语气(mood)是英文中谓语动词的一种变化形式，用来表示说话者的意图和态度。英文中的语气可分为三种：陈述语气(indicative mood)，祈使语气(imperative mood)和虚拟语气(subjunctive mood)。
一、概述
（一）虚拟条件句：两类三时
两类：假设条件句、事实相反句
三时：将来、现在、过去
e.g. 1. If I were to have the time tomorrow, I would help him. （虚拟假设）
2. If I had the time now, I would help him. （虚拟假设）
If I were you, I would help him. （事实相反）
3. If I had had the time yesterday, I would have helped him. （事实相反）
总结：假设条件句表达的是一种在将来或现在可能性不大的情形，但不是不可能的情形，表示说话人认为不可能，是一种比较主观的表达。事实相反句表达的是一种与现在或过去的事实相违背的情形，因此是不可能发生的。
（二）虚拟条件句的谓语变化
| 虚拟的时间 | 主句的谓语形式 | If 从句的谓语形式 |
| 将来 | would (could, might)+do | were to do/ should do |
| 现在 | would (could, might)+do | did/ were |
| 过去 | would (could, might)+have done | had done/ had been |
二、将来虚拟
e.g. 1. If I were to live my life over again, I would have you as my wife.
2. If I should win the lottery, I would buy a house.
3. What do you think would be the value of the necklace, if I were to sell it?
What do you think is the value of the necklace, if I sell it to you?
4. If it were to rain, I would stay home.
If it rains, I will stay home.
总结：对于很多将来的情况，选择用虚拟还是不用虚拟，完全取决于说话人对所述事件的态度，或者说虚拟语气能表明说话人的态度。
三、现在虚拟
I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.
Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight; silence would teach him the joys of sound.
四、过去虚拟
e.g. 1. If you had invited Wealth or Success, the other two of us would’ve stayed out.
2. I don’t know what I would have done if he hadn’t answered yes.
五、混合虚拟1：主句现在+从句过去
混合时间虚拟语气：主句、从句虚拟的时间不一致的虚拟语气。
e.g. 1. Bill Gates is hanging out with the chairman of General Motors.
2. A: I don’t like my mother-in-law.
B: Listen, don’t you realize that you couldn’t have your wife if it hadn’t been for your mother-in-law? A: Yes, that’s why I don’t like her.
3. A: What an accident! If you had been careful, things would not be as they are.
B: What do you mean, it was my fault? If it were, surely I would take all responsibility for it.
4. If he had studied English two years ago, he might have a chance of going abroad for further study now.
六、混合虚拟2：主句过去+从句现在
e.g. If I didn’t love her, I wouldn’t have married her.
vs. If I hadn’t loved her, I wouldn’t have married her.
If I didn’t love her, I wouldn’t marry her.
七、倒装虚拟
当if 引导的条件句省去If时，可将should, had或were置于句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句。
e.g. 1. Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday.
= If he were to leave today, he would get there by Monday.
2. Should you change your mind, no one would blame you.
= If you should change your mind, no one would blame you.
3. Had he not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.
= If he had not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.
八、各种虚拟句型
（一）在wish后面的宾语从句中
它用来表示说话者难以实现的或与事实违背的愿望，具有较强的感情色彩。
1）对现在的虚拟
表示对现状的愿望。
e.g. 1. I wish I were a little younger.
2. I wish I knew his address (but I don’t know his address).
3. Whenever something goes wrong, I just push this little Reset button and restart. I wish my whole life were like that!
2）对过去的虚拟
对过去发生的事情表示遗憾或后悔。
e.g. 1. I wish I had been there.
2. I wish I could have gone with you to the concert last night.
3. A: I wish I hadn’t hurt Mary’s feelings like that. You know I never meant to.
B: The great thing about Mary is that she doesn’t hold the grudge. By tomorrow she’ll have forgotten all about it.
3）对将来的虚拟
对将来发生的事情表示祝愿。
e.g. 1. I wish he could explain what he means.
2. I wish you would shut up.
（二）在if only感叹句中
If only表示“但愿”，“要是……就好了”，其用法和wish基本相同，可表示对现在、过去和将来的虚拟，只是比wish具有更强烈的感情色彩。
e.g. 1. If only the rain would stop.
2. If only I were taller.
3. If only he had followed your advice.
If he had only followed your advice.
（三）在as if/ as though引导的从句中
e.g. 1. I really don’t care for the way you’re speaking to me. It seems as if you were my father.
2. We have not seen each other for ten solid years, but when we encountered on the street that day, we were still so affectionate that it seemed as if not a single day had gone by.
注：若从句中的情形是根据现在的迹象作出的推测，有可能发生，则用陈述语气。
e.g. It is becoming dark. It looks as if it’s going to rain.
（四）在it is (high) time (that) 从句中
该句型表示“该是做什么事的时候了”，含有“晚了一点”的意思，从句中用过去时。
e.g. 1. Don’t dawdle away your youth any more. It is time you thought about your future.
2. It seems to be high time that this argument were put to an end.
（五）在would rather, would (just) as soon, would sooner, would prefer等从句中
1) would rather do sth.：主语宁愿自己做某事
e.g. He would rather stay at home than go to the cinema tonight.
He would rather not stay at home tonight.
He would not rather stay at home tonight.*
2) would rather have done sth. : 主语宁愿自己过去做了某事，但实际上没有做
e.g. I took Sally to the cinema last night, but I would rather have been there alone.
3) would rather sb. did：主语宁愿让另一个人做某事
e.g. Don’t come tomorrow. I’d rather you came next weekend.
She says she’d rather he left tomorrow instead of today.
4) would rather sb. had done：主语宁愿别人过去做了某事，但实际上没有做
e.g. For my ninth birthday, my father gave me a set of the World Book Encyclopedia. But I would rather he had given me a set of transformers.
5) 其他结构
e.g. 1. I’d just as soon you didn’t speak rudely to her.
2. I’d as soon as you hadn’t spoken rudely to her.
3. Our holidays were ruined by the weather – we might just as well have stayed at home.
虚拟语气小结
1It’s time that…..
It’s high time that…… 从句虚拟谓语用过去式
It’s about time that……
eg. a. It’s about time that I decided to do something.
b. It’s high time that we tried our best to do the job well.
2would rather that….
had rather that….
would as soon that….从句虚拟谓语用过去式
had as soon that…
eg. a. I’d rather that he weren’t so rude.
b. I’d as soon that you didn’t speak to her like that.
3用wish表示愿望
a)过去式表示现在的愿望
eg. I wish it were true.
b)“could/might +v” 表示将来的愿望
eg. I wish I could help you tomorrow.
c)“had + p.p” 表示对过去的愿望
eg. He wishes that he had studied English in high school.
4在 “It is +adj. +主语从句”的句型中，从句虚拟谓语用should V或动词原形，用于这一句型的adj.有 advisable, desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, possible, preferable, strange, urgent, vital
eg. a. It is necessary that an efficient secretary accomplish her work on time.
b. It is very important that we learn English well.
5在 “It is + p.p +主语从句” 的句型中，从句虚拟谓语用should V或动词原形, 用于这一句型的p.p有 advised, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, required, requested, suggested, urgent
eg. a. It is requested that manufacturer work out the design at once.
b. It is suggested that he go to see the doctor immediately.
6下列动词后接宾语从句，从句虚拟谓语用原形,动词有: ask, advise, beg, command, demand, desire, decide, direct(要求), expect, insist, maintain, move(附议), order, prefer, propose, recommend, require, request, second(附议,赞同), suggest, urgent
eg. a. He insisted that this be done as soon as possible.
b. I propose that the meeting be postponed.
c. The doctor suggested that he not go there alone.
d. She asked that all students attend the meeting.
7下列名词后面所跟的表语从句或同谓语从句用虚拟语气.这类名词有: advice, demand, desire, decision, idea, motion, order, plan, proposal, preference, recommendation, requirement, resolution, suggestion
eg. a. My suggestion is that the meeting be put off.
b. I agree to the proposal that the meeting be put off.
c. Their desire was that the murder be hanged.
8有时but for, but that, on condition that, without等引导的条件状语(从句)后必须用虚拟语气, 谓语用could + have done
eg. a. Without your help, I couldn’t have succeeded.
b. But for your timely help, we couldn’t have finished the job on time.
9常由for fear that, in order that 等引导目的状语从句,从句虚拟谓语用 should V或动词原形
eg. a. We shall start at seven for fear that we should miss the train.
b. Children play quietly in the room in order that they not wake up their mother.
10lest 引导的从句中的虚拟语气
11a) lest引导的宾语从句, 从句虚拟, 谓语用should V 或原形
eg. a. I will not make a noise, lest I disturb you.
b. Children play quietly in the room lest they wake up their mother.
12B) lest引导的状语从句,尤其是用在fear, be afraid之后,用should V结构,此时lest相当于that
eg. a. I fear lest she decide to leave me forever.
b. I’m afraid lest my elder brother not pass the CET-4.
(11) 用于if, though, whatever 等分句中， 用be来表示推测，让步，忧虑
eg. a. If the rumor be true, everything is possible.
----Be the rumor true, everything is possible.
b. Whoever be his defense, we cannot tolerate his disloyalty.
---- Be whoever his defense, we cannot tolerate his disloyalty
c. If John be found guilty, he should have the right of appeal.
----Be John found guilty, he should have the right of appeal.
万一约翰有罪，他也有上诉的权利
表示祝愿，诅咒，禁止等
eg. a. Home is home, be it ever so homely. 家就是家舒适安逸即可
b. far be it from me to spoil the fun.但愿不是我扫了兴
(12) ought to have done sth.虚拟语气 表示该做而没做
eg. a. In this shop there was much rubbish which, I think, ought to have been taken away
earlier.
b. I ought to have written to you.
(13) 句子中含有otherwise 是虚拟语气表示与现实相反“要不然的话”
eg. a. I am really very busy, otherwise I would certainly go with you.
b. His improvement has made the design better than it would otherwise have been.
（14）句子中含有if only是虚拟语气“要是怎么样该多好啊”
eg. a. If only we had not made any mistakes in the calculations!
b. If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon
as possible.
c. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I had followed your advice!
(15) 虚拟语气在as if/as though引导的从句中的应用.
a)用 “were” 型表示与现在事实相反:
eg. a. He is running about as if he were mad.
b. He talks a lot about it as if he were an American.
b) 用 “had been” 型表示与过去事实相反:
eg. a. He talks as though he had been there at that time.
b. He looks as if he had been ill for some times.
c) 用 “would +V” 型表示与将来的可能性相反:
eg. a. She cried as if her heart would break.
b. He looks as if he would cry.
d) 在“seem as if” 结构中, as if等于 that
eg. a. It seems to me as if he should catch up with all the others.
d)“make as if”等于 “pretend”(假装)
eg. a. He made as if he didn’t hear her.
(16) whether…or 开头的句子， 表示虚拟用原型be表达
eg. a. Whether the criticism be wise or foolish, important or insignificant, it is at least good
natured.
b. Whether the figures be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked.
(17) even though/if
eg. a. Even though she had been very busy that day, she would have helped us.
b. Even if you had enough money, you could not buy the lost time.
(18) 普通虚拟
If sb. did/were sth., sb. would do sth. （现在虚拟）
----Were sb. sth., sb. would do sth. （省略式）
If sb. had done sth., sb.. would have done sth. （过去虚拟）
-----Had sb. done sth., sb. would have done sth. （省略式）
If sb. were to do sth., sb. would do sth. （将来虚拟）
----Were sb. to do sth., sb. would do sth. （省略式）
eg. a. If I were you, I would do it better.
---- Were I you, I would do it better.
b. If I were a bird, I would fly.
----Were I a bird, I would fly.
C. If I had known your telephone number, I would have phoned you that day.
----Had I known your telephone number, I would have phoned you that day.
d. If I had been there at that time, I would have given you a helping hand.
---- Had I been there at that time, I would have given you a helping hand.
e. If they were to arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a
wonderful dinner party.
----Were they to arrive before we depart the day before tomorrow, we should have a
wonderful dinner party.
f. If he were to come tomorrow, I would leave home.
--- Were he to come tomorrow, I would leave home.
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