Case Studies
Case One
Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phil’s apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didn’t let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement.. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone. ..
Case Two
I could never forget my experience of an oral exam with our American teacher Mary. After reading the passage I chose on the spot and answered her questions about the reading material and I asked her how I did in the exam. She said I had done a very good job and my oral English was quite good. I left the examination room happily. But to my great astonishment, I wasn’t given a high score for what her praise of me. I felt kind of being tricked and couldn’t understand why Mary appeared to be so hypocritical. Similar things happened to my classmates, too.
Note: Have you ever had such an experience as the above two students? What do you think causes their trouble? Is it because their English was not good enough? Do you agree that Phil was cold to the student and Mary was hypocritical? How can we avoid such unhappy moments? Do you have any stories to tell about your contact with foreign teachers or foreign friends?
Case Three:
Shang Rongguang went to study in the United States in 1984 and spent two years there before he returned to Beijin. This is what he wrote about his experience during a Christmas vacation with Finkbiners:
Like us Chinese, the Americans are hospitable. But they show their hospitality in a totally different way. For example, when a Chinese family has a house guest, especially a close relative or a friend from far away, like a foreigner, the guest automatically becomes the focus of the whole family’s attention. The hosts treat their guest with the best food they can afford and tailor the family menu to their guest’s taste. Sometimes either the host or hostess asks for leave from work to take their guest sightseeing.
Americans, however, welcome their guests by taking them in as one of themselves, part of the family, without giving them any special attention. Westerners may feel at home with this, but the Eastern people are not used to it and may misinterpret it as neglect.
A Thai girl once complained to me that her Christmas vacation in Washington D.C. was not interesting and that she would never again choose a host family for a vacation.
“What happened?” I asked.
“Nothing. I just think I was probably not welcome.”
“But how?”
“They didn’t care much about me. When I said I would like to go to some museum, they said OK, you go ahead. And they did whatever they’d planned, and paid no attention to my existence.”
One example she gave was that when the whole family was going skating and she went with them out of politeness. “I never did ice skating in Thailand, and I don’t like it. As a visitor and a foreign student, I’d like to see more of the city.” She said. Her hosts, though kind, probably never thought about this aspect of the Eastern psyche. They might even have been surprised to learn that the Thai girl didn’t want to go skating with them. “Whey did she go?” they would ask..
I had a similar experience with the Finkbiners. They were always busy with work, and none of them spent even half a day with me. When they went to the office, they just asked me to choose between going with them and staying home. Nevertheless, behind that seemingly casual hospitality, I saw their very thoughtful hearts. They took me to Chinese restaurants; at home, they always told me I didn’t need to eat things I didn’t like; when they had business in Springfield, they remembered to take me to Lincoln’s home…. Above all, they trusted me with their house, Can you imagine a Chinese family trusting their home to a foreigner who is neither a relative nor an old friend, but a stanger?
(Source: Jianguang Wang, ed. Westerners Through Chinese Eyes. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 168—170)
Questions:
1. What did the American host family do that made the girl from Thailand feel unhappy?
2. Do you think the Finkbiners were hospitable to the writer?
3. How would your family treat a foreign guest? And a friend from another place?
4. What is your idea of hospitality? How do you like your host treats you?
跨文化交际案例分析
内容提要:合资企业中,跨文化差异现象的存在,使得企业领导与员工的沟通具有一定的障碍,这主要是由于不同的文化背景所造成的。面对这种文化冲突,要理性地去对待,避免感情用事,致使矛盾愈深。
案例名称:《回答的方式》
案例介绍:飞利浦照明公司人力资源副总裁(美国人)与一位中国员工交谈。中国员工的回答令副总裁难以理解,甚至不耐烦。
个人简介
姓名:朱生玉 学号:200440001
专业:中国语言文学系
案例:《回答的方式》
飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁(美国人)与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。中国员工并没有正面回答问题,而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系,以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等。将了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。副总有些大惑不解,没等他说完已经有写不耐烦了,因为同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算,想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了,可为何就不能得到明确的回答呢?”谈话结束后,副总忍不住想人力资源总监甲抱怨道。“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人?”谈话中受到压力的员工也想甲谈苦。作为人力资源总监,甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂,虽然他极力想双方解释,但要完全消除已经产生的问题并不容易。
以上便是整个案例,这是一个很典型的跨文化焦急的例子。首先,我们看到这位副总裁是美国籍人,而那位员工则是中国籍。既然出生于两个不同的过度,那他们的思维方式、生活习惯、文化北京、教育程度、文化差异等众多方面都存在着差异。正是由于这些文化差异的存在,才使得双方在交流、沟通过程中产生一系列障碍。其次,“中国员工并没有正面回答问题”,我们可以想象一下这位中国员工没有正面回答问题的原因。比如说由于语言障碍、没有理解透彻美国副总裁所说话语的原意;或者说副总的文化方式让中国员工产生了误解;亦或是中国员工有意回避从正面回答……。以上原因都知识我们的推测而已。下面我们给出一个假设。假设这位中国员工从正面直接回答了副总的问题。比如,中国员工回答:“……想在五年之内作到营销部经理的职位。”很显然,按照中国人的传统心理,这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦虚、委婉的心理习惯。太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心,高傲自大的缺陷。谦虚也可以给自己留有后路,万一做不到那个理想的位子,也不至于丢面子,被人耻笑。恰恰相反,美国人一向简单明了,很直接,这也是他们一贯的思维方式。
由此看来,中国人似乎没有一个明确的奋斗目标或规划,只是做一点算一点,得过且过的心理,而美国人则做某意见事总是事先作好精心的策划,然后在一个明确的目标的知道下去采取行动。这样,中国人的那种思维习惯容易给企业领导留下不良印象。再次,美籍副总裁询问这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算,及想要在飞利浦作到什么样的职位。由此可见,美国人很注重个人在企业的发展状况。通过个人才华的施展和努力来取得企业的辉煌业绩和达到理想目标。这也许与美国一贯提倡的问题有着莫大的关系。而从中国员工的回答来看,基本上是“从集体到个人”的单一模式。他先谈论的是与公司有关的一些情况,如公司未来的发展方向、晋升体系;接着才说到自己在公司所处的位置等。一个好的集体是由每一个优秀的个体所创造和组成的。中国人的思维方式是习惯于从集体得到更多,而自己付出甚少。
以上问题都是由跨文化差异所造成的,长期可能或造成不良结果。第一,怀恨心理;如案例中副总裁的“不耐烦”、中国员工说副总“咄咄逼人”,这些很容易造成冲突双方的怀恨心理;第二,过度保守。文化冲突严重影响企业领导与员工之间的关系的和谐,领导只能以固有模式操作企业,对员工愈加疏远;而员工则亦按照固有模式做工作,缺乏创新精神;第三,感情用事。领导与员工不能正确处理存在的文化冲突时,双方便容易感情用事,使误会和矛盾加深;第四,当双方的误会和矛盾经过积累达到一定程度时,过同就有可能自然中断,由此可能造成企业在决策施行上的巨大偏差。
针对在跨文化交流中存在的问题,我们要寻求一系列妥善的解决方案。第一,企业员工可以在东道国接受当地文化的洗礼以及相关的各种跨文化沟通的培训。或者东道国公司直接为外籍员工惊醒一定时期的培训;第二,企业要努力建设自己的文化、历年,使每一个员工都融合到企业文化里面。因为,通常这种文化具有很强的包容性和融合力。从案例中可以看出,美籍副总裁和中国员工在企业自身文化中不能找到共识;第三,作为副总,应该以包容的态度来处理文化冲突,慢慢地去与员工沟通,而非“不耐烦”或抱怨;第四,通过第三方的调节和解释,使问题明了化,解开副总裁与中国员工之间的疑惑及矛盾。这一方式不仅有主语解决本案例,我想,在其他案例当中也不失为一种奏效的办法。
在以上四个解决方案当中,我个人认为第一个方案是最重要,也可能是最成功的。虽然让员工接受当地文化洗礼或培训需要耗费一定的时间和财力,但从长久看来,它有助于使文化差异最小化,同时有利于企业文化自身的建设。