
banzai - Japanese ← M. wànsuì ‘10,000 years’
Beijing- M. běijīng ‘northern capital’
bok choy - C. baak choy = M. báicài ‘white vegetable’
bonsai - Japanese ← M. pén ‘basin’ + zāi ‘plant’ (but the M. term is now pénjǐng)
bonze - Japanese bonsō ← M. fánsēng ‘Buddhist monk’; fán ← Sanskrit brāhmaṇas ‘Brahmins’
bushido - Japanese bushidō ← wǔshì ‘warrior (war-person)’ + dào ‘way’
Canton - M. Guǎngdōng ‘wide east’— now the name of the province not the city, which is Guǎngzhōu ‘wide state’
chai - Russian ‘tea’ ← M. chá
Jackie Chan - C. chan = M. chén ‘arrange’, a common surname
cheongsam - C. = M. chángshān ‘long clothes’
chi - M. qì ‘breath, spirit, vitality’
China - Sanskrit Chīna ← (probably) M. Qín dynasty
china (ware) - Persian chīnī— the first (17th century) citations in English are apt to be spelled chiney, cheney— ← Sanskrit Chīna (q.v.)
chin chin (toast) - M. qing-qing
Ching - M. Qīng dynasty = ‘pure’
chop chop (fast) - Pidgin ← C. kap
chop suey - C. zaap6 seoi3 = M. zásuì ‘mixed pieces’
chopsticks - loose Pidgin translation of C. fai chi = M. kuàizi ‘fast ones’
chow mein - C. chau mīn = M. chǎomiàn ‘stir-fried noodles’
chow (dog) - Pidgin ← C. kau = M. gǒu
chow (food) - Pidgin ← M. chǎo ‘stir-fry’
Chung-Kuo - M. Zhōngguó ‘middle country’, i.e. China
Confucius - Latin ← M. Kǒng fūzǐ ← family name kǒng ‘hole’ + a title, ‘master’
daimyo - Japanese daimyō ← M. dàmíng ‘big name’
dazibao - M. dàzìbào ‘big character newspaper’
dim sum - C. dim2 sam1 = M. diǎn xīn ‘order heart’
dojo - Japanese dōjō ← M. dào ‘way’ + chǎng ‘yard’ (i.e. ‘place of the Way’)
egg foo young - C. fu yung = M. fúróng ‘hibiscus’
feng shui - M. fēngshuǐ ‘wind-water’
futon - Japanese, from earlier hoton ← M. pú ‘reed’ + tuán ‘body, mass’; the use of 布 (M. bù ‘cloth’) is a modern substitution.
gaijin - Japanese ‘foreigner’ ← M. wàirén ‘outsider’ = ‘outside, foreign’ + ‘person’
geisha - Japanese ← M. yì ‘art’ + zhě ‘person’
General Tso’s chicken - after Zuǒ Zōngtáng; zuǒ = ‘left’
ginkgo - a misreading of Japanese 銀杏 as gin + kyo = M. yínxìng ‘silver apricot’
ginseng - M. rénshēn ‘man’ + ‘ginseng’
gwailo - C. gwai2 lou2 = M. guǐlǎo ‘ghost’ + a despective suffix, probably etymologically equivalent to lǎo ‘old’
gung ho - M. gōng hé ‘work together’, introduced into English by Major Evans Carlson; apparently an abbreviation for gōngyè hézuòshè ‘industrial workers cooperative’
haiku - Japanese ← M. páijù ‘amusement-sentence’
Han - M. Hàn, name of the dynasty, which has become the normal word for ethnic Chinese
Hanoi - Vietnamese ← M. hé ‘river’ + nèi ‘inside’
hanzi - M. hànzì ‘Chinese character’
hapkido - Korean ← M. hé ‘unite’ + qì ‘chi’ + dào ‘way’
Ho Chi Minh - Vietnamese ← M. hú zhìmíng ‘lake’ + ‘goal-bright’
Hong Kong - C. Hēunggóng = M. Xiānggǎng ‘fragrant port’
Huang Ho - M. Huáng Hé ‘yellow river’; hé was the original name of the river, but became generalized to refer to any river, so that an adjective was needed
Hunan - M. Húnán ‘lake-south’, the lake being Dòngtíng
I Ching - M. yìjīng ‘change-classic’
Japan - Malay ← M. Rìběn ‘sun-origin’
judo - Japanese jūdō ← M. róudào ‘gentle way’
jujitsu - Japanese jūjutsu ← M. róushù ‘gentle art’
kanji - Japanese ← M. hànzì ‘Chinese character’
kendo - Japanese kendō ← M. jiàndào ‘sword-way’
ketchup - Malay kechap ‘vinegary sauce’ ← Amoy kētsiap ‘fish brine’; 1st character uncertain; 2nd is M. zhī ‘juice’
kirin - Japanese ← M. qílín; OED defines as ‘male + female’
koan - Japanese kōan ← M. gōng àn ‘fair, public’ + ‘case, plan’; said to be an abbreviation for gōngfǔ àndú ‘public (legal) documents’— something like ‘case law’
kowtow - M. kòutóu ‘knock head’
kumquat - C. gam1 gwat1 = M. jīnjú ‘golden orange’
kung fu - C. gōngfū ‘work, service’ = ‘merit’ + ‘man’
kung pao - C. gōngbǎo ‘palace-defend’ (a military title-- specifically, the guardian of a prince)
Kuomintang - C. Guómíndǎng ‘nation-people-party’
Kyoto - Japanese Kyōto ← M. jīngdū ‘capital-capital’
Lao Tze - M. lǎo ‘old’ + zǐ ‘son’
li (measure) - M. lǐ
loquat - C. luh kwat = M. lújú ‘reed orange’
lose face - loan-translation of diū liǎn ‘lose face’
lychee - M. lìzhī ‘litchi’ + ‘branch’
mahjongg - ma chiung = M. májiāng ‘hemp general’; the ‘sparrow’ referred to in OED and AHD seems to be a confusion with a C. alternate name
manga - Japanese ← M. mànhuà ‘unrestricted picture’
Mao - M. máo ‘fur, wool’ (his given name Zédōng is ‘radiance’ + ‘east’)
Meiji - Japanese ← M. míngzhì ‘bright-rule’
Ming - M. míng ‘bright’
miso - Japanese ← M. wèicēng ‘taste-noisy’
Mulan - M. mùlán ‘magnolia’ = ‘wood-orchid’
nihao - M. nǐhǎo ‘hello’ = ‘you’ + ‘good’
ninja - Japanese ← M. rěnzhě ‘endure-person’
oolong - M. wūlóng ‘black dragon’
pekoe - Amoy pak-ho = M. báiháo ‘white down’
Peking - C. Bākgīng ← M. Běijīng ‘northern capital’
pinyin - M. pīnyīn ‘join sound’
qigong - M. qìgōng ‘breath work’
ricksha - Japanese jinrikisha ← M. rénlìchē ‘man-power-vehicle’
Ranma - Japanese ← M. luànmǎ ‘wild horse’
ronin - Japanese rōnin ← M. làngrén ‘wave man’, metaphorically, ‘wanderer’
samisen - Japanese shamisen ← M. sān + wèi + xiàn ‘three taste cord’ (perhaps wèi is used as a measure word here); earlier English cites like shamshin (1616) come directly from the M. sānxián ‘three-string’
sampan - M. sānbǎn ‘three planks’; the modern M. term however is shānbǎn
sensei - Japanese ‘master, teacher’ ← M. xiānshēng ‘gentleman, ancestor’ = ‘first’ + ‘born’
seppuku - Japanese ← M. qiēfù ‘cut belly’
Shanghai - M. Shànghǎi ‘‘upper sea’
Shantung - M. Shāndōng ‘mountain-east’, these being the Taihang mountains
Shaolin - M. shǎolín ‘young forest’
shar-pei - M. shāpí ‘sandy skin’
shihtzu - M. shēzi gǒu ‘lion dog’
Shinto - Japanese Shintō ← shéndào ‘god way’
shogun - Japanese shōgun ← jiāngjūn ‘general’ = ‘use’ + ‘army’
shunga - Japanese ← M. chūnhuà ‘spring picture’
silk - Old English sioluc. From here the journey is tortuous, perhaps a little too much so: Old Slavonic šelkŭ ← Greek Sēres ‘Orientals’, i.e. perhaps ‘the silk people’ ← some Altaic precursor of Mongolian sirkek ← Old Chinese si-, M. sī
souchong - C. siu chung = M. xiǎozhǒng ‘small sort’. Lapsang is a proper name
soy - Japanese shōyu ← M. jiàngyóu ‘paste’ + ‘oil’
Sun Yat Sen - C. ← M. Sūn Yìxiān ← sūn ‘grandchild’ + ‘excellent immortal’
Szechwan - Sìchuān ‘four rivers’, short for chuānxiá sì lù ‘rivers-gorges four provinces’
tae kwon do - Korean ‘kick-punch-way’ ← M. táiquándào ‘trample-punch-way’
Tai Chi (Chuan) - tàijíquán ‘too extreme fist’
Taiwan - Táiwān ‘platform bay’, though probably ‘platform’ is only used for its sound, to represent a native non-Chinese name
Tang - M. Táng, name of the dynasty
Tao - M. dào ‘way’
tea - Amoy te = M. chá
Tienanmen - M. tiān’ānmén ‘heaven-calm-gate’
tofu - Japanese tōfu ← M. dòufǔ ‘beans-rotten’
Tokyo - Japanese Tōkyō ← M. Dōngjīng ‘eastern capital’; Tonkin has the same etymology, borrowed into Vietnamese
tong - C. tong = M. táng ‘meeting hall’
tycoon - Japanese taikun ← dàjūn ‘great monarch’
typhoon - C. tai fung = M. dǎfēng ‘great wind’
wok - C. = M. guō
won ton - C. wan tan = M. húntún ‘irregular pasta’
Wong - C. wong ← M. wáng ‘king’
Xinhua (News Agency) - M. xīnhuá ‘new’ + ‘flowery, China’
yang - M. yáng ‘sun, bright, masculine’
Yangtze - M. Yángzǐ Jiāng ‘raise’ + diminutive + ‘large river’, a local name for the lower reaches; the M. for the entire river is Cháng Jiāng ‘long-river’; jiāng was the original name of the river, but this was generalized to all rivers, necessitating a disambiguating adjective
yen (money) - Japanese ← M. yuán ‘first, primary’
yen (yearning) - C. yan = M. yǐn ‘addiction’
yin - M. yīn ‘moon, dark, feminine’
yuan (money) - M. yuán ‘round’
zaibatsu - Japanese ← M. cái ‘wealth’ + fá ‘wealthy person or family’
Zen - Japanese ← M. chán(nǎ) ‘meditation’ ← Sanskrit dhyāna
Zhou Enlai - M. zhōu ‘circle’, a common surname; Ēnlái is ‘favor-comes’
Also of note are loan-translations which appeared in Chinese Pidgin English, including
long time no see, look-see, no can do, no go.
Disappointingly, ping-pong doesn't come from Chinese; so M. pīngpāng is a rare borrowing from English.
