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The main characteristics of island biological composition
1).The total number of Biological on Island less than the mainland.
On one hand ,the mainland area is larger than the island;on the other hand, the distribution of saline limits different types of biological living. As a result, the farther away from the mainland , the less species on the island.
2) The large island has a higher biological than the small island.
The larger island has more different types of habitat ,biological species ,so it have more complex ecosystem.
3)High speed of immigration and high speed of extinction are a major characteristic of island biological composition.
4)Temperature can influence and control the island biological diversity .
Cold can limit and reduce the Island vertebrates,on the contrary , damp heat can enhance island biological diversity. During the cold period , some reptiles are non-existent on the island. Such as the Pleistocene ice age, it limits the island biological communities. Just as we all know ,animals and plants are flourish in Interglacial,and a lot of them are extinction in the ice age.
5)Biology adapt for the island environment with a variety of forms.
Due to the lack of large carnivorous animal existence, the less quantity of the biological species ,the more space to live , the animals can grow giant. Just as the Tortoise on the Galapagos islands become giant. The highest tortoise can weight up to 250Kg.On the contrary ,on the some island, some species immigrate late ,so they maybe have less space .In order to live ,they maybe grow dwarf .
Principle of island theory
According to the characteristics of island biological composition, we can easily understand the island theory .
The theory explains the quantitative relationship between the number of species on the island and Immigration rate ,extinction rate. According to this theory, the island species depends on the number of species in island immigrate rate and settled island species extinction rate.Therefore, for an island, immigration rate will decrease by the increasing of species abundance ,however ,the extinction rate has the contrary trend. On the different islands, immigration rate is decreased with the distance of the mainland faraway. This phenomenon is called "distance effect". On the other hand, the island area is small, as the population is small, and the random factors that cause species extinction rate will be increased. This phenomenon is called "area effect". When the immigration rate and extinction rates are equal, the island species abundance reach dynamic equilibrium. Namely species abundance is relatively stable , but the species composition was constantly changing and updating.(graph 1)
Near land
Far land
The number of species on the island
Graph.1 Effects of island size and island distance on
immigration rate and extinction rate
Island theory has its own deficiencies, such as , the number of species on islands mainly control by the immigration rate and extinction rate, ignoring the interaction between other species( competition ,predation and so on).Even though ,it has own practice value .For example, Island theory can be applied with the nature reserve and construction.
References :
1.Island biogeography and the design of wildlife preserves. Robert M Nature Vol. 254 March 20 1975
2.自然保护区学说与麦克阿瑟—威尔逊理论.生态学报,1990,10(2):187-191
3.岛屿生物地理学理论—模型与应用.生态学杂志,19 ,8(6): 34-39
4.岛屿生物地理学与集合种群理论的本质与渊源,生态学报,Jan ,2007
Definition:
Valentine defined evolutionary paleoecology as "the study of the evolution of biological organization"; Kitchell labeled it the study of "the macroevolutionary consequences of ecological roles and strategies."
In conclusion ,it defined as the studies of past environments that contribute to applied problems and theory in the geological sciences, particularly facies analysis and the reconstruction of past environments.
Research and development
.1. Large-scale paleoecological patterns. The last 20 years have seen the documentation of a number of major patterns in the ecological history of life on Earth.
2. Rise of the taxic view .. We can research the Characteristics of ecologic evolutionary units, And also ,at many scales, relatively long intervals of stasis are punctuated by much shorter intervals of change and reorganization.
3. Appreciation of scale.. We can see from the ecological and evolutionary time scales to solve the previous problem,for example, construction scale.Because plate tectonic processes were more or less incessant, they should provide a continuous but ever-changing template of physical environments to which ecological structures might be molded, and within which the evolutionary history of the biota, ever adapting to the new conditions, could be interpreted right across the Phanerozoic Eon.
4. Uniformitarianism revisited.. The reason for this difference is that biological and physical features of Earth's environments, by their very nature, have changed through time because of organic evolution.
Thus, it is possible for ancient biological attributes of the environment to no longer exist or be predominant in modern settings .Much of the growth of the new discipline of evolutionary paleoecology will depend on the insights provided through application of a nonuniformitarian viewpoint
5. Geobiology . Geobiology is the study of energies coming from the Earth and how they affect life.As with many interdisciplinary fields, it builds on a broad range of existing interdisciplinary and disciplinary research. The field in its broadest context expands to cover the evolution of life at all levels and the synergies between molecular approaches to phylogeny and the richness of the fossil record.