…identity is determined by genetic endowment, shaped by environment, and influenced by chance events.
…our identity is decided by our genes (inherited from parents), greatly influenced by environment we live in and affected by some unexpected events.
First, there is functional independence, which involves the capability of individuals to take care of practical and personal affairs, such as handling finances, choosing their own wardrobes, and determining their daily agenda.
First, there is the independence in handling everyday life situations, which involves the ability to solve practical problems, such as how to spend money wisely, choosing their own clothes, and determining what they are going to do everyday.
Fourth is freedom from “excessive guilt, anxiety, mistrust, responsibility, inhibition, resentment, and anger in relation to the mother and father.’’
Children often feel very guilty in relation to their parents because they think they have done something wrong; they are also anxious because they are always eager to please their parents; they sometimes feel unhappy because they think that their parents have not fair to them; they feel that they are responsible to their parents for everything they do; they are always afraid of not saying the right thing or not behaving properly; all these may make them angry with their parents or make them resentful. These feelings reflect their emotional dependence on their parents. When they grow up, they usually strive for the freedom from such dependence.
Perhaps one of the most stressful matters…as men or women.
Perhaps young college students feel most distressed in finding out their sexual identity, including associating with the opposite sex and designing their future roles as men or women.
Probably nothing can make students feel lower or higher emotionally than the way they are relating to whomever they are having a romantic relationship with.
When students are in a romantic relationship with the opposite sex, they are most likely to feel unhappy or happy emotionally.
dragging his feet with a dismayed, dejected look on his face.
walking slowly and listlessly, looking very unhappy and disappointed
“to drag one’s feet” is often used figuratively to mean”to delay deliberately”
The local authorities are dragging their feet closing small coal mines.
During the course I had come to realize that while my world was expanding and new options were opening for me, my father, who was in his sixties, was seeing his world shrink and his options narrow. (6)
From the course I learnt, I had discovered that different from my expanding world and more opportunities; my father was beginning to realize that his world was getting smaller and his choices fewer.
These religious, morals, and ethical values that are set during the college years often last a lifetime.(7)
These values that are established during the college years often last a lifetime. It is believed that our character or basic moral principles are formulated during this period of time.
I can no longer read the newspaper or watch a television newscast without seeing the people from other countries in a different light. in a different way
Whenever I read the newspaper or watch a television newscast, I will see the people from other countries in a different way from what I used to see.
☻What he did made us to see him in a new light.
☻In the light of the new evidence, we decide to take him to court. 出于,考虑到
Not only are they being introduced to new people and new knowledge, but they are also acquiring new ways of assembling and processing information. (10)
They are getting to know a lot of new people and learning new knowledge. They are also finding or learning new ways of arranging, organizing, analyzing or understanding information.
UNIT 2
It was a wonder to me they'd want to be seen with such a windbag.
我不理解为什么他们愿意让人看见自己和这样一个话匣子在一起。
It was surprising to me that they would spend time together with a person who talked too much like my father, yet they seemed to like it.
An orderly riding by had told him, because the orderly knew how thick he was with Grant.
An orderly who arrived riding on a horse had told him about the news, because the orderly knew that he was a close friend of Grant’t.
Maybe the woman had dared to sympathize with her. "Oh," she said, "it's all right. Life is never dull when my man is about."
Maybe the woman had been rude enough or foolish enough to express sympathy for my mother. She said: “Life is never boring when my husband is around.”
For the first time I knew that I was the son of my father. He was a story teller as I was to be.
He was a story teller. That was what I was to become later.
I remember once when he had done something ridiculous, and right out on Main Street, too, I was with some other boys and they were laughing and shouting at him and he was shouting back and having as good a time as they were.
记得有一次父亲做了一件荒谬可笑的事情,当时又是在大街上,而我正和其他男孩在一起。他们冲着父亲笑着大喊大叫,父亲也冲着他们喊,和他们一样开心.
I also remember once he had done something absurd, and happened to be on Main Street, too. At that time I was playing with some other boys. When they saw my father, they laughed at him and shouted at him. In response, my father shouted back and seemed to be as happy as these boys.
Scarlet Letter is as interesting a novel as Oliver Twist.
You’ve made as many mistakes as I have.
He sings as well as I do.
There'd be men I didn't think would want to be fooling around with him.
I thought no one would want to stay with him, idling about all day long.
It was because life in our town was at times pretty dull and he livened it up
It was because life in our town was sometimes very dull and he could make the life more exciting.
If it was a Scotsman, a German or a Swede, the same thing happened. He'd be anything the other man was. I think they all knew he was lying, but they seemed to like him just the same. = all the same, in spite of a particular situation or opinion etc.
If a Scotsman, a German or a Swede came here, the same thing would happen. He would be born in the same country as the visitor. I think in spite of the fact that they all knew it was not true, they liked him all the same.
To hear him tell it he'd been in about every battle.
If you had heard him tell the story you would think that he has been in about every battle.
He'd been particularly intimate with General Grant so that when Grant went East to take charge of all the armies, he took father along.
He had had a very close relationship with General Grant, closer than with others. As a result, when Grant went East to command armies, he took my father along with him.
"You know," my father said, "about the General's memoirs. You've read of how he had a headache and how, when he got word that Lee was ready to call it quits, he was suddenly and miraculously cured.
You’ve known how he got a headache and how his headache was cured suddenly and mysteriously when learning the news that Lee prepared to surrender.
They took a couple of shots and then, because he didn't want Grant to show up drunk before Lee, he smashed the bottle against the tree. =a small amount of strong alcoholic drink
They took several sips of the wine and then he threw the bottle against the tree and broke it into pieces, because he didn’t Grant to turn up drunk before Lee.
When we were broke, down and out, do you think he ever brought anything home? Not he.
When we become totally impoverished, do you imagine he had ever got anything home? Never did he do that.
I was startled, for there was on his face the saddest look I had ever seen.
I was shocked, because I’d never seen such kind of sad expression on his face before.
I didn't know what was up and had the queer feeling that I was with a stranger.
I didn’t know what was happening and got the strange feeling that I was walking with a stranger.
I did not swim very well, but he put my hand on his shoulder and struck out into the darkness
I did not swim very well, but he put my hand on his shoulder and swam hard toward the darkness.
It was as though I had been jerked suddenly out of my world of the schoolboy, out of a world in which I was ashamed of my father.
突然,我似乎被拉出了小男生的世界,被拉出了一个以父亲为耻的世界。
It was as if I had been suddenly pulled out of my world of the schoolboy, in which I had considered my father a shame on me.
He had become blood of my blood: he the stronger swimmer and I the boy clinging to him in the darkness.
He had become my real father. He was no longer a stranger to me.
It may be that I even laughed a little, softly there in the darkness. If I did, I laughed knowing that I would never again be wanting another father.
It was possible that I even laughed a little, quietly in the darkness. If I did smile, that was because I would never be thinking of another father again.
UNIT5
And we returned home refreshed, revitalized, and reeducated. This time, getting there had been the fun. (Para. 2)
When we got home, we not only felt fresh and energetic, but we had also seen a lot and learned a lot. This time, the trip back home itself was not just half the fun, but the fun-the real pleasure we got out of our week of holidays.
Americans understood the principle of deferred gratification. We put a little of each paycheck away “for a rainy day”. (Para. 4)
satisfaction to save money to be used later
(you save something or put something away)for a time in the future when you may need it
In the past, Americans were patient to have their desires satisfied.
We saved a little money each time we got paid in case we might need it in the future.
This general impatience, the “I-hate-to-wait” attitude, has infected every level of our lives. (para5)
This impatience is like a widespread disease that has many effects on every part of our lives./ We have become impatient in every aspect of our lives, for instance, we want to get a job done quickly, to lose weight quickly, to be served quickly, etc
…We replace them with something called “quality time”…
Instead of spending more time with our loved ones as we should, we now only set aside a few hours and meanwhile deceive ourselves that we are giving our best time (quality time) to them.
Of course, we couldn’t wait to get there, so we took the Pennsylvania Turnpike and a couple of interstates. (para1)
Because we were eager to get there as soon as possible, we took the fast roads like the Pennsylvania Turnpike and the interstates.
can’t wait/ can hardly wait to do sth. / for sth.: used to indicate that sb. is very excited about sth. or keen to do sth.
“Look at those gorgeous farms!” my husband exclaimed as pastoral scenery slid by us at 55 mph. (para1)
exclaim: (written) to say sth. suddenly and loudly, esp. out of emotion or pain
slid by us: moved past us quickly
“Look at those beautiful farms!” my husband couldn’t help shouting when the countryside scenery moved past us quickly at the speed of 55 miles per hour.
For four hours, our only real amusement consisted of counting exit signs and wondering what it would feel like to hold still again. (Para. 1)
The 4-hour drive on fast roads was tedious; the only fun we had was to count the exit signs we were passing and to figure out how we’d feel if we stopped again.
Getting there certainly didn’t seem like half the fun; in fact, getting there wasn’t any fun at all. (Para. 1)
We had expected that our ride to West Virginia would be fun, and that half of the fun we’d get from the trip would come from it. But we were wrong. It wasn’t fun at all.
We toured a Civil War battlefield and stood on the little hill that fifteen thousand Confederate soldiers had tried to take on another hot July afternoon, one hundred and twenty-five years ago, not knowing that half of them would get killed in the vain attempt. (Para. 2)
We visited a Civil War battlefield and stood on the little hill. One hundred and twenty-five years ago, on a hot July afternoon, 15,000 soldiers fighting for slavery, while trying to occupy the hill, had no idea that they would fail and that half of them would be killed in the battle.
We stuffed ourselves with spicy salads and homemade bread in an “all-you-can-eat” farmhouse restaurant, then wandered outside to enjoy the sunshine and the herds of cows—no little dots this time—lying in it. (Para. 2) to fill with sth eat as much as you can
We had a meal in a farmhouse restaurant where for a certain amount of money you could eat as much as you wanted, and we fed ourselves with lots of spicy salads and homemade bread. After the meal, we walked leisurely outdoors to enjoy the sunshine and watch the herds of cows—this time they did not seem like little dots—lying in the sunshine.
In fact, most Americans are constantly in a hurry—and not just to get from Point A to Point B. Our country has become a nation in search of the quick fix—in more ways than one. (Para. 3)
In fact, most Americans are always in a rush, not only in getting around from place to place, but in various aspects of life.
We take out loans instead of making deposits, or we use our credit card to get that furniture or vacation trip--relax now, pay later. (para4)
take out: to obtain an official document or service
e.g. to take out an insurance policy
relax now, pay later: to do/buy what we want now, and pay later
Today, instead of saving up, we borrow from the banks or use our credit card to buy the furniture or make the trip; our motto has become “relax now, pay later”.
And if we are in a hurry to lose weight, we try the latest miracle diet, guaranteed to take away ten pounds in ten days… unless we’re rich enough to afford liposuction. (Para. 4)
If we want to lose weight quickly, we try the most recent miracle diet which is said to be effective and is sure to make us lose a pound per day. If we are rich enough to pay for the operation, we can have our unneeded fat removed from our bodies.
What’s more, we don’t even want all of it. (para6)
what’s more: in addition, more importantly
The more important thing is that we not only want to get information fast, but also just want to get a general idea-we no longer want to learn anything thoroughly.
Once, we listened to every note of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. Today, we don’t have the time; instead, we can enjoy… on our “Greatest Moments of the Classics” CD. (para6)
It’s the same with classic musical compositions. We no longer listen from beginning to end. Instead, we buy a CD called “Greatest Moments of the Classics” and enjoy 100 musical classics, in excerpts, including the 26 seconds for the famous “da-da-da-DUM” opening of Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony.
Even our personal relationships have become compressed. Instead of devoting large parts of our days to our loved ones… is no time at all. (para6)
Even our personal relationships are affected. Instead of spending much of our time with our loved ones, we now talk about giving them full attention in the limited time after work. But usually we have no time to do that at all.
As we rush from book to music to news item to relationship, we do not realize that we are living our lives by the iceberg principle-paying attention only to the top and ignoring the 8/9 that lies just below the surface. (para6)
When we rush through books, music, news items and relationship, we are paying attention to the surface to everything and will never get into the heart of anything.
But I am saying that all of us need to think more seriously about putting the brakes on our “we-want-it-all-and-we-want-it-nor” lifestyle before we speed completely out of control. (Para. 8) to slow down or stop doing something
But what I do want to say is this: before we go too far, all of us need to think seriously about changing our lifestyle of seeking a quick fix in our lives.
UNIT6
I spent most of my time roaming the woods and fields alone, playing Robin Hood, daydreaming, collecting bugs and bird-watching.
I spent most of my time wandering in the forests and the fields alone, acting Robin Hood, daydreaming, collecting bugs and bird-watching.
Keeping to myself was my way of not forming attachments that I would only have to abandon the next time we moved. (3)
I did not try to make any friends because in that way I could avoid having to give up my friendship the next time I had to move.
Familiarity sometimes makes people physically invisible, for you find yourself talking to the heart—to the essence, as it were, rather than to the face. (26)
When people get to know each other really well, sometimes they don't notice physical changes. The boy did not see that his friend, the old lady, was getting weaker and weaker because all the time he was talking to her heart, rather than to her face.
But one day I became attached through no design of my own.
But one day I began a friendship just by chance.
I started hiking…to an almost impenetrable stand of trees called Bear Wood.
I started to take a long walk…to a dense growth of trees called Bear Wood.
Yes, they are wary. But then, gamekeepers have been shooting them ever since they got here. They’ re introduced, you know, not native.
Yes, they’ re watchful. But the bad thing is that some gamekeepers have been killing them since they got here and they were brought into this place from somewhere else, not born and raised here.
I gazed … at the glass-fronted cases containing figures of ivory and carved stone, … trays of pinned butterflies and… a dozen or so stuffed birds.
I look at the cabinets with glass windows that contained statues and models carved out of ivory and stone, … trays of butterflies fastened with pins and … about twelve birds that were made into specimens.
(para.18)很快我便看见一栋夕阳西下中粉红色的小砖房。罗伯特—格拉斯科太太打开房门,邀请我入内。我静静凝视着眼前的书架和装着象牙和石头雕刻的玻璃门柜子、装满各种化石标本的贮藏柜和一盘盘用大头针钉着的蝴蝶标本,我简直惊呆了。尤其是那十多只鸟类标本,最为奇妙了,其中包括一只用玻璃作为眼珠的雕鸮。
It is a wisdom tutored by nature itself, about the seen and the unseen, about things that change and things that are changeless, and about the fact that no matter how seemingly different two souls may be, they possess the potential for that most precious, rare thing---an enduring and rewarding friendship.
I learn a lot of knowledge, taught by nature itself, about the things I can see--- the birds, insects, trees, and flowers, and the things I cannot see--- ideas, scientific laws and principles. I also learn a lot about the things that change, including life itself, as well as the things that are changeless like friendship, love, care, concern, affection and many basic values.
When I was 12 years old, my family moved to England, the fourth major move in my short life…(para1)
When I was 12 years old, my family moved to England, which was the fourth major move in my short life.
My father’s government job demanded that he go overseas every few years, so I was used to wrenching myself away from friends.
Because the demand of his job, my father had to go abroad regulary after a few years and I was used to suffering the sorrow of leaving my friends.
Loving nature, however, I was most delighted by the endless patchwork of farms and woodland that surrounded our house. (2)
However, as (because) I loved nature, I was really very happy to enjoy the endless pieces of farms and woods around our house.
My own breathing rang in my ears, and the slightest stirring of any woodland creature echoed through this private paradise. (4)
I could even hear my own breathing, and even the lightest movement of any bird or animal in the wood could be heard throughout this paradise.
Soon I saw a small brick cottage that glowed pinkly in the westering sun. (18)
Soon I saw a small brick cottage shining with a pink color in the sun that was moving toward the west.
…and my well of knowledge about natural history began to brim over.
I began to know much about natural history, too much for a boy of my age.
spring or fountain overflow
My mother was regarding me with a strange gentleness. (29)
My mother was looking at me with a strange gentleness because she wanted to break the news gently so that I would not take it too hard.
UNIT9
I am still just as ignorant for all your telling me.
I still don’t know what those flower are in spite of your telling me about them.
But now, as he spoke, that memory faded. He was the truer.
But now he was talking about that afternoon. That memory about the ridiculous scene gradually disappeared. His memory of the party was more accurate. After all, it was a wonderful afternoon.
And in the warmth, as it were, another memory unfolded.
And in the warm sunshine, she felt as if she remembered something else of the past.
He had lost all that dreamy vagueness and indecision.
Now he looked like a man who was very practical, very clear about what he should so with his life.
Now he has the air of a man who has found his place in life.
Now he looked like a man who had found a successful career.
As he spoke, … she felt the strange beast that had slumbered so long within her bosom stir, stretch itself, yawn, prick up its ears, and suddenly bound to its feet, and fix its longing, hungry stare upon those far away places.
While he was talking,…she felt that her long-cherished wish to travel to all those distant and mysterious places that had been sleeping so long in her heart seemed to suddenly awakened, yearning to be fulfilled. / Her strong desire to go to those places held so long in her bosom now awoke. The desire became stronger and stronger. She was burst with her desire.
Only did I desire, eventually, to turn into a magic carpet and carry you away to all those lands you longed to see.
What I wanted most is for myself to become a magic carpet so that I would take you to all those distant countries you wanted to see.
"She smiled, he frowned."
She smiled because she was very glad to see her old friend. While he frowned because he could not recall where he had met her.
… serious and infuriated out of all proportion to the occasion.
completely uncalled-for, totally unnecessary under the circumstances
What had happened that afternoon made a fool of them both.
But what has become of your beautiful piano?
But what has happened to your beautiful piano?
… like mournful lovers.
They love each other but feel sad for some reason. The greatest wish for them is to die together, like Romeo and Juliet.
UNIT10
He had opened his eyes with the sun at dawn, scratched, done his business like a dog at a road side.
He has opened his eyes with the sun at dawn, scratched, emptied his bowels like a dog at the roadside.
Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and extravagances:…
One should live without conventions as common people, since these are not genuine, and one should also avoid complex lives and things that are not necessary, only in this way can you live a free life.
They possess him. He is their slave.
They control him. He depends on them. In order to get a certain amount of material properties, which actually have no value and will not last, he has been controlled by these things and has given away his independence which is the only thing that is true and can last.
In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (4)
People get only some false and easily spoiled material goods at the cost of their own everlasting independence.
His life’s aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (5)
Life is like a metal marked with false and conventional values. His life task is to remove those false markings and imprint a true value on it.
He was the man of the hour, of the century;…
He was most important and powerful person at the moment and in the century;…
Everybody knew him or knew of him. (1)
was familiar with was told or read or heard about the person
It was not a house, not even a squatter’s hut. (2)
He did not live even in a deserted hut.
He thought everybody lived far too elaborately, expensively, anxiously.(2)
He thought that our life is too complicated, too costly and gives us too much pressure.
In short, he argues that we should simplify our life.
He spent much of his life in the rich, lazy, corrupt Greek city of Corinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occasionally converting one of them. (2)
He chose to live among the wealthy, lazy and dishonest citizens of Corinth, spent much of his time ridiculing them and occasionally persuaded one of them into adopting his belief.
He was not the first to inhabit such a thing. (3)
He was not the first man who had lived in such a storage jar.
But he was the first who ever did so by choice, out of principle. (3)
But he was the first to do so because he wanted to.
Diogenes took his old cask and began to roll it up and down. “When you are all so busy,” he said, “ I feel I ought to do something!” (9)
When the Corinthians were busy preparing for the coming war, Diogenes rolled his cask up and down to ridicule their silly behavior.
… his air of destiny.(14)
… the air of someone who has the power to determine the course of events in future.
带着世界主宰者的气派
UNIT 12
All are important and must be reasonably satisfied if we are to fulfill our biological destiny. (1)
All of them are important and must be fulfilled if we are going to experience lives as humans.
I italicize the need for power because,… the way we continually struggle for power in every aspect of our lives seems uniquely human.
I italicize the need for power because the need for power seems exclusively a human need. This is shown in how eagerly we seek power in every aspect of our lives.
In fact, if it were not for the need for power, our whole economy would crumble because almost all that is bought and sold, except for bare necessities, is for the sake of power. (4) collapse, lose effectiveness for the purpose of
In fact, it is our need for power that has pushed the development of our whole economy because all what we buy and sell is to serve our purpose to gain power.
That their teachings have been largely accepted when what they advocate is so obviously self-serving is a tribute to how effective they have been in getting their message across. (6) interested in gaining an advantage for yourself
to be a clear sign of the good qualities that sb. or sth. has (证明)
It is surprising that what they propagate should be accepted by many, for obviously their propaganda serves their own interests, helping to maintain their power. This clearly shows how effective their propaganda machine is.
Lower animals, whose behavior is essentially built-in and who do not have much ability to learn, are not involved with fun.
Because their behavior is basically predetermined by their genes, lower animals do not have to make choices, do not have much ability to learn, and therefore they do not have the need for fun.
My guess is that we will survive in direct proportion to how much we can learn. (13) according to a particular relationship in size, amount, etc.
In my opinion, the greater our ability to learn, the better our chance to survive.
A monotonous task is always boring unless we can find a way to learn while doing something repetitive, or make the thing we are doing competitive or social, as Tom Sawyer did when he was painting the fence.
The task which lacks variety is always boring unless we can find a way to learn while we are doing something again and again, or we can make the thing we are doing full of competition or involving the interaction with other people, as Tom Sawyer did when he was painting the fence.
All five needs are built into our genetic structure as instructions for how we must attempt to live our lives.
All five needs are inborn as part of our nature and direct us as we go through our lives.
Simple survival needs like hunger, thirst, and sexual desire are relatively clear-cut, and we quickly learn what particular discomfort is attached to the denial of these basic needs. (3)
It is relatively easy to define simple survival needs that satisfy hunger, thirst and sexual desire because we can easily find what particular discomfort we feel when these basic needs are denied.
The need for power is particularly difficult to satisfy because in many cultures the mores of the culture condemn those who openly strive for it. (3)
In many cultures openly trying to gain power is regarded as running counter to the code of conduct of culture, and those who do so are strongly disapproved of, so it is especially difficult for one to meet his/her need for power.
They preach the virtues of humility because the more people they can persuade to be humble, the more easily they can both preserve and add to the power that they have.(6)
They advocate modesty praising it as an admirable quality because they know the more people they make humble, the more easily they can keep and strengthen the power they have seized.
While it is easy to understand that people who strive for power may become dominant and have a better chance to survive, most of us have difficulty accepting that this need is written in our genes.(6)
Although people admit that those who strive for power are likely to have advantages over others, most of us can’t willingly accept the view that power is a human need or is something we have inherited from our ancestors.
Who do you know who is so completely satisfied with his life that he can go a week without complaining that someone has gotten in the way of what he wanted to do? (7) prevent sb. from doing sth
People are constantly complaining that they are prevented from achieving their goal. Actually you can hardly find a person who doesn't make such complaints before a week goes by.
Most of us cannot get through a day without complaint: To be satisfied with how others have treated us for a week would seem like an eternity. (7)
to be a period that seems to be very long or never to end
Most of us can find something to complain about daily. Any feeling of satisfaction with how we are treated won’t last as long as a week.
If we think that we have any chance at all to move beyond bare survival, we are almost all ambitious. (8)
All humans want and are determined to succeed in one way or another if they believe that they can manage more than merely to keep alive.
There is no greater work incentive than to be able to see that your effort has a power payoff. (9)
To be able to see that your effort will be rewarded with some sort of power is the best incentive for work.
And as much as a child may love her parents, she also wants the freedom to branch out on her own. (10)
(as) much as = although, used to mean that although one thing is true, something else is also true.
add to the range of one’s interests or activities
Although a child may love her parents very much, she also wants her parents to let her develop the way she wants.
It can balance a lot of misery, and it is like a catalyst that makes anything we do better and worh doing again and again. (11)
If in the misery we still keep our desire for fun alive, we would be able to face our misery; and if we make an enjoyable job out of a boring task, we would do it better and think it worth doing again and again.
Anytime we can introduce power, freedom or belonging into a situation, we find it more interesting. And as we do, we also find ourselves learning along the way. (14)
Whenever we are motivated by power, freedom or belonging, we do a job with more interests. And as we tackle one task after another with interests, we keep learning and progressing all our lives.