swat校准技巧

1

校准，验证，检验

Calibration, Validation & Verification

)CALIBRATION:模型用已知的输入/输出做测试，从而

用来调整或估计因子。

)VALIDATION:将模型结果与数据集做比较(不必

进一步的调整)。

)VERIFICATION:计算机代码中的数值方法检验来确

定它能真正再现概念模型，而没有内在的数值问题校准/验证周期

•截然不同的时间段

•相似的条件范围

•足够的时间段模拟条件

Time Setup Calibration Validation

模型构建—Model Configuration

F Land use分类

-流域中土地利用类型，当前的和未来的土地利用，施用

的管理技术，管理问题

F子流域

-位置，物质特性/土壤，测站位置，地形特征，管理问题F河道

-地形特征，河流形态，有效的横断面数据

校准焦点：

•单一土地利用参数确定

•测站位置数据

•水质监测信息位置

•河流系统的有效信息模型构建—Model Configuration

校准点Example

LEGEND

校准/验证流程

F水文-首先和最重要的

F泥沙-其次的

F水质-最后(氮, 磷,农药, DO, 细菌)

F模型检验的列表

水量平衡- is it all accounted for?

时间系列

年总量- stream flow & base flow

月/季总量

频率持续曲线

泥沙和营养物平衡Calibration Time Step F校准次序

-年水量平衡

-季节变异性

-暴雨变异性

u时间序列图

u频率持续曲线

-基流

-全部的时间序列

校准/验证统计

-模拟和实测数据的平均误差和标准差-斜率、截距和回归系数/决定系数

- Nash-Suttcliffe系数校准/验证

通常的问题

F数据太少-监测期太短

F条件范围小

- only small storms

-only storms during the spring...

F prediction of future conditions which are

outside the model conditions

F calibration/validation does not adequately

test separate pieces of model

- accuracy of each land use category prediction

F calibration adjustments destroy physical

representation of system by model

F adjustment of the wrong parameters

Calibration/Validation

Suggested References

F Neitsch, S. L., J. G. Arnold, J. R. Kiniry and J. R. Willams. 2001. Soil and Water

Assessment Tool - Manual, USDA-ARS Publications. pp: 341-354.

http://www.brc.tamus .edu/swat/manual.

F Santhi, C., J. G. Arnold, J. R. Williams, W. A. Dugas, R. Srinivasan and L. M. Hauck.

2001. Validation of the SWAT Model on a Large River Basin with Point and Nonpoint

Sources. J. American Water Resources Association 37(5): 1169 -1188.

F Srinivasan, R., T. S. Ramanarayanan, J. G. Arnold and S. T. Bednarz. 1997. Large area

hydrologic modeling and assessment: Part II - Model application. J. American Water

Resources

34(1):

91-102.

Association

F Arnold, J.G., R. S. Muttiah, R. Srinivasan and P. M. Allen. 2000. Regional estimation of

baseflow and groundwater recharge in the upper Mississippi basin. J. Hydrology

227 (2000): 21-40.

Srin@brc.tamus.edu BRC/TIAER/UT水文校准汇总

F关键考虑

-水量平衡

u全部的总额

u在水文组分中的分布

-暴雨序列

u时间迟滞或错位

-集中的时间，迁移的时间

u流量过程线的形状

-峰值

-退水

-考虑前提条件

Example校准图表

particular duration

F

F

Adjust fraction of algal biomass that is as phosphorus for water

Adjust fraction of algal biomass that is as phosphorus for water

Tables of Runoff Curve Number Values

‡

Table 1: Runoff curve numbers for cultivated agricultural lands

Cover

Hydrologic Soil Group

Land Use Treatment or practice Hydrologic condition A B C D Fallow

Good 748380Row crops

Straight row

Poor 728181Good 677885Straight row w/ residue Poor 71808790Good 758285Contoured

Poor 70798488Good 65758286Contoured w/ residue Poor 69788387Good 748185Contoured & terraced

Poor 66748082Good 62717881Contoured & terraced w/ residue

Poor 65737981Good 61707780Small grains

Straight row

Poor 65768488Good 63758387Straight row w/ residue Poor 758386Good 60728084Contoured

Poor 63748285Good 61738184Contoured w/ residue Poor 62738184Good 60728083Contoured & terraced

Poor 61727982Good 59707881Contoured & terraced w/ residue

Poor 60717881Good 58697780Straight row Poor 667785Good 58728185Contoured

Poor 758385Close-seeded or broadcast legumes or rotation

Good 55697883Contoured & terraced

Poor 63738083Good

51

67

76

80

‡

These tables are reproduced from Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds , USDA Soil Conservation Service Engineering Division, Technical Release 55, June 1986.∗

Crop residue cover applies only if residue is on at least 5% of the surface throughout the year.

Cover

Hydrologic Soil Group

Hydrologic

Poor687986

Fair49697984

Good39617480 Meadow—continuous grass, protected from grazing and

generally mowed for hay.- - - -30587178 Brush—brush-weed-grass mixture with brush the major

element2Poor48677783

Fair35567077

Good30486573 Woods—grass combination (orchard or tree farm)Poor57738286

Fair43657682

Poor45667783

Fair36607379

Good30557077 Farmsteads—buildings, lanes, driveways, and surrounding lots.- - - -59748286

1Poor: < 50% ground cover or heavily grazed with no mulch

Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover and not heavily grazed

Good: > 75% ground cover and lightly or only occasionally grazed

2Poor: < 50% ground cover

Fair: 50 to 75% ground cover

Good: > 75% ground cover

3Poor: Forest litter, small trees, and brush are destroyed by heavy grazing or regular burning

Fair: Woods are grazed but not burned, and some forest litter covers the soil.

Good: Woods are protected from grazing, and litter and brush adequately cover the soil.Table 3: Runoff curve numbers for urban areas

Cover

Hydrologic Soil Group

Cover Type Hydrologic

condition

Average %

impervious

area

A B C D

Fully developed urban areas

Open spaces (lawns, parks, golf courses,

cemeteries, etc.)4Poor687986

Fair49697984

Good39617480 Impervious areas:

Paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc.

(excluding right-of-way)- - - -98 Paved streets and roads; curbs and storm

sewers (excluding right-of-way)- - - -98 Paved streets and roads; open ditches

(including right-of-way)- - - -839293 Gravel streets and roads (including right-of-

way)- - - -768591 Dirt streets and roads (including right-of way)- - - -728287 Urban districts:

Commercial and business85%929495 Industrial72%818193 Residential Districts by average lot size:

1/8 acre (0.05 ha) or less (town houses)65%77859092 1/4 acre (0.10 ha)38%61758387 1/3 acre (0.13 ha)30%57728186 1/2 acre (0.20 ha)25%54708085

1 acre (0.40 ha)20%51687984

2 acres (0.81 ha)12%46657782 Developing urban areas:

Newly graded areas (pervious areas only, no

vegetation)77869194 4Poor: grass cover < 50%

Fair: grass cover 50 to 75%

Good: grass cover > 75%Table 4: Runoff curve numbers for arid and semiarid rangelands

Cover

Hydrologic Soil Group

Cover Type Hydrologic

condition5A B C D

Herbaceous—mixture of grass, weeds, and low-growing brush,

with brush the minor element.Poor808793

Fair7181

Good627485 Oak-aspen—mountain brush mixture of oak brush, aspen,

mountain mahogany, bitter brush, maple, and other brush.Poor667479

Fair485763

Good304148 Pinyon-juniper—pinyon, juniper, or both: grass understory.Poor7585

Fair587380

Good416171 Sagebrush with grass understory.Poor678085

Fair516370

Good354755 Desert shrub—major plants include saltbrush, greasewood,

creosotebush, blackbrush, bursage, palo verde, mesquite, and

cactus.

Poor63778588

Fair55728186

Good49687984

5Poor: < 30% ground cover (litter, grass, and brush overstory)

Fair: 30 to 70% ground cover

Good: > 70% ground coverCurve Number Calibration

Table 1: Guideline runoff curve number ranges

Hydrologic Soil Group

Land Cover Category A B C D Row crop61-7270-8177-8880-91 Small grain/close grown crop58-6569-7677-8480-88 Perennial grasses30-6858-7971-8678- Annual grasses (close-seeded legumes)51-6667-7776-8580- Range39-6861-7974-8680- Semiarid/arid range39-7462-8074-8785-93 Brush30-4848-6765-7773-83 Woods25-4555-6670-7777-83 Orchard/tree farm32-5758-7372-8279-86 Urban46-65-9277-9482-95