2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.
A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement
3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement
4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement
5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.
A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission
6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.
A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission
7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language.
A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function
8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the _____ of language.
A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function
9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___.
A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal
10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only
11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p
12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ ]
13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ə ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ]
14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫ ] C. [ l ] D. [θ]
15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ]
16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __.
A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel
17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word
A. [r∧b ] B. [ læ b ] C. [məsta:∫] D. [lmæp]
18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides
19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788
20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound
1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F
2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T
3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics. T 6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /. F
8. ‘peak’ is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’ is unaspirated phonetically[ p=]. T
9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. F
10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme. T
.语义学练习1._______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.
A. Connotative meaning B. Social meaning C. Collocative meaning D. Thematic meaning
2. Among Leech’s seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _____. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic
3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ____. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense
4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of __ opposites.
A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. Converse
5. The pair of words “same” and “different” are _____.
A. gradable opposites B. converse opposites C. hyponyms D. contradictory
6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.
A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple
7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.
A. +animate, +male, +human, -adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult
C. +animate, - male, +human, - adult D. +animate, - male, +human, +adult
8. ______is the implied meaning, similar to “implication” and “implicature”. E.g. When we mention about “women”, we’ll think of her soft warm manner.
A. Denotation B. Affective meaning C. Reflected meaning D. Connotation
9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ __
A. word, sentence B. the object C. concept D. symbol
10. A linguistic is interested in ___
A. What is said. B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.
C. What is grammatical D. What ought to be said.
11. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ___
A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms
12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.
A. Lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words
13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?
A. Polysemy B. Homonymy C. Hyponymy D. Antonymy
14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are ___
A. synonyms differing in emotive meaning B. dialectal synonyms
C. collocationally-restricted synonyms D. synomyms differing in styles
15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called__
A. gradable opposites B. complementary antonyms C. co-hyponyms D. relational opposites
16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?
A. single/marries B. lend/borrow C. hot/cold D. old/young
17. The name of “Morning Star”, “Evening Star” and “Venus” is one of the example that different words or name may refer to the same ____A. denotation B. connotation C. reference D. sense
18. When we analyze the words “thrifty, economical, stingy” they are synonyms but they have different______
A. stylistic meaning B. denotative meaning C. affective meaning D. collocational meaning
20. “Seeing those pictures reminds him of his childhood.” The underlined part in the sentence is_
A. agent case B. object case C. instrument case D. benefactive case
1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? T
2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? F
3. Can different expressions have the same referent? T
4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? F
1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T
2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T
3. Every word has its own sense. F
4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T
5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T
6. A: He married a blonde heiress. B: He married a blonde
The relation between these two sentences is entailment. F?
7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between connotation and denotation. T
8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. ‘bus’. T
9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F
10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F
11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T
12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T
13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T
14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T
15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F
16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. F
VI. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word.
Semantics is the study of ______(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _______(2) . According to Chomsky’s theory , it is at the _______(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _______(4) between languages, rather than on the _______(5).
1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning
2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax
3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical
4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning
5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammar
Most language utterances（话语） depend for their interpretation upon the ________(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a ________(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _______(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic________(9)
6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context
7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer
8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative
9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar
--the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently ______(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of ______(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomsky’s theory of ______ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _______(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest.
10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary
11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human
12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic
13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.
词汇练习1. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.
A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. Synonyms D. co-hyponyms
2. The semantic components of the word “woman” can be expressed as ______.
A. +animate, +human, +male, -adult B. +animate, +human, -male, -adult
C. +animate, +human, +male, +adult D. +animate, +human, -male, +adult
3. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “desk and furniture”?
A. Polysemy B. Homonymy C. Hyponymy D. Antonymy
4. The words “dog” and “read” are called ______because they can occur unattached.
A. derivational morphemes B. bound morphemes
C. inflectional morphemes D. free morphemes?
9. Some morphemes have more than one invariable form , such as “dog→dogs”, “cat→cats” “mouse→mice” ,which are called_____.
A. bound morpheme B. allomorph C. free morpheme D. minimal morpheme
10. In English n. v. a. and adv. make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are also called _____.A. closed class words B. conventional words C. open class words D. compounds
11. ______ can be used independently without being combined with other morphemes.
A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes C. Affixes D. Roots
12. The word “bookish” contains two _____.
A. phonemes B. morphs C. morphemes D. allomorphs
13. ____ morpheme are those that cannot be used independently but have to
be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free B. Bound C. Root D. Affix
14. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part
of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes B. Suffices C. Roots D. Affixes
15. The words “make, bus” are called ______.
A. derived morphemes B. inflected morph. C. bound morph D. free morpheme
16. Which is variable word?
A. from B. until C. work D. and
17. Which processes of lexical change does the Chinese word “” experienced?
A. Blending B. Abbreviation C. Borrowing D. Back-formation
18. Which word is created through the process of acronym?
A. ad B. edit C. AIDS D. Bobo
19. The word “math” is formed through ___.
A. back formation B. clipping C. Blending D. derivation
20. ______ is the branch of grammar that studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. A. Affix B. Inflection C. Allomorph D. Morphology
syntax练习1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with “was”. We are taking about ____inside the sentence.
A. Syntactic relations B. paradigmatic relations C. Linear relations D. Government
2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .A. Lexicon B. morphology C. Syntax D. semantics
3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ?
A. Inferential Connective B. Inflectional Component
C. Immediate Constituent D. Implicative Communication
4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut? Draw a tree diagram of this sentence.
A. between stone and yesterday B. between she and broke
C. between broke and the window D. between window and with
5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.).A. Phonology B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories D. Functions of words
6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ?
A. gender B. number C. case D. voice
7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories.
A. Concord B. Immediate constituent C. Syntagmatic relations D. Government
8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form.
A. Bloomfield B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Sussure
9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.
A. subordinate endocentric construction B. coordinate endocentric construction
C. subordinate exocentric construction D. coordinate exocentric construction
10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.
A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settings B. tells people how to speak appropriately
C. tell people what is right in language use D. Look for ‘the universal grammar’
11. What is the full form of LAD? B. Language acquisition device
12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____.
A. deep structure B. linguistic universals C. universal grammar D. surface structure
13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____; while Halliday focuses on the social aspect of language, regarding language as a form of ____. A. knowing, doing B. knowing, thinking C. thinking, doing D. doing, knowing
14． F. de Saussure is a(n) _____ linguist .C. Swiss
15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?
A. Exocentric B. Endocentric C. Coordinate D. Subordinate
16. “You sit down” is transformed into “Sit down”. Which transformational rule is used according to TG Grammar ? A. Copying B. Addition C. Reordering D. Deletion
17. L. Bloomfield is a famous _____ structural linguist.C. American
18. In ______ , Noam Chomsky published his famous book “Syntactic Structure”.B.1957
19. “A fish is swimming in the pond” is transformed into “There is a fish swimming in the pond”. Which transformational rule is used. A. Copying B. Reordering C. Addition D. Deletion
20.The phrase “the man about whom I’ve been talking.” belong to the ______Construction.
A. predicate B. endocentric C. subordinate D. exocentric
1．Traditional grammar involves a great deal of gender, number and case. T
2. “I’m a teacher.” “He studies English.” describe the form of government.
3. “Langue” is much more stable than “parole”. T
4. When we mentioned about the usage of a “树”，it is signified; and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T
5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation.F
6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. T
7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F
8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F
12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T
13. When we mention about “phonetic”and “lexicon components”, they belong to deep structure category. F
14. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed by deep structure. T
15. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language.
16.By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. F
17. The open-class words include prepositions. F
18. “The boy smiled” has an exocentric structure. T
19. The IC Analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”. T
20. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.
21. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F
6语用练习1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _____ studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters of a listener.
A. Syntax B. Semantics C. Pragmatics D. Sociolinguistics
2. There are ______deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”.
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
3. We can do things with words ---- this is the main idea of ______.
A. the Speech Act Theory B. the Co-operative principles
C. the Polite principles D. pragmatics
4. _____refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.
A. Locutionary act B. Illocutionary act C. Perlocutionary act D. Speech act
5. _____ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.
A. “I’ll declare Mr. Williams election tomorrow.” B. “Good morning!”
C. “could you open the window?”
D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”
6. A: Let’s get something to kids. B: Okey , but not I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.
In the conversation B violets the _____.
A: Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relevance Maxim D. Clarity Maxim
7. A: I really like the dinner. B: I’m vegetarian. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.
A. Quantity B. Quality C. Relevance D. Clarity
8. A: How are you? B: I’m dead. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.
A. Quantity B. Quality C. Relevance D. Clarity
9. A: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.
B: Well, mmm uh it’s not that we don’t drink. There is a _____ violation in the conversation.
A. Quantity B. Quality C. Relevance D. Clarity
10. A: Are you going to Steve’s barbecue? B: A barbecue is an outdoor party.
There is a _____ violation in the conversation.
A. Quantity B. Quality C. Relevance D. Clarity
11. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning
not in isolation, but in _____.
A. relationship B. dependence C. sentence D. context
12. To analyze the following sentences ______ is Performative.
A. You congratulate me. B. I envy you. C. I command you to put out that cigarette.
D. I warned you not to go.
13. _____ act expresses the intention of the speaker.
A. Locutionary B. Illocutionary C. Perlocutionary D. Speech act
14. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.
Speaker B violates the maxim of _______.
A. quantity B. quality C. Relevance D. Clarity
15. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think?
B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? Speaker B violates the maxim of _____.
A. quality B. quantity C. Relevance D. Clarity
16. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?
A. This bag is heavy. B. I don’t want to carry it away.
C. Could you help me with this bag? D. I’m very happy about it.
17. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isn’t it? B: The pattern is nice.
What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe?
A. Quality B. Quantity C. Relevance D. Clarity
18. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in the late 50’s of the 20th century. A. John Austin
19. One of the contributions ____ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. John Austin
20. Cooperative principle was found by _____. A. Paul Grice
21. According to Austin’s Speech Act theory, the actual uttering of a sentence with a particular meaning is called ___ A. Perlocutionary B. locutionary C. illocutionary D. indirect speech.
22. A(n )”_____” means that some sentences, in the utterance and the seeming performance of a speech act, perform a certain illocutionary act indirectly.
A. direct speech act B. indirect speech act C. illocutionary act D. utterance
23. The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic communication.
A. speech act theory B. CP theory. C. communicative competence D. linguistic competence
24. According to Austin, Speech Acts fall into ______ general categories.
A. four B. two C. three D. five
25. _____ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. A. Pragmatics B. pragmatism C. phonology D. Practicalism
26. Once the notion of _______ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A. meaning B. content C. form D. context
27. ____ act theory is an important in the pragmatic study of language.
A. Speaking B. Spoken C. Sound D. Speech
28. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _____ form.
A. syntactic B. semantic C. grammatical D. pragmatic
29. Of the three acts, Pragmatists are more interested in the _______.
A. locutionary act B. perlocutionary act C. illocutionary act D. none of the above
30. The maxim of quality requires, do not say what you believe to be _____.
A. false B. true C. brief D. orderly
31. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _____.
A. utterance meaning B. speech act theory
C. conversational implicatures D. all of the above
32. Pragmatics is a study of
A. language learning B. language acquisition C. language planning D. language in use
33. The significance of Grice’s CP lies in the fact that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey ______ that which is literally said.
A. more than B. less than C. the same as D. none of the above
34. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes ______.
A. a sentence B. an act C. a unit D. an utterance
35. The part of the response to the speech acted by the hearer is _____.
A. Locution B. Illocution C. Perlocution D. Direct action
36. _____ may perform an act but lay stress on describing the action.
A. Speech Act Theory B. Perlocution C. Performative D. Constative
37. A: Good luck to you! B: Thank you. What politeness principle does speaker A observe?
A. Generosity maxim B. Tact maxim C. Modesty maxim D. Agreement maxim
38. “What a marvelous dinner you cooked!” What politeness maxim does the speaker of the utterance observe?
A. Sympathy maxim B. Approbation maxim C. Modesty maxim D. Agreement maxim
39. “I swear I have never seen the man before.” This sentence is a ____.
A. performative B. Constative C. indirect speech D. procedure
40. Conversational Implicature can be___.
A. Calculability B. Cancellability C. Non-Conventionality D. all of above
1. Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice. F
2. Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, directive and declaratives. T
3. “We can do things with words” ----this is the main idea of the Speech Act Theory. T
4. “I hereby declare war ” is the typical utterance of “speech act theory”. T
5. At first , Austin classifies utterances into two types: constatives and performatives. T
6. “Locution” means the speaker’s intention. F
7. “Perlocution” is used to bring effects on the hearer. T
8. “Can you pass me the salt, please? ” is a question, but it is a direct speech act. F
9. In a certain sense pragmatics studies how words influence the interpretation of utterances. T
10. “Pragmatics “ is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in semantics. T
11. “In Semantics” the sentence meaning should be studied. T
12.“ In pragmatics ” the utterance meaning should be studied. T
13. The CP Principle, put forward by P. Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as speaking. F
14. Deixis is a technical term for one of the most basic things we do with utterances. T
15. “What’s that?” that is a location deixis. F
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of _16____ as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by a listener. It has consequently __17___ to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by __18__. __19___ is the study of speaker meaning.
16. A. speech B. meaning C. utterance D. communication
17. A. less B. impossible C. possible D. more
18. A. itself B. himself C. themselves D. yourself
19. A. Semantics B. Context C. Syntax D. Pragmatics
If semantics is the study of __1D__that comes from ‘purely linguistic knowledge’ pragmatics concerns all the ‘__2A__of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account knowledge about the physical and __3_C_world’. So pragmatics is the study of meaning that is not accounted for in__4_B_.
a) aspects b) semantics c) social d) meaning
Semantics and __1_C_are complementary to__2A__ — hence ‘complementarism’. According to Morris’s trichotomy , __3__ is the study of ‘the formal relation of signs to one another’, __4__ is the study of ‘the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable ’,and pragmatics is the study of ‘the relation of signs to__D5__’.
a) Each other b) Pragmatics c) semantics d) interpreters e) syntax
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