
成都理工大学环境与土木工程学院
专业英语结业论文
题 目: building materials
专 业: 土 木 工 程
学 号: 200603010421
姓 名: 侯 文 贵
指导老师: 赵 晓
building materials
New Building Materials is based on the traditional building materials generated by a new generation of buiding materials, including new wall materials, insul- ation materials, sealing materials and decoration mate- rials. China's new building materials industry is acco- mpanied by the continuous deepening of reform and opening up and developed, from 1979 to 1998 the development of new building materials in our country an important his- torical period. After 20 years of development.
new building materials industry in China has bas- ically completed its scratch and from small to large development process throughout the country formed a new industry, building materials industry has become an important product categories and new points of economic growth.
The rapid development of economic construction and the continuous improvement of people's living standards to the development of new building materials provides an excellent opportunity and a broad market. Is expected in 1999 the output value of new building materials acc- ounted for the proportion of total industrial output value of building materials will be close to 20%.
At present, new building materials enterprises spread all over the country, driven by demand in the market, has formed a nationwide organtype building mat- erials circulation network; the majority of foreign products in China is capable of producing, threestar hotel of new building materials needed to have been able to self-sufficiency in domestic ; different grades, different varieties decoration materials, in order to improve the living conditions of urban and rural people to change the appearance of the city to provide the material guarantee. China has formed a new building materials research, design, education, production, con- struction, circ- ulation of the professional teams.
China's rapid development of new wall materials, new wall materials in 1987 output was 18.45 billion standard bricks, 1997 increased to 184.988 billion sta- ndard bricks, an increase of 10 times, new wall materials in the total wall materials the ratio rose to 4.58 percent from 25.2 percent.
More varieties of new wall materials, including bricks, blocks, panels, such as hollow clay brick, brickdoped waste, non-clay brick, building blocks, aerated concrete, lightweight sheet metal, plastic composites, but the number of smaller , in the summary of the wall materials in the base than it is still too small. Only a variety of new materials to promote the rapid development of local conditions in order to change the wall materials unreasonable product structure, to conserving energy, the protection of arable land, the use of industrial waste, and promote the purpose of building technology.
After nearly 20 years I have developed from the first into the foreign production technology and equipment, the wall materials industry in China has begun to embark on the road to development and more variety, the initial formation of a wall plate-based system, such as concrete hollow block , plas- terboard, fiber cement sandwich boards, but the representa- tive of the level of wall materials of various modern light board, the proportion of composite plate is still very small, less than the total wall materials throughout the 1 percent, and industrial development countries.
relatively backward 40-50 years. The main problems: a low grade of products, enterprises small scale, back- ward technology and equipment, supporting poor.
The slow development of new wall materials one of the important reasons is the strength of solid clay brick rest- rictions not enough, the lack of specific measures to protect land resources, to the destruction of the land cost of clay brick manufacturing costs low, making any kind of new wall materials in the price unable to compete with them.
The new system in 1994 after the implementation of the clay brick manufacturing enterprises only 6 percent of the value-added tax collection, and a lot of new wall materials, especially in light sheet has to pay 17% of the value-added the Inland Revenue Department, aggravated by the development of new wall materials an unfavorable situation. In view of this situation, the state of a three Board (Ministry of Construction, Min- istry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Land and Resources and the National Building Materials Bureau) positive guidance office wall materials innovation throughout vigorously carry out the work of wall materials inno- vation, combined with the actual situation in various localities, introduced a number of brick policy, vigo- rously promoted the development of new wall materials.
thermal insulation material:
Before 1980, China's development of thermal insu- lation material is very slow, one of the few insulation materials production plants to be a small amount of expanded perlite, vermiculite expansion, slag cotton, ultra-fine glass wool, microporous calcium silicate and other products, whether from the product varieties, specifications or quality can not meet the needs of national construction, compared with foreign advanced level, at least 30 years behind, for example, before 1980, China's cotton slag only three production plants, a lack of million years of peace tons, only a single species scattered peace cotton, calcium silicate insulation materials, only three enterprises and an annual output of about 8000 cubic meters. Since reform and opening up, China's thermal insul- ation material has made subs- tantial progress, has developed into a relatively comp- lete variety, beginning to take shape of the insulation materials production and technology system. 1996 nati- onal production of about 800,000 tons, of which mine rockwool about 200,000 tons, about 40,000 tons glass wool, foam about 50,000 beans, expanded perlite about six million cubic meters (about containing 450,000 tons), other 60,000 tons of materials. Insulation materials in China, compared with the industrialized countries the main difference is:
1, thermal insulation materials in foreign countries is the largest user of the construction industry, acco- unting for about 80 percent yield. The construction market in China has not yet been fully opened, and their use is only 10% of output.
2,the overall level of production technology and management level, is required to further improve product quality not stable enough.
3, inadequate investment in scientific research, applied technology research and product development lags behind, especially the thermal insulation material in the construction of the applied technology research and development has been slow for many years, seriously affecting the insulation materials industry to develop healthily. To strengthen the new type of insulation materials and other design and construction of new buil- ding materials products applications is the deve lopment of new industries imperative to build the village. New building materials industry Situation Analysis and Pro- spects.
Although there are other cements for special pur- poses, this module will focus solely on portland cement and its properties. The production of portland cement begins with the quarrying of limestone, CaCO3. Huge crushers break the blasted limestone into small pieces. The crushed limestone is then mixed with(or shale), sand, and iron ore and ground together to form a homogeneous powder. However, this powder is microscopically hete- rogeneous. (See flowchart.)
Figure 1: A flow diagram of Portland Cement production.
The mixture is heated in kilns that are long rotating steel cylinders on an incline. The kilns may be up to 6 meters in diameter and 180 meters in length. The mixture of raw materials enters at the high end of the cylinder and slowly moves along the length of the kiln due to the constant rotation and inclination. At the low end of the kiln, a fuel is injected and burned, thus providing the heat necessary to make the materials react. It can take up to 2 hours for the mixture to pass through the kiln, depending upon the length of the cylinder.
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of rotary kiln.
As the mixture moves down the cylinder, it progresses through four stages of transformation. Initially, any free water in the powder is lost by evaporation. decomposition occurs from the loss of bound water and carbon dioxide. This is called calcination. The third stage is called clinkering. During this stage, the calcium silicates are formed. The final stage is the cooling stage.
The marble-sized pieces produced by the kiln are referred to as clinker. Clinker is actually a mixture of four compounds which will be discussed later. The clinker is cooled, ground, and mixed with a small amount of gypsum (which regulates setting) to produce the general-purpose portland cement.
Water is the key ingredient, which when mixed with cement, forms a paste that binds the aggregate together. The water causes the hardening of concrete through a process called hydration. Hydration is a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement form chemical bonds with water molecules and become hydrates or hydration products. Details of the hydration process are explored in the next section. The water needs to be pure in order to prevent side reactions from occurring which may weaken the concrete or otherwise interfere with the hydration process. The role of water is important because the water to cement ratio is the most critical factor in the production of "perfect" concrete. Too much water red- uces concrete strength, while too little will make the conc- rete unworkable. Concrete needs to be workable so that it may be consolidated and shaped into different forms (i.e.. walls, domes, etc.). Because concrete must be both strong and work- able, a careful balance of the cement to water ratio is required when making concrete.
