Directions: There are 10 linguistic terms in this part, use the knowledge you’ve learnt to define the following terms. (20%)
1 arbitrariness 2 performance 3 synchronic 4 design feature
5 coarticulation 6 blending 7 assimilation 8 concord
9 semantic component 10 broad and narrow transcription
II. Linguistic Theory
Directions: There are 20 unfinished statement concerning linguistic theory studies.Fill in each of the following 20 blanks with linguistic theories you acquire, write your answer on the answer sheet. (40%)
11. The seven types of word meaning recognized by G. Leech so far are conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, co locative meaning and _____.
12. The design features of language are arbitrariness, duality, creativity, and displacement_____.
13. The functions of language includes informative, interpersonal, performative, emotive, phatic, recreational and _Metalingual function 元语言功能_.
14. The main branches of linguistics should include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic _____ and pragmatics.
15. The branches of macrolinguistics have psycholinguistic, sociolinguistics, _____, and computational linguistics.
16. Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be divided into three main areas, which are articulatory_phonetics____, acoustic phonetics and auditory phonetics.
17. The present system of the IPA (International phonetic Association) was developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician _____, who put forward cardinal vowels, which are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging.
18. The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching of English as a Foreign Language) is referred to as _____.
19. Eugene Nida (19) claims that the five types of sub-cultural communication is ecological culture, linguistic culture, religious culture, material cultural and _____.
20. _word____ is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit of vocabulary, a lexical item, or a lexeme.
21. _morphology____ studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
22. Apart from compound and derivation, new words and expressions are created by means of invention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation, analogical creation and borrow_____.
23. The formation of new pronunciation includes factors as loss, addition, metathesis and _____.
24. Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class shift, _____ and orthographic change.
25. The studies of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language or the study of the formation of sentences is called _syntax____.
26. The representative approaches to syntax are the traditional approach, the structural approach, the generative approach and _____.
27. In Saussure's view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of signified (concept) and _____.
28. The theory of meaning that relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for, is known as _the referential theory____.
29. For componential analysis or semantic components, the meaning of the word WOMAN may be analyzed into “Human”, “Adult” and “_Female____”.
30. For Halliday, learning language is learning to communication_____.
III. Short-Question Answer
Directions: Explain each of the following linguistic views in no more than 80 words. Write your answers on the answer sheet. (20%)
31. What is semantic change?
32. What does the refential theory refer to?
IV. Essay Question
Directions: Develop the following topic into a 200-300-word essay. (20 %)
33. What are the differences between Traditional Approach and the Structural Approach?
AnswerI.
1. Arbitrariness: it refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
2. Performance: it refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.
3. synchronic: a synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
4. design features the features that define our human languages can be called design features. It include arbitrariness, duality, creativity and displacement.
5. coarticulation: speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation.
6. blending: it is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
7. assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. For example, NASALIZATION, DENTALIZATION, and VELARIZATION all instances of ASSIMILATION.
8. concord: also known as agreement, may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
9. semantic component: It refers to the meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word.
10. broad and narrow transcription: when we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription, it is called a BROAD RANSCRIPTION. Thus the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as a NARROW TRASCRIPTION.
II.
11. thematic meaning 12. displacement 13. metalingual
14. semantics 15. anthropological linguistics
16. articulatory phonetics 17. Daniel Jones
18. acronym 19. social cultural 20 WORD
21. MORPHOLOGY 22. borrowing
23. assimilation 24. folk etymology 25. syntax
26.the functional approach 27. SIGNIFIER (sound image)
28. the referential theory 29. Female 30. communication.
III.
31. Since language is symbolic, each word serves as a symbol in relation to a specific meaning. In this sense, we need infinite numbers of words or symbols to code the physical entities and our experiences, which will ultimately prove impossible and obstruct the smooth operation of communication. In this case, we will give a new concept to an old form, thus the meaning of a form is multiplied. There are three kinds of semantic changes, namely, broadening, narrowing, and meaning shift.
32. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. This is a very popular theory. It is generally impossible to explain the meaning of a word by pointing to the thing it refers to.
IV.
33. The differences between traditional approach and structural approach:
Traditional approach is:
Usually, a sentence is seen as a sequence of words. The study of sentence formation, therefore, involves a great deal of the study of the word, such as, the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in terms of subject, predicate, etc. There parts of speech and functions are sometimes called categories. But the term category is also more specifically used for the defining properties of units like noun and verb.
The structural approach is:
The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in the beginning of the twentieth century. I n a sense, all the linguistic theories after him are structural in that they all regard linguistic units as interrelated with each other in a structure, not as isolated bits.
※<习题二>
I. Linguistic Knowledge
Directions: There are 10 linguistic terms in this part, use the knowledge you’ve learnt to define the following terms. (20%)
1. Duality 2. Competence 3. Diachronic 4. Morpheme
5. Pragmatics 6. Phoneme 7. Synonymy
8. Government 9. Orthographic change 10. Deep and surface structure
II. Linguistic Theory
Directions: There are 20 unfinished statement concerning linguistic theory studies.Fill in each of the following 20 blanks with linguistic theories you acquire, write your answer on the answer sheet. (40%)
11. _____ is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how words work in the grammar of a language.
12. ______ advocated treating sentence as “ the maximum free form” and word “ the minimum free form”.
13. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into GRANNATICAL WORDS and _______.
14. Phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines while phonetic transcriptions are placed between ______.
15. Affix is limited in number in a language, and is generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and _____.
16. _____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
17. To be more specific, there is two fields Morphology concerns: the study of INFLECTIONS (also called INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY) and the study of ______.
18. Compounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the _____ compound.
19. There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing. There are Loanwords, Loan blend, Loan shift and _____.
20. There are usually two terms of number: Singular and _____.
21. The Syntagmatic relation is nowadays also referred to as the HORIZONTAL relation or ______ relation.
22. The paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICAL relation, or ____ relation.
23. Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: SUBORDINATE and _________.
24. In the book Syntactic structures published in 1957, Chomsky proposed a linguistic model consisting of three components: Phrase Structure Component, _______and Morpho-phonemic Component.
25. The base components itself is divided into two sub-components: categories and ______.
26. There are only two operations in the computational system now: Merger and _____.
27. Halliday argues that there are three general functions of language: ideational, interpersonal and _____.
28. In 1974, G. Leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his semantics, as follows: Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning, Social meaning, Affective meaning, Reflected meaning, Co locative meaning and _______.
29. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, Sameness relation, Oppositeness relation, and ______.
30. English vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and _____.
III. Short-Question Answer
Directions: Explain each of the following linguistic views in no more than 80 words. Write your answers on the answer sheet. (20%)
31. Does the traffic light system have duality, why?
32. In what sense is the analysis of a sentence in terms of theme and rheme functional?
IV. Essay Question
Directions: Develop the following topic into a 200-300-word essay. (20 %)
33.What is the relationship between language and linguistics?
AnswerI.
1. Duality: it is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
2. Competence: a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
3. Diachronic: it is the study of a language through the course of its history.
4. Morpheme: it is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
5. Pragmatics: it is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured.
6. Phoneme: several theories were put forward and discussed but for the practical task of describing sound-system, the minimal pairs test shows that the word phoneme simply refers to a unit of explicit sound contrast.
7. Synonymy: it is the technical name for the sameness relation.
8. Government: it is another type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.
9. Orthographic change: changes can also be found at the graphitic level. Since writing is a recording of the sound system in English, phonological changes will no doubt set off graphitic changes.
10. Deep and surface structure: the former may be defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction. The latter is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
II.
11. Word 12. Leonard Bloomfield 13. LEXICAL WORDS/FUNCTION WORDS. 14. square brackets 15. infix. 16. A STEM
17. WORD-FORMATION 18. exocentric 19. Loan translation.
20. Plural 21. CHAIN 22. CHOICE23. COORDINATE constructions
24. Transformational Component 25. lexicon 26. Move
27. textual 28. Thematic meaning 29. inclusiveness relation 30. Latin.
III.
31. No. No discrete units on the first level that can be combined freely in the second level to form meaning. There is only simple one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, red---stop, green---go and yellow---get ready to go or stop.
32. The analysis of a sentence in terms of theme and rheme is functional in the sense that this distinction has to do with the semantic side of the constituents of a sentence rather than the formal side. They have to do with the information conveyed, whether the know or new, the more important or less important. In contrast, the analysis of a sentence in terms of subject and predicate is formal, e.g. the subject will be in the nominative form in languages with case distinctions, the form of the predicate verb will have to be in agreement with the subject in certain categories.
IV.
The definition of language:
People have talked about this question for so many years. Surely, there are so many different definitions for language, namely, human speech, the ability of communicate by this means, a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings etc. But the barest of definition of language is a means of speaking or writing is a purposeful act.
Generally speaking, language is the arbitrary system of symbols used for human communication.
It is instrumental, social and conventional. Language learning and use are determined by the intervention of biological, cognitive, psychosocial, and environmental factors. In short, language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.
The definition of linguistics:
It is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. It is a main branch of social science.
Relationship:
Language is the arbitrary system of symbols used for human communication. linguistic is the scientific study of language.
※<习题三>
I. Linguistic Knowledge
Directions: There are 10 linguistic terms in this part, use the knowledge you’ve learnt to define the following terms. (20%)
1. communicative competence 2. linguistic relativity
3. illocutionary act 4. cooperative principle
5. I-narrator 6. metaphor
7. interlanguage 8. structural syllabus
9. applied linguistics 10. literary stylistics
II. Linguistic Theory
Directions: There are 20 unfinished statement concerning linguistic theory studies. Fill in each of the following blanks with linguistic theories you acquire, write your answer on the Answer Sheet. (40%)
11. _____and John P. Firth can be regarded as the pioneers of an anthropological orientation movement in England.
12._____culture formed an extremely fruitful source for early American anthropologists to look at a cultural study of language.
13. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that language may _____our thinking pattern and _____ between languages is relative.
14. Sociolinguistics attempts to show the relationship between language and ______.
15. If we divide meaning of pragmatics into two major sides: one side related to the words used, the other side related to the _____.
16. Speech act theory is the first theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher _____.
17. To specify the CP further, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows: quantity, quality, relation and _____.
18. “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged” is known as _____.
19. Dan Sperber and Deirde Wilson in 1986 formally proposed _____ theory.
20. ____ is the most relevant one the communicator could have used to communicate.
21. The Q- principle is concerned with the content; on the other hand, the R-principle is concerned with the ____.
22. Levinson renames the second maxim of Quantity the ____ I-PRINCIPLE for short, and the first maxim of Quantity, the PRINCIPLE OF QUATITY, or Q-PRINCIPLE.
23. ____ was the first biographer of stylistics.
24. The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its ___ meaning.
25. Syllables ending with the same consonants are described as having ____.
26. A traditional grammar is a pre-20th century language description, which is based on earlier grammar of Greek or ___.
27. Proposed by N. Chomsky, TG grammar sees language as a system of ___.
28. For M. A. K. Halliday, learning language is learning to _____.
29. SYLLABUS is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and ____.
30. Ferdinand de Saussure was the first to notice the ____ of language.
III. Short-Question Answer
Directions: Explainfour of the following linguistic views in no more than 80 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%)
31. What is speech act theory?
32.What are Post-Gricean developments?
33. How does language relate to society?
34-a. To which extent do we need culture in linguistic studies?
34-b. What are some general features of the literary language?
34-c. What is the theory of communicative competence?
34-d. What is syllabus?
IV. Essay-Question Answer
Directions: Develop four of the following topics into a 150-200-word essay. (20%)
35. What is the London School?
36. What is the American Structuralism?
37. What are the features of TG grammar?
38-a. What are the two approaches of testing? And what are the differences between them two?
38-b. What are the three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something according to Austin?
38-c. What are the two aspects that applied linguistics conduce to foreign language teaching?
38-d. What does Norm Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device?
Referenced Answers to Achievement Test of English Linguistics for English Majors`02 (A) (Term VI), Weinan Teachers College
I. Definitions:
1. communicative competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc. governing the skilled use of language in a society. Distinguished by D. Hymes (1971) from Chomsky’s concept of competence, in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.
2. linguistic relativity refers to SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS. The reason is like this: there are two points about the hypothesis. On the one hand, language determines our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative, and there is no limit to the structural diversity of languages. So hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM and LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY.
3. illocutionary act: in Austin opinion, there are three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something. About the second sense is like this: when we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain meaning, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. The act performed in this sense is known as illocutionary act.
4. cooperative principle: there are some regularities in conversation. Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks, and would not be rational if they did. We seem to follow some principle like the following: Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. And this principle is known as the cooperative principle, or CP for short.
5. I-narrator: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this case the critics call the narrator a FIRST-PERSON NARRATOR or I-NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first person pronoun I is used.
6. metaphor: it like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements; but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
7. interlanguage: the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to INTERLANGUAGE.
8. structural syllabus: it is a grammar oriented syllabus based on a selection of language items and structures.
9. applied linguistics : it is to study the second and foreign language learning and teaching, and other areas such as translation, the compiling of dictionaries, etc.
10. literary stylistics:it is part of linguistics which studies the language of literature is termed literary stylistics. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
II.
11. Bronislaw Malinowski
12. The American Indian
13. shape/determine similarity
14. society
15. context
16. John Langshaw Austin ( J. L. Austin)
17. MANNER
18. cooperative principle
19.relevance
20. The ostensive stimulus
21. form
22. PRINCIPLE OF INFORMATIVENESS
23. Helmut Hatzfeld
24. LITERAL
25. CONSONANCE
26. Latin
27. innate rules
28. mean
29. learning experiences
30. compexities
III.
31. What is Speech Act Theory?
Answers: it is the first major theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. In 1955, he revised the notes and changed the title form Words and Deeds to How to Do Things with Words.
32.What are Post-Gricean developments?
Answers: It refers to the studies after H.P. Grice’s theory of conversational implicatures. It mainly refers to three ideas: 1). The relevance theory proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson; 2). The O-and-R principles that was developed by Laurence Horn. 3). The O-,I-and M- principle suggested by Stephen Levinson.
33. How does language relate to society?
Answers: the relationship between language and society has long been recognized and examined. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a MONISTIC or AUTONOMOUS PURSUIT of an independent science. The resurrection of a DUALISTIC VIEW of linguistic inquiry came into being in the1960s, as an opposition to the dominant theory of Chomskyan linguistics.
34-a. To which extent do we need culture in linguistic studies?
Answers: The study of linguistic issues in a cultural setting can greatly promote our understanding of MOTIVATION and DIRECTONALITY in language change. Moreover, by introducing a study like this, we will have an opportunity to show how to “do linguistics” in a cultural context.
34-b. What are some general features of the literary language?
Answers: Through the phonological, grammatical and semantic features of the language can we analysis the features of the literary language. Here we only take the latter two for example: 1) Foregrounding and grammatical form. In literary texts, the grammatical system of the language is often exploited, experimented with. 2) Comparison between literal language and figurative language. The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its LITERAL meaning.
34-c. What is the theory of communicative competence?
Answers: The concept of COMPETENCE originally comes from Chomsky. It refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situations. This concept of linguistic competence has been criticized for being too narrow. To expand the competence, D.H. Hymes proposes COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE. In Hymes’s view, he learner acquires knowledge of sentences not only as grammatical but also as appropriate. The aim of language learning is the ability to perform a repertoire of speech acts so as to take part in speech events.
The theory of communicative competence stresses the context in which an utterance occurs. It consists of four components: POSSIBILITY, FEASIBILITY, APPROPRIATENESS, and PERFORMANCE.
34-d. What is syllabus?
Answers: SYLLABUS is the planning of a course of instruction. It is a description of the course content, teaching procedures and learning experience. There are three major factors in syllabus design: selecting participants, process, and evaluation. There are several types of syllabus: structural syllabus, situational syllabus, notional-functional syllabus, communicative syllabus, fully communicative syllabus, communicative-
Grammatical approach.
IV.
35. What is the London School?
Answers: it generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England, a country that has an unusually long history in linguistics and peculiar features in modern linguistics. It is the man---J.R. Firth, the first professor of General Linguistics in Great Britain, who turned linguistics into a recognized distinct academic subject. The majority of university teachers of linguistics in Britain were trained under Firth and their work reflected Firth’s ideas. Hence, although linguistics eventually began to flourish in a number of other locations, the name “ London School” is quite appropriate for the distinctively British approach to the subject. The three well-known representatives of “London School” are: B. Malinowski, J.R. Firth and M.A.K. Halliday.
36. What is the American Structuralism?
Answers: It is a branch of synchronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. It developed in a very different style from that of Europe, under the leadership of the anthropologist F. Boas. While linguistics in Europe started more than two thousand years ago, but in America at the end of the 19th century.
While traditional grammar plays a dominating role in Europe, it has little influence in America. While many European languages have their own historical traditions and cultures, English is the dominating language in America, where there is no such a tradition as in Europe. In addition, the pioneer scholars who took interests in linguistics in America were anthropologists, who found that the indigenous languages of the America Indians were dying out rapidly and they felt the urgent need to record these languages before they died out. Because there were no written record of these languages, when the last speaker of a language dies, the language can be said to have perished. However, these language were characterized by features of vast diversity and differences which are rarely found in other parts of the world. There are probably well over one thousand American Indian languages grouped into 150 families. It is said that in California alone there are more languages than in the whole of Europe. To record and describe these exotic languages, it is probably better not to have any presuppositions about the nature of language in general. This explains why there was not much development in linguistics theory during this period but a lot of discussion on descriptive procedures.
37. What are the features of TG grammar?
Answers:
First, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles.
Second, Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar, which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the questions of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals.
Third, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker’s tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say: they rely on their own intuition.
Fourth, Chomsky’s methodology is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure---- a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular language, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory.
Finally, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
38-a. What are the two approaches of testing? And what are the differences between them two?
Answers: The two influential approaches to language testing are: 1) psychometric-structuralist approach; 2) psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach.
Differences between they two:
1) Aim is different:
The aim of psychometric-stucturalist is to discover the learner’s mastery of linguistic knowledge and linguistic competence.
The aim of psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach is to check the learner’s performance.
2) Compared with psychometric-stucturalist, psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic is more scientific, because it uses statistical analysis to examine the results as well as the test itself. So this approach has been adopted by a great number of language teachers in the West.
3) The measurement of test results is different: the test results of psychometric-stucturalist are measured by quantity; but psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic is measured by quality.
38-b. What are the three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something according to Austin?
Answers:
The first sense is an ordinary one. That is, when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. The act performed in this sense is called a LOCUTIONARY ACT.
The second sense is like this: when we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. The act performed in this sense is known as an ILLOCUTIONATY ACT.
The third sense in which to say something can mean to do something concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, etc. whether or not these effects are intended by the speaker, they can be regarded as part of the act that the speaker has performed. This act, which is performed through, by means of, a locutionary act, is called a PERLOCUTIONARY ACT.
38-c. What are the two aspects that applied linguistics conduce to foreign language teaching?
Answers: Applied linguistics is conducive to foreign language teaching in two major aspects:
1). Applied linguistics extends theoretical linguistics in the direction of language learning and teaching. So that the teacher is enabled to make better decisions on the goal and content of the teaching. And also applied linguistics provides the teacher with a formal knowledge of the nature of language and language system, and thus increases teacher his understanding of the nature of language learning. As a result, the teacher can make more informed decisions on what approach to take, hence what to teach.
2). Applied linguistics states the insights and implications that linguistic theories have on the language teaching methodology. And also applied linguistics defines the nature of language learning in connection with various linguistic theories, it helps the teacher to choose teaching methods and techniques.
38-d. What does Norm Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device?
Answers: Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with the knowledge of nature of language. According to this view, children are born with knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. The categories and relations exist in all human languages and all human infants are born with knowledge of them. According to him, the study of language, or the structure of language, can throw some light on the nature of the human mind.
According to Chomsky, there are aspects of linguistic organization that are basic to the human brain and that make it possible for children to acquire linguistic competence in all its complexity with little instruction from family or friends. He argues that LAD consists of three elements: a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
※<习题四>
⏹ 1 Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.
⏹ 2 To many people, a linguist is the same as a ___ , one who can speak several Languages fluently.
⏹ 3 In professional usage, the ___ is a scholar who studies Language objectively, observing it scientifically, recording the facts of Language, and generalizing from them.
⏹ 4 ___ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech; ___ phonetics studies the way the sounds of speech are perceived by the human ear.
⏹ 5 ___ deals with how Language is acquired, understood and produced.
⏹ 6 ___ studies the neurological basis of Language development and use in human beings.
⏹ 7 ___ is concerned with the diversity of Language as it relates to various sociological factors.
⏹ 8 ___ is concerned with variation and use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.
⏹ 9 The ancient theories of the origin of Language were of ____origin.
10 The Egyptians considered themselves to have the oldest civilization and asserted that the original human Language was ___. |
※<习题五>
I. Linguistic Knowledge
Directions: There are 10 linguistic terms in this part, use the knowledge you’ve learnt to define the following terms. (20%)
1.traditional grammar 2. strong version
3.conversational implicature 4.performatives
5. perlocutionary act 6.register
7. “I+1” principle 8.functional sentence perspective
9. communicative dynamism 10. simile
II. Linguistic Theory
Directions: There are 20 unfinished statement concerning linguistic theory studies. Fill in each of the following blanks with linguistic theories you acquire, write your answer on the Answer Sheet. (40%)
11. The syntactic component consists of rewriting rules and ____
12. All languages have three interrelated hierarchies: phonological, grammatical, and ____.
13. Relational process can be classified into two types: attributive and ___.
14. Firth insisted that the object of linguistic study is ______.
15. Firbas defined ____ as “the distribution of various degree of CD”.
16. London school is also known as systemic linguistics and _____.
17. Saussure’s ideas were developed along three lines: linguistics, sociology and ____.
18. ____ is the grammatically incorrect form.
19. There are two different kinds of evaluation: INTERNAL EVALUATION and ____.
20. Situation can be subdivided into SETINGS, social and psychological ROLES, and ____.
21. Selecting participants, process and ____ are major factors in syllabus design.
22. To expand the concept of competence, D.H. Hymes proposes ____.
23. TG grammar uses a deep structure, a surface structure and ____ to constitute the construct of a sentence.
24. For Hymes, learning language is learning to ____.
25. Cooperative principle is made up of four conversational maxims, namely, quantity, quality, manner and ____.
26. In Grice view, conversational implicatures can only be worked out on the basis of the___.
27. The size of context is determined by ____.
28.Austin’s first shot at the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performatives and ____.
29. _____ is the first theory in the study of language in use.
30. Czechoslovak linguistics believes that a sentence contains ____ and a goal of discourse.
III. Short-Question Answer
Directions: Explainfour of the following linguistic views in no more than 80 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%)
31. What are the characteristics of implicature?
32.Why Hypothesis has alternatively been refered to as LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM and LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY?
33. Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?
34. What are the main features of Chomsky’s classical theory?
IV. Essay-Question Answer
Directions: Develop four of the following topics into a 150-200-word essay. (20%)
35. Why do need to teach culture in our language classroom?
36. What are the functions or contributions of sociolinguistics provided in language teaching?
37. How many stages of development has Chomsky’s TG Grammar undergone?
38. Why should we teach and learn linguistics? |