
Focus 1 Types of words
1. common words 常用词
These are the most useful words that from the core of the English vocabulary. They are the words we must learn and remember.
2. formal and technical words 正式语和术语
There are words used by people of special professions or fields, on special occasions or for special purposes.
3. nonstandard words 不规范的
Those are used by people who are not well educated or by people of special groups, such as people of a particular region or an age group.
Focus 2 Choice of words 选词
When we write on common topics for the general audience, we may achieve accuracy and appropriateness by bearing in mind the following guidelines about the choice of words:
Use common or informal words for general purposes; use formal or nonstandard words only on special occasions or for special purposes;
Use special and concrete words when giving details; use general or abstract words when making summaries;;
Use idiomatic expressions and words in acceptable collocations; avoid combinations that are idiomatic;When there are synonyms, choose the word that expresses the meaning most exactly and that suits the content and style.
Words are general or specialby comparison. Both general and special words are useful in writing.
When we are trying to enlarge our vocabulary and learn to use effective words, we need to pay special attention to concrete and special words. We usually think of general words first when we write, but we should remember that there are many special words which are similar in meaning but are more colorful and impressive. They are the words we should make an effort to learn and use.
Idiomatic expressions are those habitually used by native speakers. It is said that English grammar is not too complicated, but the idiomatic use of English words and expressions is quite
difficult for foreign learners.
Focus 3 Synonyms同义字
The English language is very rich in synonyms. We should remember that words are only roughly or approximately synonyms. It is difficult to find two words that have exactly the same meaning, carry the same implication, are used in the same collocation, or have the same stylistic value.
All this shows that it is important to study useful synonyms and their minute
differences, so that we may choose the best word to express an idea. A good dictionary with explanations of synonyms may behelpful. In understanding the meaning of words, we should avoid equating an English word with a Chinese one.
Focus 4 Some good dictionaries 好词典
It is a good habit to keep a dictionary—better more than one—handy when we write. We should refer to then when we are in doubt about the meaning, implication, use or collocation of a word or an expression, This will help us to improve not only our writing, but also our understanding of words and expressions. When we write, dictionaries with English definitions and explanations may be more helpful than those with Chinese translations.
No.1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
朗文当代英语词典
This is a dictionary specially compiled for learners, including foreign learners, of English. It contains over 80 000 entries(words and idioms), and all the
definitions are written in clear and simple language—only about 2 000 common words are used. Thousands of examples are given to show how words are used. In the new 2003 edition there are 17 colored full-page illustrations
showing parts of things as well as three maps and a CV/Resume. There is information on grammar, idioms and phrases, phrasal verbs, spoken and written frequency, British and American English, register, and synonyms, opposites and related words.
Particularly helpful to foreign learners are examples of collocations, and Word Focus and Word Choice boxes.
No.2 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English
(6th Edition)
牛津现代高级英语词典第六版
This is also a good dictionary for foreign learners of English. The definitions are all written in very simple English, using a defining vocabulary of some 3 000 words. Besides maps and color illustrations showing fruits, vegetables, clothes and fabrics, etc., there are usage notes, origin notes, user-friendly help notes,
word-family boxes and topic and study pages which show links between vocabulary items.
No.3 Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary
柯林斯英语语言词典
First published in 1987, this is a quite new dictionary. Cobuild in the name refers to Collins Birmingham University International Language Database, Collins being the name of the
company that publishes the dictionary. In size this dictionary is larger than the two mentioned above. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary is helpful in that definitions of words are all given in complete sentences with situations, so that the user of the dictionary is shown the typical collocations of a word: that is, the other words that are used with the headword.
No.4 Webster’s New World Dictionary
韦伯斯特新世界词典
It contains nearly 160 000 words, ordinary words and biographical and geographical names being arranged together in alphabetical order. This makes it convenient for the users to look up in it all kinds of words. The etymology of every word is given in square brackets after the head word, to give the user some knowledge of the history of the word, which will help him or her to understand its meaning and use. The sense of a word are generally arranged in semantic order from the earliest to the most recent sense so that the user may know the development of the word and the relationship of its senses to one another.
Another strong feature of the dictionary is the inclusion of many short paragraphs in which synonyms are listed and discriminated.区别
No.5 Dictionaries of Idioms
成语词典
An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meaning of the words that from it.
No.6 Dictionaries of Collocations词组搭配
Collocation, as we have explained, is the way in which words often used together.
No.7 Oxford Collocations Dictionaries for Students of English 牛津英语学生搭配词典
This dictionary is intended especially for help with writing. The collocations in each entry are divided according to part of speech, and within each part of
speech section they are grouped according to meaning or category.
No.8 Dictionaries of Synonyms and Thesauri叙词表
No.9 Roget’s International Thesauri
It is advisable to choose the most commonly used words, which are printed in bold type. To be able to choose the right word depends largely on our understanding of the different
shades of meaning of the synonyms and their collocations. Therefore, it is best that we look up the word we have chosen in a dictionary to see whether it is indeed the word we want.
Exercises on page 28 Task 1&
Task 2 on page 30
