Load support fiction smoothness drainage
The challenges
Special Vehicle Large vehicle Heavy Traffic Over-loading
里程碑作用的三种路面结构 填图
Roman Pavement Telford Pavement Macadam Pavement
斜坡设置的作用
Drainage
Material Definitions
Hot mixed asphalt(HMA) Portland cement concrete(PCC)
Pavement types
Flexible pavement Rigid Pavement
Basic Structural Elements
Surface Course Base Course Subbase Course Subgrade
Subbase Course
1.the layer in contact with traffic loads and normally contains the highest quality materials
2.provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness, noise control, rut and shoving resistance and drainage
3.prevent the entrance of excessive qualities of surface water into the underly base, subbase and subgrade
Subbase Course
1.Minimize the intrusion of fines from the subgrade into the pavement structure
2.Improve drainage
3.Minimize frost action damage
4.Provide a working platform for construction
Types of asphalt pavement
Dense-grade HMA Stone matrix asphalt(SMA) Open-graded HMA
Cost Analysis of SMA
1.SMA is generally more expensive than a typical dense-graded HMA (about 20-25 percent)
2.It requires more durable aggregates
3.Higher asphalt content
4.A modified asphalt binder and fibers
5.Cost-effective because of its increased rut resistance and improved durability
P34 P37图
Three types of open-graded mixes
1.Open-graded friction course (OGFC)
2.Porous European mixes(PEM)
3.Asphalt treated permeable bases(ATPB)
Why is the Concrete pavement also known as Rigid pavement?
1.The pavement structure deflects very little
2.High modulus of elasticity of their surface course
Basic Structural Elements
Surface Course Base Course Subbase Course Subgrade
Joints
Contraction Joints Expansion Joints Construction Joints
Expansion Joint
Load transfer
Efficiency(%)=×100
Where:∆a=approach slab deflection
∆l=leave slab deflection
Load Transfer Factors
1.temperature (which affects joint opening)
2.joint spacing
3.number and magnitude of load applications
4.foundation support
5.aggregate particle angularity
6.the presence of mechanical load transfer devices
Dowel Bar
1.short steel bars that provide a mechanical connection between slabs without restricting horizontal joint movement
2.increasing load transfer efficiency
3.reducing joint deflection and stress in the approach and leave slabs
Three major categories and characteristics of PCC
1.Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP)
a.This is the most common type of rigid pavement
b.JPCP controls cracks by dividing the pavement up into individual slabs separated by contraction joints
c.Slabs are typically one lane wide
d.Between 3.7m (12ft.) and 6.1m (20ft.) long
e.JPCP does not use any reinforcing steel but dose use dowel bars and tie bars
2.Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP)
a.JRCP controls cracks by dividing the pavement up into individual separated by contraction joints
b.Slabs are much longer (as long as 15m (50ft.)) than JPCP slabs
c.JRCP uses reinforcing steel within each slab to control within-slab cracking
d.This pavement types is no longer constructed in the U.S.
3.Continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP)
a.Uses reinforcing steel rather than contraction joints for crack control
b.Crack typically appear ever 1.1-2.4m (3.5-8ft.)
c.Cracks are held tightly together by the underlying reinforcing steel
沥青和水泥路面的优缺点
沥青路面:驾驶舒适 寿命短 成本高 维修养护便捷
水泥路面:驾驶舒适性差 寿命长 成本低 维修养护困难
Asphalt pavement: Comfortable for driving short of life high cost convenient for repair and maintenance
Cement pavement: The driving comfort is poor long life low cost difficult for repair and maintenance
Stripping (HMA)
a.In general, some aggregates have an affinity for water over asphalt. These aggregates tend to be acidic and suffer from stripping after exposure to water
b.Some aggregates have an affinity foe asphalt over water. These aggregates tend to be basic and do not suffer from stripping problems
Reaction can be controlled by
a.Avoiding susceptible aggregates
b.Low-alkali cement
c.Low water-cement ratio
Maximum Aggregate Size
a.The smallest sieve through which 100 percent of the aggregates sample particles pass
b.One sieve larger than the nominal
c.Affect HMA, PCC and base/subbase courses
Nominal maximum size
a.The largest sieve that retains some of the aggregates particles but generally not more than 10 percent by weight
b.One sieve larger that the first sieve to retain more than 10 percent of the material
Some minimum amount of void space is necessary because
a.Provide adequate volume for the binder to occupy
b.Promote rapid drainage and resistance to frost action for base and subbase course
公式计算
P=)n n=0.45
Gradation Terminology对应曲线
Dense or well-graded Gap graded Open graded Uniformly graded
试验方法
Los Angeles Abrasion Test Soundness Tests
Disadvantages for Angularity Test
a.Inclusion of flat and elongated particles, which are known to cause mix problems, will cause the fine aggregate angularity test results to appear more favorable
b.Surface texture may have a larger effect on mix performance than fine aggregate angularity values
Sand Equivalent Equation了解 四种状态识图
Superpave Asphalt Binders
•Grading System and Selection Based Primarily on Climate
HMA Mix Design Methods图片设计方法识别
Marshall (old)
Hveem (old)
Superpave (new)
Reason For Compaction
a. To prevent further compaction by traffic
b. To provide shear strength and resistance to rutting
c. To ensure the mixture is waterproof
d. To prevent excessive oxidation of the asphalt binder
Factors Affecting Compaction
Mix Properties
-Aggregate
-Asphalt
-Mix Temperature (New: Warm Asphalts)
Layer Thickness
Environmental Factors
Rollers
Factors Affecting Workability(选择)
1. Method and duration of transportation
2. Quantity and characteristics of cementing materials
3. Aggregate grading, shape & surface texture
4. % entrained air
5. Water content
6. Temperature
7. Admixtures
Innovations(填空)
Innovations generally fall into one or more of the following categories:
Design
Materials
Equipment
Processes
Improvements(填空)
Reason for Non-Uniform Support
Expansive Soils
Differential Frost Heave
Pumping
Pumping
The forceful displacement of soil and water mixture (mud) from beneath the pavement through joint and cracks
Control of Pumping
Use a Subbase
Other Subbase Bnefits
Works as a filter barrier
Provides a working platform
Provides drainage layer
Aids in controlling frost action
Traffic Considerations
Loading Magnitude
Loading Configurations
Number of Repetitions
Materials Characterization
Stresses Strains Strength Modulus
Surface Distress
ASTM E1778 Standard Terminology Relating to Pavement Distress
Alligator cracking Oil spillage
Polished aggregate Potholes
Raveling Reflection cracking
Rutting Bleeding
Block cracking Corrugations
Edge cracking Jet-blast erosion
What Causes Rutting
Rutting primary in surface course (upper 2 inches of pavement)
–Too much binder, rounded aggregate
–High air voids
–Stripping
Rutting in the overall structure and/or subgrade
–Lack of subgrade support
–Weak pavement layers
PCCP 破坏识图 各种破坏 判断