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| Part 1 Short conversations (每小题:1 分) |
| Directions: In this section you'll hear some short conversations. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear. |
| 1. | |
| A. The woman had forgotten Marx's phone number. | |
| B. The man saw Marx on the street two months ago. | |
| C. Marx and the woman had not been in touch for some time. | |
| D. The woman made a phone call to Mar | |
| 2. | |
| A. To go shopping. | |
| B. To take a drive in the park. | |
| C. To run in the park. | |
| D. To watch an event. | |
| 3. | |
| A. Setting the table. | |
| B. Polishing silver. | |
| C. Sewing napkins. | |
| D. Clearing the table. | |
| 4. | |
| A. Mary's husband is 20 years old. | |
| B. Mary's husband is about 40 years old. | |
| C. Mary's husband has no father. | |
| D. Mary's husband is very old. | |
| 5. | |
| A. They don't have a seat in the rush hour. | |
| B. The McDonald's is in a bad condition. | |
| C. Chris and his friend will enjoy their food. | |
| D. Chris is disappointed. | |
| 6. | |
| A. He has someone else to take care of his plants. | |
| B. He's bringing some plants back from his trip. | |
| C. He's not very responsible. | |
| D. He'll be away for a while. | |
| 7. | |
| A. She needs to go shopping for a new pair of jeans. | |
| B. She and her sister look different because of their clothing. | |
| C. She and her sister aren't twins. | |
| D. She and her sister don't wear the same size dress. | |
| 8. | |
| A. He already knows what Fred will say. | |
| B. He doesn't have time to look at the gift. | |
| C. He can't imagine what his friends got for him. | |
| D. He is anxious to see Fred's reaction to the gift. | |
| 9. | |
| A. The woman can't remember exactly her brother's address. | |
| B. The letters were probably lost in the mail. | |
| C. The woman and her brother had different life styles. | |
| D. The woman's brother probably hasn't had time to write. | |
| Part 2 Long conversations (每小题:1 分) | |
| Directions: In this section you'll hear a long conversation or conversations. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear. | |
| Questions 1 to 3 are based on the same conversation. | |
| 1. | |
| A. They get it from the environment in which they are living in. | |
| B. They get it from their parents. | |
| C. They get it from school education. | |
| D. They get it from the Internet, TV and movies. | |
| 2. | |
| A. They learned it from the Internet, TV and movies. | |
| B. They were born with it. | |
| C. They learned it from classmates. | |
| D. Their parents weren't bringing them up properly. | |
| 3. | |
| A. Hardworking. | |
| B. Quiet and introverted. | |
| C. Outgoing. | |
| D. Sociable. | |
| Questions 4 to 6 are based on the same conversation. | |
| 4. | |
| A. In London. | |
| B. In Hong Kong. | |
| C. In Oxford. | |
| D. In Macao. | |
| 5. | |
| A. Education. | |
| B. Journalism. | |
| C. English Literature. | |
| D. Psychology. | |
| 6. | |
| A. She was a journalist. | |
| B. She was an editor. | |
| C. She was a college student. | |
| D. She was an English teacher. | |
| Part 3 Understanding Passages (每小题:1 分) | |
| Directions: In this section you'll hear a passage or passages. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the questions you hear. | |
| Questions 1 to 3 are based on the same passage. | |
| 1. | |
| A. 13. | |
| B. 17. | |
| C. 37. | |
| D. 47. | |
| 2. | |
| A. Pulling out all the nails in the fence. | |
| B. Replacing the nailed fence with a new one. | |
| C. Pulling out a nail if he could hold his temper for a day. | |
| D. Repairing the nailed fence. | |
| 3. | |
| A. Driving nails into a fence is a good way to control one's temper. | |
| B. One has to have control over one's temper. | |
| C. Losing one's temper can annoy family members. | |
| D. One should control one's temper, because it might bring irreversible harm to people. | |
| Questions 4 to 6 are based on the same passage. | |
| 4. | |
| A. To become a horse rider. | |
| B. To own a good horse. | |
| C. To own a farm ranch. | |
| D. To own a horse ranch. | |
| 5. | |
| A. Because the boy drew a diagram instead of writing a piece of writing. | |
| B. Because the teacher had bias on the boy. | |
| C. Because the boy's writing was not in detail. | |
| D. Because the teacher thought the boy's dream was not realistic. | |
| 6. | |
| A. Be realistic about your dream. | |
| B. Be free to dream. | |
| C. Stick to your dream. | |
| D. Never dream at all. | |
| Questions 7 to 9 are based on the same passage. | |
| 7. | |
| A. One dime. | |
| B. Nothing. | |
| C. Free labour. | |
| D. Not mentioned. | |
| 8. | |
| A. He harvested a friendship. | |
| B. He sold out all his goods. | |
| C. He finished his education. | |
| D. He got his strength and faith back. | |
| 9. | |
| A. Nothing. | |
| B. A sum which would take the rest of her life to pay for. | |
| C. A glass of milk. | |
| D. Not mentioned. | |
| Part 4 Compound Dictation (每小题:1 分) | |
| Directions: In this section you will hear a passage or passages three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the information you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written. | |
| Questions 1 to 11 are based on the same passage. | ||
| A man found a cocoon (茧) of a butterfly. One day a small (1) appeared. He sat and watched the butterfly for several hours as it (2) to force its body through that little hole. Then it seemed to stop making any (3). It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could, and it could go no further. So the man took a pair of scissors and snipped (剪断) off the (4) bit of the cocoon. The butterfly then (5) easily. But it had a swollen (肿胀的) body and small, shrivelled wings. The man (6) to watch the butterfly because he expected that, at any moment, the wings would (7) and expand to be able to support the body which would contract (收缩) in time. Neither happened! In fact, the butterfly spent the rest of its life (8) around with a swollen body and shrivelled wings. It never was able to fly. In his kindness and haste, the man actually did harm to the butterfly. (9). For it forces fluid from the body of the butterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved its freedom from the cocoon. (10). If we go through our lives without any obstacles, it would cripple us. (11) | ||
| Part 5 Choosing the right word (每小题:1 分) | ||
| Directions: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. | ||
| Please use the following list of words to fill in Blanks 1 to 10. | ||||
| impromptu | attendance | inevitably | steeply | |
| figure out | provision | captive | critical | |
| promotion | mapped out | |||
2. I was too nervous to remember what I had said in the (2) speech.
3. In particular, we are very fortunate tonight to have the (3) of our friends with the Benson's Electronics Company, who came here all the way from Canada.
4. She has been highly (4) of many established institutions, such as the Senior Civil Service, Foreign Office, Bank of England, universities, and local governments.
5. Were such an invasion ever to happen, it would (5) lead to a world war involving the US anyway.
6. Sometime I will need to (6) if I want to make a real career shift — such as to politics.
7. The modernization and globalization of a city should be based on the development of culture and (7) of harmony.
8. Her own future had been (8) by her wealthy and adoring parents, newly returned from India, and because it was so much to her liking she did not rebel.
9. The (9) shall apply to all patents existing at the time when it comes into effect.
| 10. In the next 20 years, life expectancy may well rise again, even more (10). | |
| Part 6 Multiple choices (每小题:1 分) | |
| Directions: Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. | |
| 1. | Mr Nicklin, a 48-year-old insurance manager, was kept ________________ for two years by the Saudis, who held him responsible for the debts of his American-owned firm. |
| A. captive | |
| B. capture | |
| C. bearer | |
| D. mortgage | |
| 2. | The report notes that future inflation and the ________________ of market risk will increase. |
| A. frailty | |
| B. captivity | |
| C. uncertainty | |
| D. productivity | |
| 3. | John joined the long queue and eventually after a(n) ________________ wait, reached the revenue table. |
| A. impromptu | |
| B. impressive | |
| C. provisional | |
| D. lengthy | |
| 4. | In a pure market economy all ________________ activities are privately owned, as opposed to being owned by the state. |
| A. productive | |
| B. promotional | |
| C. patent | |
| D. permanent | |
| 5. | In general, landowners were expected to work the land and to increase ________________, but not to upset the ecological balance. |
| A. produce | |
| B. product | |
| C. production | |
| D. productivity | |
| 6. | But they can't ________________ specific objectives and initiatives until they know where they are starting from. |
| A. figure on | |
| B. check out | |
| C. impose on | |
| D. map out | |
| 7. | Although humans were not born with wings, they could ________________ how to make their own wings. |
| A. map onto | |
| B. figure out | |
| C. check out | |
| D. haul up | |
| 8. | Our ________________ Threat Protection is a unique set of technologies that protect against identity theft, confidential data leakage and all Internet threats. |
| A. Twofold | |
| B. Twice | |
| C. Dimensional | |
| D. Triple | |
| 9. | Once you have a theory, it's not too hard to find evidence to ________________ it, at least until some other theory comes along. |
| A. realize | |
| B. materialize | |
| C. substantiate | |
| D. fulfil | |
| 10. | I prefer white wine to red and I sometimes keep a bottle of champagne in the fridge ready for any ________________ celebrations. |
| A. provisional | |
| B. impressive | |
| C. impromptu | |
| D. permanent | |
| Part 7 Fast reading (每小题:1 分) | |
| Directions: Read the following passage or passages and then answer the questions. There may be two types of questions for Questions 1-7 in each passage. 1) choose Y (YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage, choose N (NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage, choose NG (NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage; or 2) choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. | |
Questions 1 to 10 are based on the same passage. | |
| Factors for Stress and anxiety At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situations that overwhelm their natural coping mechanisms. In one poll, % of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows: Risk factors Conditions that are most likely to be associated with stress and negative physical effects include the following: 1.An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control (for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship) 2.Persistent stress following a severe acute response to a traumatic event (创伤性的) (such as an automobile accident) 3.Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors: 1.Early nurturing: Abusive behaviour towards children may cause long-term abnormalities in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which regulates stress. 2.Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events. Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less efficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic abnormality in serotonin regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. (Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.) 1.Immune regulated diseases: Certain diseases that are associated with immune abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis (风湿性关节炎) may actually weaken a response to stress. 2.The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects. Childhood factors Children are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indicators of stress in children. Various conditions can affect their susceptibility to stress. Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed (particularly if they were depressed) tend to be at high risk for developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the child's infancy and early years. Some evidence even supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infant's mood and behaviour. Older children with stressed mothers may become aggressive and anti-social. Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their children's behaviour. Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may differ. Girls tend to become stressed from interpersonal situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress. Work and stress In a study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were 147 per cent higher in workers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40 per cent of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard. Several studies are now suggesting that job-related stress is as great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi. Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put intense pressure on individuals to behave in ways that increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 years, a company that instituted a stress management programme saved nearly $150,000 in workers compensations costs (the cost of the programme was only $6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programmes. In one of the studies, workers with hypertension experienced reduced blood pressure after even a brief (16-hour) programme that helped them manage stress behaviourally. In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programmes, and it is usually up to the employee to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions: 1.Seek out someone in the human resources department or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off. 2.Establish or reinforce a network of friends at work and at home. 3.Restructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks. 4.Learn to focus on positive outcomes. 5.If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on transfers within the company. 6.If this isn't possible, be sure to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical exercises during free time. It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy had greater stress-related heart risks than those who worked in companies with social supports. Caregiving Studies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60 per cent higher in caregivers who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress. Intervention programmes that are aimed at helping the caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 programme also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers. Caregiving among the health professionals is also a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally. Anxiety disorders People who are less emotionally stable or have high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as "catastrophizing" the event (turning it into a catastrophe). Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorder did not find any differences in actual physical response to stress (heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones) compared to people without anxiety. Lacking a social network The lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes one to stress disorders and stress-related health problems, including heart disease and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low income or lower social class. Another study suggested this may be because people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress. Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that support even from strangers reduced blood pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure. | |
| 1. | According to the passage, stress and consequent effects can rise from conditions in which a person has to face challenging situations alone. |
| A. Y | |
| B. N | |
| C. NG | |
| 2. | Immune regulated diseases are related to stress because such diseases tend to undermine the response to stress. |
| A. Y | |
| B. N | |
| C. NG | |
| 3. | If a mother suffers from stress, her children should learn how to deal with stress at an early age. |
| A. Y | |
| B. N | |
| C. NG | |
| 4. | The failure in building a solid relationship with others can become stressful to a girl in her teens. |
| A. Y | |
| B. N | |
| C. NG | |
| 5. | Although they announce stress reduction is necessary, many companies in fact push their people to bear more burdens from work. |
| A. Y | |
| B. N | |
| C. NG | |
| 6. | To reduce stress, employees should talk to the managers directly about the stress they are facing. |
| A. Y | |
| B. N | |
| C. NG | |
| 7. | The responsibility of taking care of a disabled family member can incur stress and the related negative physical effects to other family members. |
| A. Y | |
| B. N | |
| C. NG | |
| 8. | Under a related programme in 2002, caregivers were expected to reduce stress by . |
| 9. | people are likely to feel more stressful at specific events if they are sensitive or have . |
| 10. | People tend to be attacked by stress and related health problems when they didn't have an accepted . |
| Part 8 Multiple choices (每小题:1 分) | |
| Directions: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. | |
| Questions 1 to 5 are based on the same passage. | |
| All parents have sky-high hopes for their children. We want them to be confident and content. What can parents do to help their kids grow up to lead happy, productive lives? Experts advise: 1. Helping them find their talents. In order to flourish, children need to feel they are good at something. But sometimes parents need to nudge their kids to help them find their niche (合适的位置). So expose your children to as many interests as possible, then let them choose those they like best. 2. Applauding their accomplishments. A study found that students whose parents fussed over their abilities were far more likely to do well in school—and in life—than students whose parents didn't show such support. So celebrate your kids' achievements, no matter how small and find a place to prominently display their trophies, awards and artwork. These reminders of past achievements will give your child the self-assurance he needs to meet the next challenge. 3. Giving them responsibilities. Responsibilities help youngsters grow into mature, competent and self-motivated adults. So assign your children household chores when they are young—even four-year-olds can pitch in by picking up their dirty clothes and helping to set the table. 4. Letting them make decisions and mistakes. Making their own decisions increases a child's sense of control and boosts their self-esteem. And allowing kids to make wrong decisions—so long as doing so won't harm them—helps kids learn from their mistakes. 5. Encouraging them to solve their own problems. As they grow, children need practice in communicating, standing up for themselves and compromising. One of the best places to learn these skills is at home. So the next time your child runs to you complaining that her brother is picking on her, step back and let them work it out. Of course, you'll need to enforce a few ground rules such as no swearing or hitting. But, for the most part, try to stay out of it. 6. Enjoying them. Do things with your kids, not just for them. Tell them over and over how important they are to you and how much they please you. And laugh with them every day. All of this tells kids they are important, which helps them to develop a positive, confident self-image that can last a lifetime. | |
| 1. | Children are likely to do well in school if their parents ________________. |
| A. have high expectations on them | |
| B. appreciate their achievements | |
| C. put great pressure on them | |
| D. expand their range of interest | |
| 2. | Parents can assign children housework ________________. |
| A. when they are teenagers | |
| B. so as to relieve themselves | |
| C. so as to enhance children's sense of responsibility | |
| D. so as to share the heavy housework | |
| 3. | Which of the following statements is true? |
| A. Parents should stand up for children whenever they are needed. | |
| B. Parents should try to settle the dispute among children. | |
| C. Parents should stay out of any conflict among children. | |
| D. Parents should encourage children to communicate with each other. | |
| 4. | It's advised by experts that children should ________________. |
| A. try every means to please parents | |
| B. be entitled to make family decisions | |
| C. be encouraged to solve their own problems | |
| D. learn to make good decisions at an early age | |
| 5. | In writing this passage, the writer means to ________________. |
| A. criticize some wrong ideas held by parents | |
| B. comment on some popular ways of family education | |
| C. present some good ways of handling troublesome children | |
| D. offer parents some good suggestions on children education | |
| Questions 6 to 10 are based on the same passage. | |
| Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding—the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation. Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. "All men are created equal." We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of their capacity, whether that capacity is small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programmes, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programmes. | |
| 6. | In Paragraph 2, the writer cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that ________________. |
| A. the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society | |
| B. the growth of exceptional children has little to do with their family and the society | |
| C. exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society | |
| D. exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are | |
| 7. | What aspects of a society can be reflected by education? |
| A. The national economic development. | |
| B. The international status of the society. | |
| C. The superstitious beliefs of the society. | |
| D. The central values of the society. | |
| 8. | The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that ________________. |
| A. they are expected to be leaders of the society | |
| B. they might become a burden of the society | |
| C. they should fully develop their potentials | |
| D. their teachers like them very much | |
| 9. | From the last paragraph, we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children ________________. |
| A. is now enjoying legal support | |
| B. disagrees with the tradition of the country | |
| C. was clearly stated by the country's founders | |
| D. will exert great influence over court decisions | |
| 10. | This passage mainly deals with ________________. |
| A. the differences of children in their learning capabilities | |
| B. the definition of exceptional children in modern society | |
| C. the special educational programmes for exceptional children | |
| D. the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children | |
| Questions 11 to 15 are based on the same passage. | |
| Do you see the glass as half-full rather than half-empty? Do you keep your eyes upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize (仔细检查) the power of positive thinking. Research is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, and is linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. If we could teach people to think more positively, it would be like inoculating (注射预防针) them against these mental ills. Your habits count, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will. In part, that's because optimists and pessimists deal with the same challenges and disappointments in very different ways. When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. "I'm not good at this." "I always fail." He would say. But the optimist looks for loopholes. Negative or positive, it is a self-fulfilling prophecy. If people feel hopeless they don't bother to acquire the skills they need to succeed. A sense of control is the litmus test (试金石) for success. The optimist feels in control of their own life. If things are going badly, they act quickly, looking for solutions, forming a new plan of action, and reaching out for advice. The pessimist feels like fate's plaything and moves slowly. They don't seek advice, since they assume nothing can be done. Many studies suggest that the pessimist's feeling of helplessness undermines the body's natural defences, the immune system. Research has found that the pessimist doesn't take good care of themselves. Feeling passive and unable to dodge life's blows, they expect ill health and other misfortunes, no matter what they do. They munches (大力嚼) on junk food, avoid exercise, ignore the doctor, have another drink. Most people are a mix of optimism and pessimism, but are inclined in one direction or the other. It is a pattern of thinking learned at our mothers' knees. It grows out of thousands of cautions or encouragements, negative statements or positives ones. Too many "don'ts" and warnings of danger can make a child feel incompetent, fearful, and pessimistic. Pessimism is a hard habit to break, but it can be done. | |
| 11. | Pessimism is negative in that ________________. |
| A. it makes you see the glass as half-empty | |
| B. it keeps your eyes on the hole of the doughnut | |
| C. it may lead to some mental ills | |
| D. it makes you more ambitious and competitive | |
| 12. | Which of the following statement is true according to the passage? |
| A. Personal habits are of no importance to success. | |
| B. Positive thinking is very important to success. | |
| C. Pessimists don't have the skills to make success. | |
| D. Optimists tend to blame themselves for failures. | |
| 13. | Faced with difficulties and troubles, an optimist ________________. |
| A. takes active measures to deal with them | |
| B. does nothing but wait and see | |
| C. seeks no advice or help | |
| D. loses control of his own life | |
| 14. | Which of the following is typical of a pessimist? |
| A. Taking good care of himself. | |
| B. Feeling in control of life. | |
| C. Feeling helpless and passive. | |
| D. Refusing both junk food and exercise. | |
| 15. | From the last paragraph, it can be inferred that ________________. |
| A. there are more pessimists than optimists | |
| B. some children are born to be pessimists | |
| C. there's no way to change pessimists into optimists | |
| D. childhood experiences influence people's thinking pattern | |
| Questions 16 to 20 are based on the same passage. | |
| It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn you of the coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable (有赔偿责任的) for their customers' misfortunes. Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might—fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly". While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 per cent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court. Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, President of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort (民事侵权行为) law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities (琐事)," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. | |
| 16. | What were things like in the 1980s when accidents happened? |
| A. Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits. | |
| B. Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system. | |
| C. Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings. | |
| D. Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised. | |
| 17. | Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________________. |
| A. satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products | |
| B. become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products | |
| C. make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability | |
| D. feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern | |
| 18. | The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________________. |
| A. some injury claims were no longer supported by law | |
| B. helmets were not designed to prevent injuries | |
| C. product labels would eventually be discarded | |
| D. some sports games might lose popularity with athletes | |
| 19. | According to the newly-issued guidelines for tort law, companies ________________. |
| A. should warn customers of any possible dangers | |
| B. should not forget to mention those obvious dangers | |
| C. should not try to cover every possible danger in the label | |
| D. should prevent customers from any possible misuses | |
| 20. | The writer's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________________. |
| A. biased | |
| B. indifferent | |
| C. puzzled | |
| D. objective | |
| Part 9 Cloze (每小题:1 分) | |
| Directions: Read the following passages carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank. | |
| Questions 1 to 15 are based on the following passage. | |
| Man is, at one and the same time, a solitary being and a social being. As a solitary being, he 1. to protect his own existence and that of those who are closest to him, to satisfy his personal desires, and to 2. his innate abilities. As a social being, he 3. gain the recognition and affection of his fellow human beings, to share in their pleasure, to comfort them in their 4. , and to improve their conditions of life. Only the existence of these varied, frequently 5. , strivings accounts for the special character of a man, and their 6. combination determines the 7. to which an individual can achieve. It is quite possible that the relative strength of these two drives is, in the main, fixed by inheritance. But the personality that finally 8. is largely formed by the environment in which a man happens to find himself during his development, by the structure of the society 9. he grows up, by the tradition of that society, and by its 10. of particular types of behaviour. The abstract concept "society" means to the individual human being the total sum of his direct and indirect relations to his contemporaries and to all the people of 11. generations. The individual is able to think, feel, strive, and work 12. himself; but he depends so much upon society—in his physical, 13. , and emotional existence—that it is impossible to think of him, or to understand him, outside the framework of society. It is "society" which provides man with food, clothing, a home, the tools of work, language, the forms of thought, and most of the 14. of thought; his life is made possible through the labour and 15. of the many millions of past and present who are all hidden behind the small word "society". | |
