
It is a term in poetry applied to two successive lines of verse that form a single unit because of their rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or form a separate stanza. Couplets in english are usually written in ten syllable (decasyllabic) lines, a form first used by the 14th – century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so – called heroic couplet popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a close couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines.
2.Sonnet
It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with formal rhyme scheme, expressing different aspects of a single thought, mood, or feeling. Sometimes resolved or summed
up in the last lines of the poem. Originally short poems accompanied by mandolin or lute music, sonnets are generally composed in the standard metre of the language in which they were written – for example, iambic pentameter in Englsih ,and the Alexandrine in French. The two main forms of the sonnet are the Petrachan, or Italian, and the English, orShakespearean.
3.The English Renaissance: known as humanism, encouraged greater care in the study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education in such a way as to make literary expression of paramount importance for the cultured person. The most immediate effect of humanism lay in the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents, who rejected medieval theological misteaching and superstition.
Some important literary terms
4. Rhyme Likeness of the terminal sounds of words, freguently used in versification either at the end of a line of verse or within the line. Rhyme appeared only occasionally in classical Greek and Latin poetry; it was used more extensively later, in songs of the medieval Roman Catholic church. Rhyme was not established as a technique in English poetry until the 14th century. Since then not all styles of poetry have employed rhyme, but it has never fallen entirely into disuse.
5.Stanza A group of lines forming a structural unit or division of a poem. Stanzas may be units of form established through similarity in the number of lines, length of lines, meter and rhyme scheme; or stanzas may exist as logical units determined by their thought or content.
6.Blank verse
Unrhymed poetry, typically in iambic pentameter, and, as such, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. Blank verse was adapted by Italian Renaissance writers from classical sources; it became the standard form of dramatists. From Italy, blank verse was brought into English literature by the poet Henry Howard.
7.Style The author’s characteristic manner of expression; style includes the author’s diction, syntax, sentence patterns, punctuation, and spelling, as well as the use made of such devices as sound, rhythm, imagery, and figurative language
8. Enlightenment: a progressive intellectual movement throughout West Europe in the 17th and 18th century. It attached great importance to the application of reason in dissipating the darkness of superstition
9. Satire
Satire was another typical feature of 18th-centruy English writing. It refers to any writing, in poetry or prose, with the purpose to ridicule, censure and correct the vices, follies, stupidities and corruptions of the society, which threatened to be contrary to the maintenance of good moral order and literary discipline. So it answered well the purpose of the Enlightenment, which aimed at public education in moral, social as well as cultural life. It also proved to be an effective weapon for arguments of all kinds and verbal attacks on enemies of both the party’s and the personal. The best satires of the age are noted for their wittiness of remark forms and adeptness of technique. So it became the fashion for all forms of writing at the time. The best and most representative works are found in those written by Pope and Swift, two masters of satire.
10.Sentimentalism: one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. Along with a new vision of love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of “pity, tenderness, and benevolence” over social duties.
11. Modernism is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, Modernism was an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho – analysis as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjective than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. Therefore they pay more attention
12. Romanticism is a literary trend. The Romantic Age began in 1798 when William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads (The statement that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, was in the preface to Lyrical Ballads). Romanticism expressed an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience, together with the sense of the infinite and transcendental.
13. Neoclassicism
In late 17th and early 18th century England, the dominant literary theory was “Neoclassicism”.
It was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance.
In England, neoclassicism was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson.
The general tendency of neoclassical literature was to look at social and political life critically, to emphasize intellect rather than imagination, the form rather than the content of a sentence. Writers intended to repress much of their personal emotion and enthusiasm and to use precise and elegant methods of expression. The term “classicism” in the 18th century refers only to the critical, intellectual spirit of many writers, to the fine polish of their heroic couplet or the elegance of their prose
•Neoclassicism
•1. The Restoration Literature (1660 - 1700)
•Or The Age of Dryden
•2. The Augustan Age or the Age of Pope
•3. The Neoclassical Decline or the Time of Johnson
简答题
一.Common points in four tragedies.
Each tragedy portrays some noble hero. They all face injustice of human life and are all caught in difficult situations.
2. Each hero has his own weakness of nature.
3. The whole play is usually centered about the hero. All characters and incidents serve the hero himself.
4. Besides the portrait of weakness, we can see the sharp conflicts between the individual and evil forces in the society.
二.培根的写作风格Bacon’s writing style
Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. Yet there is an obvious stylistic chancge in the Essays. The sentences in the first edition are charged and crowded with symmetries. They are composed in a rather affected way. However, the final edition not only enlarges the range of theme, but also brings forth the looser and more persuasive style. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.
三.格列夫游记的主题
What is the theme of Gulliver’s Travels.
It is a satire on the 18th-century English society, touching upon the political, religious, legal, military, scientific, philopophical as well as literary institutions, about almost every aspect of the society, Bitterly satirical, the book takes great pains to bring to light the wickedness of the English society, with its tyranny, its political intrigues and corruption, its aggressive wars and colonialism, its religious disputes and persecution, and its ruthless oppression and exploitation of the common people.
四.拜伦,济慈作品风格
What are the features of Burns’ poetry?
Burns is one of the greatest song writers in the world. He is the national poet of Scotland. Most of his poems and songs were written in Scottish dialect. Burns was a plowman. He came from the people and wrote for the people. He was the people’s poet.
Burns had a deep knowledge and an excellent mastery of the old Scottish song tradition. He learned a lot from it in his poems. This was the main factor of his great success.
济慈
Give an analysis of Keats and his works.
Keats learned the art of poetry, mainly from the poets of the English Renaissance, such as Spenser and Shakespeare, from Milton and from Dante, the national poet of Italy. The artistic aim in his poetry was always to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid reality of his day. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty.” He is a voice through which beauty expressed itself. He is part of the nature which he describes. He expressed the delight which comes not only through the eye and the ear but through the senses of touch, taste and smell. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form. So Keats has always been known as a sensuous poet. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled.
Some of his poems touch upon the burning political problems of his day. He showed his dissatisfaction with the capitalist society and described the sufferings of the poor people.
五.乔叟的成就
Why Chaucer is called the father of English Poetry?
First, as a master of verse, he introduced from France and Italy the rhymed stanzas of various forms to English poetry instead of the old Anglo – Saxon alliterative verse, namely: a) the heroic couplet b) the rhyme royal c) the terza rima, three – line stanzas d) the octave,eight – line iambic pentameter stanza.
Secondly, Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English language. He is the first poet who wrote in current English language.
作品分析
一.Robert Browning Home-Thoughts, from Abroad
P.199
1. What do the last two lines mean? 2. What is the poet expressing?
1. The last two lines mean that the gaudy melon flower, the symbolic of the rankness of a southern spring, is dull in comparison with the gay buttercups that little children love.
2. This short poem reveals the patriotic sentiments of the poet while he was staying abroad. With the coming of spring, he recalls his rapturous memories of natural scenery in England in April and May.
二.T.S. Eliot The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock Theme: A man is meditating over the business of proposing marriage. He is hesitating and fearing that he might be laughed at and rejected. People lose the ability to love and be loved.
THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD
APRIL is the cruellest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring rain.
Winter kept us warm, covering
Earth in forgetful snow, feeding
A little life with dried tubers.
•一、死者葬礼
四月是最残忍的一个月,荒地上长着丁香,把回忆和欲望参合在一起,又让春雨催促那些迟钝的根芽。
冬天使我们温暖,大地给助人遗忘的雪覆盖着,又叫枯干的球根提供少许生命
Theme: Death and life are inverted, alive in body but dead in spirit. Tone: pessimistic, despair
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud ----William Wordsworth
•Questions:
•1. What does the poem mainly write about?
•2. This poem contains four six-lined stanzas. What kind of meter is it applied in these stanzas?
•3. What is the rime scheme in each stanza?
•4. What is “the Mikly Way”?
•5. How do you think of Wordsworth and his works?
•1. The poem is about the beauty of nature. There is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.
•2. The meter employed here is most frequently used one: iambic.
•3. The rhyme scheme here is ababcc.
•4. The Milky Way is a broad belt of faint light, consisting of countless stars to be seen separately and shining like a river across the sky at night. Here in this poem the long belt of daffodils are just like the Milky Way.
十七世纪英国文学
John Milton
Make a brief introduction to Paradise Lost.
Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece, and the greatest English epic. Before its actual writing, he had the subject in his mind for a quarter of a century, and made drafts about the characters and plot. It is a long epic in 12books, done in blank verse. The stories were taken from the Old Testament: The creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow-angels; their defeat ande expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting against God; Satan’s temptation of Eve; and the departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.
Thomas More
One of the most remarkable humanists in the English Renaissance. His Latin prose narrative Utopia satirizes the irrationality of inherited assumptions about private property and money. More’s book describes a distant nation organized on purely reasonable principles and named Utopia, which means nowhere in Greek
Edmund Spenser
•Faerie Queene is the most famous work of the English Renaissance. In each of its completed six books it depicts the activities of a hero that point toward the ideal form of a particular virtue, and at the same time it looks forward to the marriage of Arthur, who is a combination of all the virtues, and Gloriana, who is the ideal form of womanhood and the embodiment of Queen Elizabeth.
•The Spenserian sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab bcbc cdcd ee.
18世纪的英国文学
注Richard Steel and Joseph Addison
Tatler
Spectator
注Jonathan Swift
Gulliver Travels
注Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism
Essay on Man
The Rape of the Lock
Alexander Pope was a representative figure of neoclassic poetry. And he was also noted for his translation of the great epic poem Iliad.
注Samuel Johnson Lives of the Poets
The Preface to Shakespeare
Samuel Johnson was noted for compiling the very first English dictionary, Dictionary of the English Language.
注Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe
Moll Flanders
Daniel Defoe was known as the Father of English novel for Robison Crusoe, which tells of a man’s shipwreck on a deserted island and his subsequent adventures with the leading character Crusoe and Friday.
注Samuel Richardson
Pamela
Clarissa
•The History of Sir Charles Grandison
Henry Fielding
•Tom Jones
•Tobias Smollett
•The Adventures of Roderick Random
Laurence Sterne
•The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy
•Tristram Shandy is known as the most typical novel of world literature for the innovative novel – writing skills such as inserting sermons, essays and legal documents, marbled pages and, most famously, an entirely black page within the narrative, into the pages of his novel.
注Oliver Goldsmith, James Thomson, Thomas Gray are the important figures in sentimentalism.
Oliver Goldsmith The Deserted Village
James Thomson The Seasons
Thomas Gray Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
William Collins Ode to Evening
浪漫时期的英国文学
注Passive Romantic poets represented by the Lakers / Lake Poets – William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Burns, and William Blake and Active / Revolutionary Romantic poets represented by those younger poets - George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats.
注George Gordon Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Don Juan
Give an analysis of Keats and his works.
Keats learned the art of poetry, mainly from the poets of the English Renaissance, such as Spenser and Shakespeare, from Milton and from Dante, the national poet of Italy. The artistic aim in his poetry was always to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid 卑鄙的reality of his day. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty.” He is a voice through which beauty expressed itself. He is part of the nature which he describes. He expressed the delight whichcomes not only through the eye and the ear but through the senses of touch, taste and smell. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness 知觉and the perfection of form. So Keats has always been known as a sensuous poet. His ability to appeal to the senses through language is virtually unrivaled.
Some of his poems touch upon the burning political problems of his day. He showed his dissatisfaction with the capitalist society and described the sufferings of the poor people.
William Blake
Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
•Used images of phantoms and terrors arising from the depths of the emotions.
•Author of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
•Masterpieces
•注The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Kubla Khan Christabel
William Wordsworth
romantic poetry
principal poem:
The Prelude
Lyrical Ballads
The Excursion
We are seven
Lines Written in Early Spring
Wondered lonely as a cloud
The Solitary Reaper
Wordsworth is the representative of the Passive Romantic poets, who expressed the deepest aspirations of English Romanticism. He saw nature and man with new eye. His whole work is an attempt to communicate that new vision. His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. It was his theory that the language spoken by the peasants when purified from its defects was the best of all. His theory and practice in poetical creation started from a dissatisfaction with the social reality under capitalism, and
维多利亚时期英国文学
注Victorian Novelists and Novels
Charles Dickens Oliver Twist David Copperfield Great Expectations A Tale of Two Cities
William Makepeace Thackeray
Vanity Fair The History of Henry Esmond
Charlotte Bronte
从 Jane对 Rochester 的求婚的对白试图说明男女之间情爱的追求和人生命赋义。
What do you think of the novel Jane Eyre?
the work is one of the most popular and important novels of the Victorian Age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e. g. the religious hypocrisy institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained, through constant starvation and humiliation, to be humble slaves, the social discrimination Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt’s house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage.
At the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.
the success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.
20世纪英国文学
Thomas Hardy
“Tess of the D’Urbervilles”
Questions: the modern meaning o female problem; women’s liberation . Is there still a Tess around you? 一百年前的人物在现实社会中的意义,从Tess的悲剧看爱情的宿命和幸福的乌托邦。思考该小说对学生的生活指导意义。
Tess是悲剧的总和,从Alec和Angel 的来往,对女性的看法沿袭了古代的做法。
2. Main Plot
Tess’s beautiful love at early age;
Before the marriage; to tell the truth;
The tragic fate
•Soul:
Angel’s name and his family background;
Sue is afraid to get married.
•Flesh:
Alec’s desire for Tess
Arabella’s occupation (butcher’s daughter), allusion to Jude
•Soul incarnate:
Tess: “She was yawing and he saw the red interior of her mouth as if it had been a snake’s ……”
her appearance
sexy, longing for true love;
Jude: He has passions to be a college student, but was allured by Arabella.
victorian Drama
注George Bernard Shaw’s drama exposed with enormous satirical skill the sickness and fatuities of individuals and societies in England and the rest of the modern world. The best ones are Widowers’ Houses《鳏夫的房产》Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》Pygmalion 《皮格马利翁》 Saint Joan 《圣女贞德》
Contrast between Realism and Modernism
Realism V.S Modernism
Rational irrational
Public Private
(life of general people) (life of individuals)
Objective subjective
External and material internal and spiritual
Plot, story and character anti-plot
Chronological narrative confused structure
Denouement open end
Hero anti-hero
Optimistic pessimistic
Joseph Conrad
Edward Morgan Foster P383
•Howard’s End (1910)
1. Show the different beliefs of two families – the Wilcoxes (who are good at making money and are connected only with everyday things they can see and touch) and the Schlegel sisters (concerned with deeper, spiritual and cultural values).
2. Theme: to connect the everyday outer life of the Wilcoxes with the inner life of the heart and spirit.
•A Passage to India (1924)
1.How English governed India, the same sort of people as the Wilcoxes in Howard’s End, busy with traditional ways of behaving and the apperance of things and pepole, unable to see the inner truth of events.
2.Theme: bring together opposites
3.Failures in terms of money and worldly importance may in fact be successful.
注His representative works :Howard’s End A Passage to India A Room with a View
Katherine Mansfield(1888-1923)
Garden Party
A garden party was going to be held on a beautiful day when one of the neighbors died of an accident.
Laura, the daughter of the party's hostess, heard of the accidental death of a young neighbor. She wanted to cancel the party, but it was refused.
After the party her mother filled a basket with sandwiches, cakes, pastries and other food, and sent Laura to the widow's house. There she saw the dead man lying in the bedroom.
Narrative Point of View
Basically 3rd person’s point of view
◦overall look and judge of the story.
Occasionally the 1st person’s point of view
◦The revealing of the inner feeling, the psychological movement and the secrets of the characters
George Bernard Shaw
•The second greatest English playwright behind only Shakespeare.
•died at the age of 94
•his works including: 60 plays, 5 novels, 3 volumes of music criticism, 4 volumes of dance and theatrical criticism, and heaps of social commentary, political theory, and correspondence.
•One of Shaw’s greatest contributions as a modern dramatist is in establishing drama as serious literature, no less important than the novel
Poetry
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) Irish poet, dramatist and prose writer, one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923.
He wrote 26 plays and 11 volumes of poetry but his reputation rests on his 50 years of poetic career
注Maud Gonne In 18 a passionate Irish nationalist
inspiration for many of his love poems
Lady Gregory in 16 summer holidays at her home in Sligo in Ireland
co-founder of Irish Literary Theater in 19
His Main Works 见 P354
T.S. Eliot《荒原》*现代诗歌的里程碑,小型史诗。 *五章,433行
代表作《荒原》是现代英美诗歌的里程碑,是象征主义文学中最有代表性的作品,是艾略特的成名作和影响最深远的作品。
【荒原】共有五节,分别是:
I. The Burial of The Dead 第一章《死者的葬仪》 II. A Game of Chess 第二章《对弈》
III. The Fire Sermon 第三章《火诫》 IV. Death by Water 第四章《水里的死亡》
V. What the Thunder Said 第五章《雷霆的话》
1.symbolism:
1) The waste land symbolizes the spiritual crisis and debility of the modern individual, and the disillusionment of the traditional values and the fear and despair for the great impact by the science advancement after the First World War.
2) Water symbolizes life.
3) sprout and bloom symbolize rebirth
2.Stream of consciousness: Marie and I talked about the past ,… Madame Sosostris,… London Bridge. From place to place and from time to time, suddenly changed.
Style
It abounded in startling transitions, allusions and mythological images. It was full of echoes and symbolic correspondences. It mixed literary and religious language in a lament for the contemporary spiritual and cultural wilderness of post-war Europe
Theme
It showed the spiritual breakup of the post-war generation and an urban civilization, and the despair and depression after the first World War, and the decline of the western culture which had lost its roots, meaning , significance and purpose.
Ⅳ Psychological Fiction
Modernist Novelists:
James Joyce (1882—1941) 注 P425 Virginia Woolf (1882—1941) D.H. Lawrence (1885—1930)
James Joyce (1882-1941)
•Dubliners A collection of 15 short stories; “to write a chapter of the moral history of my country…under 4 of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life”
Ulysses (1922 is generally acknowledged to be his master piece and a typical example of stream of consciousness technique. This novel deals with the events of one day in Dublin in June, 1904.
1.Leopold Bloom (modern Ulysses), middle-aged Irish Jew, a businessman, he is an “Everyman”, symbolic of universal human experience.
2.Molly Bloom, Leopold’s unfaithful wife, represents the earthy forces of life and reproduction.
3. Stephen Dedalus, a dedicated writer like Joyce
Although James Joyce did not invent to technique of Stream of consciousness fiction, no other writer in England used it so systematically or such profound effect. He worked tirelessly to perfect this technique through careful use of words, to convey precisely and subtly to the reader what was the inner, mental state of his characters.
Virginia Woolf P.430 注 her major works
♠ the stream-of-consciousness technique--- best known as one of the great experimental novelists during the modernist period. The Voyage Out (1915) Night and Day (1917)
Jacob's Room (1922) Mrs. Dalloway (1925) To the Lighthouse (1927)
The stream – of – consciousness novel tends to concentrate its attention chiefly on the present speech, non – verbalized level, where the image must express the unarticulated response and where the logic of grammar belongs to another world.
D. H. Lawrance (1885~1930
第一部小说(The White Peacock)1911年发表。自传性质的小说Sons and Lovers.1913. 特别描写了使他最为成功的两部小说——Rainbow1915和Women in Love1921。这两作品都对资本主义工业文明提出了强烈的批评。
最有争议及最成名的作品Lady Chatterley’s Lover1928。
Major works
Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》 (1913) autobiographical The Rainbow《虹》(1915)
Women in Love《恋爱中的女人》(1920) a homosexual relationship between William Henry Hocking and Lawrence.
Lady Chatterley’s Lover《查泰莱夫人的情人》
•controversial work harm from industrialization; relationship between man and woman
His Critique评论 of Western Civilization
•Industrialized too intellectual and dehumanized失去人性;
•Promotes a new awareness of self and connection with Nature.
1. Balance between Blood and Mental consciousness;
2. Primitive Man;
3. Balance between man and woman by developing “pure” same-sex blood relationship.
•Some features of his works
•Psychic exploration of Human life
•Keen criticism of society
•Human relationships —— chief concern
•Frank discussion of sex
Theme: incapability of facing up to love and to live in an industrialized world.
Life impulse is man’s instinct. Any conscious oppression will cause distortion of the individual’s personality.
He makes a psychological exploration of human relationships, especially between man and woman
Desires for power and money cause alienation of human relationship.
作品概要
John Milton Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost mainly tells the machinations of Satan, the Devil, leading to the fall of Adam and Eve from the state of innocence; and he performed the task in such a way as to “justify the ways of God to man” and to express the central Christian truths of freedom, sin, and redemption.
•音步(Foot): 英诗中重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步。一个音步的音节数量可能为两个或三个音节,但不能少于两个或多于三个音节,而且其中只有一个必须重读。分析英诗的格律就是将它划分成音步,并区分出是何种音步以及计算音步的数量。这种音步划分叫scansion。根据一首英诗组成的音步数量,每一诗行一个音步称“单音步”(monometer);每一诗行有两个音步的,称“双音步”(dimeter);含有三个音步的,称“三音步”(trimeter);此外还有四音步(tetrameter)、五音步(pentameter) 、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octameter)。
•音节 是读音的基本单位,任何单词的读音,都是分解为一个个音节朗读。在英语中元音特别响亮,一个元音音素可构成一个音节,一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。一般说来,元音音素可以构成音节,辅音音素不响亮,不能构成音节。但英语辅音音素中有 4 个辅音[m],[n],[ng],[l]是响音,它们和辅音音素结合,也可构成音节。
