
1.构成:
现在完成时是由助动词 have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。注:has 用于第三人称单数,have 用于其他所有人称。规则动词的过去分词变化加ed,不规则变化则须单独记忆。
2.用法
(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet 等副词修饰。如:
-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. I've just had it.
你(已经)吃午饭了吗? 我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)
(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。
注意:句中谓语动词要用延续性动词。 \
如:He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在这儿教书。
I haven’t seen her for four years.
我有四年没见到她了。
一段时间的表达方法有两种:
1) for + 一段时间 for a year, for two weeks, for three years
2) since 过去的某一时刻: since nine o’clock, since last week
一般过去时态的时间状语从句:
Since you came. since you got home.
注意:对since 和for引导的时间状语提问都用How long
(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去过北京二次。
3.结构:
1). 陈述句结构:主语+have( has)(not)p/p+其它。
have not=haven’t has not=hasn’t.
2). 一般疑问句结构:Have( Has )+主语+p/p+其它?
3). 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has) +主语+ p/p+其它?
eg. He has already finished his homework.
He hasn’t finished his homework yet.
--Has he finished his homework yet?
--Yes, he has./ No, he hasn’t./ No, not yet.
4.现在完成时的时间状语
(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,强调的是动作产生的后果和影响。
a. 用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑问句中。如:We have already finished our homework.我们已完成作业了。
或:We have finished our homework already
They haven't finished their homework yet.他们还没有完成作业。
Haven’t they finished their homework yet? 他们还没有完成作业吗?
观察:already与yet的位置区别:
b 用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall?你曾经去过长城吗?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我从未去过长城。
(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。
如:I haven't seen him for two years.
但是,像come, arrive, buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:
Arrive → be here begin(start) → be on
die → be dead come back → be back
leave → be away fall ill(sick,asleep) → be ill(sick,asleep)
get up → be up go out → be out
finish → be over put on → wear 或be on
open → be open join → be in或 be a member of…
close →be closed go to school→be a student
borrow →keep buy →have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) get to know →know
begin to study → study come to work → work
例如:He has been a soldier for three years.他参军三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父亲去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.电影已开始十分钟了。
We have studied English for three years. 我们(开始)学英语已三年了。
5.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别:
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。试比较:
• I saw this film yesterday.
•(只说明动作发生在过去。)
• I have seen this film.
•(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)
• She has returned from Paris.
•(她已从巴黎回来了。)
• She returned yesterday.
•(她是昨天回来的。)
• He has been in the League for three years.
• (在团内的状态可延续)
• He joined the League three years ago.
• ( 三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)
6. 注意:
(1)have been(to)与have gone( to) have been in的区别:
have been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;可与once ,never, several times等连用: They have been to Beijing twice.他们去过北京两次。
have gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地,而在去目的地的路上或在目的地了)”,常用于第三人称,如: He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。
have been in 表示”在某地待了..”(一般后面会加上since/for引导的时间状语来说明从什么时候开始的) 如:He has been in China for ten years.
(2)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:
I haven't left here since 1997.自从1997年以来,我一直没有离开过这儿。
练习:
a) 用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。
Where is Jack? He _____ _____ his country.
John ____ England since he came back.
How long _____ you _____ this village?
The Smiths ____ Beijing for years.
-- _____ you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I ____ there many times.
I ____ this school since three years ago.
b)按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词
He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.
I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.
I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.
They came here last week.
They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.
He came out two years ago.
He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.
We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.
I became a teacher in 2000.
I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.
The river became dirty last year.
The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.
The door opened at six in the morning.
The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
I got up two hours ago.
I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.
He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
My grandpa died in 2002.
My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.
The meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.
They married in 1990.
They ________ _________ __________since _________.
I began to teach at this school in 1995.
I ____ ____ at this school since ____.
The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
They borrowed it last week.
They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.
I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
c)用since和for填空
1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
d)句型转换:
1.He has already left. (改为否定句) he left .
2.They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) __________ have they been here?
3.The old man _________last year. He________ for a year.(die)
4.This factory opened twenty years ago.(改写句子,句意不变)
This factory _________ for twenty years.
5.Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同上)
Miss Gao___________ an __________hour ago.
6.The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同上)
_________ two years________ the Green family moved to France.
e )现在完成时与中考题
1.I_______ a letter from him since he left.(天津市)
A.didn't receive B.haven't got C.didn't have D.haven't heard
2.—Where have you _____ these days? —I have ______ to Dazhu with my friends.(重庆市)
A.been;gone B.been;been C.gone;been D.gone;gone
3.How long have you _______ this book?(哈尔滨市)
A.bought B.borrowed C.had D.lent
4. We have lived here _______ five years ago.(河南省)
A.when B.since C.before D.after
5. —I have watched the game. —When you _______ it?(长沙市)
A.have;watched B.do;watch C.did;watch D.will;watch
6.—How do you like Beijing,Mr Black? —Oh,I _______ such a beautiful city.(江西省)
A.don't visit B.didn't visit C.haven't visited D.hadn't visited
7.Miss Brown _______ to the Great Wall twice.(贵阳市)
A.have been B.has been C.have gone D.has gone
8. His grandpa _______ for two years.(广西)
A.was died B.has been dead C.was dead D.has died
9.—Have you ever ___ to Haikou? —Yes,I___ there with my family last August.(海南省)
A.gone;went B.been;went C.been;went to D.been;was in
10.My grandfather_______ in the small town all his life.He always says he likes the town.(四川省)
A.lived B.have lived C.has lived D.is living
