especially, most important of all) 尤其是, 最重要的.
38. in all (=counting everyone or everything, altogether) 总共, 总计
39. after all 毕竟,到底; (not) at all 一点也不;
all at once(=suddenly)突然; once and for all 只此一次; above all 最重要的; first of all 首先; all in all 大体上说; be all in 累极了; all but 几乎.
40. allow for (=take into consideration, take into account) 考虑到, 估计到.
41. amount to (=to be equal to) 总计, 等于.
42. answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for) 对…负责.
43. answer to (=conform to) 适合,符合.
44. be anxious about 为…焦急不安; 或anxious for
45. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉
46. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁. appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力
47. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请; apply for申请; apply to 适用.
48. apply to 与…有关;适用
49. approve of (=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right) 赞成, approve vt. 批准
50. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起.
51. arrange for sb./sth. to do sth. 安排…做…
52. arrive on 到达; arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方);
53. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以…为羞耻
54. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保证, 使…确信.
55. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚, 系 ,结
56. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do sth.) 试图做…
57. attend to (=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候,照料
58. attitude to/ toward …对…的态度.看法
59. attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果
60. on the average (=on average, on an average) 平均
61. (be) aware of (=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道.
62. at the back of (=behind) 在…后面
63. in the back of 在…后部(里面); on the back of 在…后部(外面); be on one’s back(=be ill in bed) 卧病不起.
. at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,维护; have sb. at one’s back 有…支持, 有…作后台
65. turn one’s back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolite way) 不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃
66. behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)
67. be based on / upon 基于
68. on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上
69. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢
70. begin with 以…开始. to begin with (=first of all) 首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)
71. on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名义
72. believe in(=have faith or trust in; consider sth./sb. to be true) 相信,依赖,信仰.
73. benefit (from) 受益,得到好处.
74. for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)
75. for the better 好转
76. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败, 胜过.
77. by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时;
give birth to 出生
78. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 .
blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上
79. in blossom开花(指树木) be in blossom开花(强调状态)
come into blossom开花(强调动作)
80. on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机
81. boast of (or about) 吹嘘
82. out of breath 喘不过气来
83. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之
84. in bulk 成批地,不散装的
85. take the floor 起立发言
86. on business 出差办事.
87. be busy with sth.于某事。
be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
88. last but one 倒数第二.
. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设
90. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买
91. be capable of 能够, 有能力
be capable of being +过去分词:是能够被…的
92. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何
93. in case (=for fear that) 万一;
94. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一
in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
95. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)
96. be cautious of 谨防
97. center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上
98. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握, 一定.
99. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地,有把握地
100. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然