
连词:
●连词分为对等连词和从属连词两种。
●从属连词引导的从句,具有名词,形容词或副词的作用。
1.连词的性质和种类
[1]连词的性质
用来连接单词,短语或句子,的词类,称为连词,有and, or, but,
[2]连词的种类
1.Tom and John are good friends.
汤姆和约翰是好朋友
2.I can speak English, but I cannot speak French.
我会说英语但不会说法语。.
3.Do you go to school on foot or by bus?
你是走路上学还是搭公共汽车?
4. If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.
如果明天下雨,我就留在家里。
4.The thief ran away when he saw the policeman
那小偷看到就跑走了。
1.对等连词and, but, or.
2.从属连词: 连接附属从句和主句的连词,称从属连词。如:that, if, whether; as, till,
对等连词的用法,
[1]and 的用法。
1.You and I are playmates.你和我是玩伴。
2.She usually takes only a few slices of bread and butter for breakfast.
她通常早餐只吃几片奶油面包。
3.Stir, and you are a dead man.
动一下,你就要死。
4.Come and see me whenever you please.
无论如何只要你喜欢就来看看我。
5.He did it, and did it well.
他做了,并且做得很好。
1.And 作:“和;且”解。这是最普通的用法,如下例:
I have been to Paris and London
(我去过伦顿和巴黎)
2.He stood up and (he) saluted her.
(他站起来向他打招呼。)
注:用 连接三个以上的词语时,在每个词语后面用逗点分开,只在最后一个词语前面用and. 而and 前面也要加逗点。如A, B, C and D或A, B C, and D
.
Three R’s are reading, writing (,) and arithmetic.
(三R是阅读,写作和计算)
●2.and 连接的两个单词表示一件东西。
●
如实例2的bread and butter 指“涂了奶油的面包”(buttered bread)表示一件东西 动词用单数。再看下例:
A watch and chain (链表)
Brandy and water (参水的白兰地酒)
Whisky and soda (参苏打水的威士忌酒)
注:and 连接的两个单词也可表示同一人或生物:
●He is a stateman and poet (他是个政治家兼诗人)
●She has a black and white dog. (他有一只黑白相间的狗)
3. 祈使句 + and “如果~, 就~”, 祈使句+or”~,否则~”如:
●Work hard, and you’ll succeed. = If you work hard, you’ll succeed. (努力工作,你就会成功。)
●Work hard, or you’ll fail. (努力工作,否责你就会失败。)
在此句中,句意明确时可将动词省略,而以“名词+and “表示:
One more effort, and you will succeed.
(再努力一下,你就会成功。)
4。And 可代替表目的的不定式(此用法多半把and 放在come, go, try 之后)如实例4和下面例子。
●Go and help him = go to help him (去帮他忙)
5. “并且”用and 或and that强调“并且‘之意。如实例5和下面例子:
Do it, and that at once. 指do it ]
(做它,并且立刻去做。)
注:and 还有下列的用法:
1.And 连接两个相同的词,表“渐渐”,“重复”或加强语气。
●The voice became fainter and fainter.
(那声音变得越来越模糊了。)
●He read the letter from her and over and over again.
(他一次又一次地读那封她寄来的信)
So rich, and (=yet) he lives like a beggar.
(他那么富有,却过得象乞丐一样)
[2] or 的用法
1.He or I am in the wrong.
不是他错就是我错。
、 2. Be obedient, or(else) I ‘ll have to punish you
听话一点,否则我就会惩罚你
3. The roads measures 30 feet across or about nine meters.
这条马路长30英尺,即大约九公尺。
1.做‘或者’解是最常见的用法》如实例1和下面例子:
●Which do you like better, summer or winter?
(你喜欢夏天还是冬天。)
●注:or连接两个名词(代词)作主语时,动词的数要和最接近的名词(代词)一致。如:
●You or he is to blame.
(你或他应受责备)
●She or her parents are coming here.
(她或她父母正要来这儿。)
2.作‘即’, ‘也就是’如下例:
She is learning the culinary art or cooking.
(她正在学烹调术,即烹调法。)
Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, is not popular today.
(盎格鲁撒克逊语就是古英语,今日已不流行。)
[3] but 的用法
1.It was stormy yesterday, but today it is very fine.
作天有暴风雨,但是今天却非常晴朗。
2.He is not a high school student, but a university student
他不是中学生,而是个大学生。
3.It is true that man is moral, but he can do an immoral work.
的确人是难免一死,不过他能写出不朽的作品来。
1.作‘但是’解,连接两个意义相反的部分。如实例1和下面例子:
●He is old but I am young, (他老,但我是年轻的)
●Harris speaks German but Michael does not.
(哈利斯说德语,但麦克不说。)
注:下面的but 完全没有‘但是’的意思。只是一种用法。
●Excuse me, but will you lend me a match?
(对不起,能借根火柴吗?)
2. not ~but “不是~而是”
Not money but wisdom is what we want.
(我们所需要的不是金钱而是智慧。)
●She does not play tennis, but ping-pong.
(他不打网球而打乒乓球。)
●Not that he is cowardly, but that he is too cautious.
3..表让步后的强调语气, 构成以下句型:It is true, but~ indeed~ but “的确”,不过; may ~but “也许~,不过”。如实例3和下面例子:
●Your plan is excellent indeed, but it is hard to put into practice.
(你的计划的确很好,不过很难实行。)
●You may be right, but I would rather not change my mind.
(你也许是对的,不过我宁可爱不改变主意。)
[4] not, for 的用法
1.I have never been abroad, nor have I ever wished to go.
我从未去过国外,也不想去。
2.He was not at all terrified, for he was a brave man.
他一点也不怕,因为他是个勇敢的人。
1.Not=(and) not…..either (“既不……….……也不“) nor 是or 的否定形式。
前面从句否定,后面从句再否定时,用nor. 如实例1和下面例子:
●You must not move nor utter a word.
(你不可以动,也不可以发出声音。)
2.for: “因为“ 通常前面有逗点,如实例2和下面例子。
●It’s morning, for the birds are singing.
(是早晨吧,因为鸟儿在歌唱呢。)
注意:for 是表示附加的,推断的理由;从属连词because 则表示直接的理由和原因。
●I stopped reading because I was tired.
(因为很累,所以我停止了读书。)
⏹[5] 相关连词。
连词中,如 both…and , neither …nor 等,连接两个语法作用相同的单词,短语,或从句,具有一个连词的作用,这一组词语,称为相关连词。
1 Both animals and plants need water and air.
动物和植物都需要水和空气
2. Either John or Robert should go with her.
约翰或是罗伯特应和她一起去。
3. Neither he nor I am likely to make fortune.
他或我都不可能致富
4. Not only they but (also) their master is a good-natured man.
不仅是他们,连他们的主人都是和蔼可亲的。
5. He as well as you is guilty.(as well as 相当于including)
他和你都有最。
1.both A and B “ A和 B”如实例1和下例:
●He has both genius and character.
(他兼具天才和品德。)
●The policeman is well-known both at home and abroad
(那位政治家闻名国内外。)
注意:both A and B 做主语时,语法上用复数动词。
2Either A or B 不是 A 就是B
You may take either this or that.
(你可以拿这个或那个)
Do you know either Fred or his cousin?
(你认识夫莱德和他的堂兄吗?)
●注意“Either A or B ” 做主语时,动词的数和B 一致:
●Either he or his brothers were invited to dinner.
(不是他就是他的哥哥们被邀请参加晚宴。)
3.Neither A nor B “既不是A 也不是B” 做主语时, 动词的数和 B 一致。如下例:
● Neither his father nor his mother is alive.
(他的父母亲都死了。)
4.Not only A but (also) B “不但A 而且 B” 如实例4和下例:
●Dr. Wang is known not only in China but (also) all over the world.
注意: Not only A but also B 做主语时,因为重点在B 所以动词的数和B 一致。
●Not only she but all of us were disappointed.
(不只是他,连我们大家都感到失望。)
5.A as well as B “A 和B一样“ 和上一项的差别是,此用法的重点在A, 故动词的数要和A 一致。如实例5 和下例:
●We as well as she were disappointed.
(我们和她都感到失望。)
注:以下是各连词连接主语时动词的情形:
| [主语] | [动词] |
| A and B | 复数 |
| A or B | 和B一致 |
| both A and B | 复数 |
| either A or B | 和B一致 |
| neither A nor B | 和B一致 |
| not only A but A | 和B一致 |
| A as well as B | 和A一致 |
1.Either Mr. Roberts or I (am, are, is) to blame.
2.Both he and his wife (was, were) fond of dogs.
3.Not only she but some of her classmates (am, are, is) coming to the party.
[6]:副词性连词, 但意义上却和连词相同的词类,称为副词性连词。它们不能连接单词和短语,只能用来连接从句。
1 I think, therefore I am. 我思故我在。
2,I met her many times. Yet I never addressed her or sought to draw her attention.
我见过她许多次,但从未跟她说话或试图引她注意。
3, The soldiers were all exhausted, When they heard the sound,, however, they sprang to their feet.
士兵们都精疲力竭,然而,当他们听到那个声音时,都突然跳了起来。
实例中的therefore,(所以;因此),yet (但是,然而),however, (然而)都是副词性连词,此外,还有:so( 所以,因此), still (但是,然而) Moreover (并且,此外), besides (而且), then(因此,那么), otherwise (否则) nevertheless. (但是,然而)
⏹从属连词的用法:
从属连词所引导的句子,可作主语,补语,宾语,修饰语用,而被引导的句子称为附属从句。
[1] 引导名词从句的从属连词
that, if, whether 等连词,可引导名词从句,在句中作主语,补语,宾语,或同位语。
1.That I was afraid of him is true. 我怕他是真的。
2.The truth is that I am not satisfied with the result at all.
事实上我对那个结果一点也不满意。
3.Whether he will recover from his illness is very doubtful
他是否能从病中康复。
4.I wonder if he will come and help us.
我怀疑他是否会来帮助我们。
.
1.That 实例1 的that 引导名词从句,作句子的主语。
That 从句作主语时,通常将形式主语it放在句首,而that 从句放在句尾。
It is certain that he will come.
实例2的that 作补语,此外,也可以作宾语或同位语。
●I know that journeys by bus are not always comfortable.
(我知道搭巴士旅行未必舒服。) [宾语]
I saw to it that his watch was buried with him
(我确保他的表和他一起埋葬) [it 的同位语]
The fact that he was in love with her was hardly known to anybody.
(他和她恋爱的事几乎没人知道) [the fact 的同位语]
在Say, think, know, believe 等动词后面的that, 通常可省略。
2.that 从句不能做介词的宾语,但有少数例外,如but, except, save, in, notwithstanding 等,可直接用that 从句作宾语,但和that 结合成特殊的意义;
3.
●The high income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more, [in that=because]
(所得税增高是有害的,因为它可能使人不愿多赚钱。)
●This is all right except that we don’t have any entertainment.
除了我们没有娱乐活动以外,一切都好。)
[except that 除了 ~ 之外 ]
2.If, whether. if, whether 引导名词从句,作主语,宾语,或补语,表‘是否’之意。实例3中whether 引导的名词从句是主语,和that 的情形一样,也可用形式主语it 替换:
●It is very doubtful whether he will recover from his illness.
再看下面的例子:
I don’t know if (=whether) it will rain tomorrow.
(我不知道明天是否会下雨。)[作know的宾语]
The only thing that troubled me was whether my son would get along well with his room-mates.
(唯一让我操心的是,我儿子是否和他的室友处的很好。)
[作主语补语]
注意;1. whether 常和 or not 连用:
Whether he will remember me or not is questionable.
(他是否记得我,是个问题。)
2.if 作‘假如’解释时,可引导状语从句
●I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow, but if it rains, I will not go on a picnic.
(我不知道明天会不会下雨,不过,如果下雨的话,我就不去野餐了.)[前面的if 从句是名词从句,后面的if从句是状语从句。]
[2]引导状语从句的从属连词
1.When he was in Florence, he went to the gallery every other day.
在弗罗伦萨的时候,他每隔一天都到美术馆去。
2.Where there’s a will, there’s a way. 有志者事竟成。
3.Let’s try to do our best, since we can expect no help from others.
既然不能指望别人帮忙,我们就尽力而为吧。
4.The foreigner spoke so slowly (that) we could understand him well
那个外国人讲话如此地慢,以至我们能够听明白他。
5.He saved money ( in order ) that he might go abroad.
他存钱为了出国。
6.If anyone comes to see me, tell him I shall be back by seven.
如果有人找我,告诉他我七点以前会回来。
7.Though my grandmother is very old, she is strong and healthy.
虽然我的祖母年纪大了,身子却强壮而健康。
8.Do as you are told.按照你被吩咐的去做。
9.He is younger than I by two years. 他比我小两岁。
1.表时间的从属连词
(1)when “当。。的时候“ 如实例1和下面例子:
●He exclaimed when he caught sight of me.
(他看到我就大叫起来。)
(2)While “当……的时候“ 表示一段时间
●While I was reading, I fell asleep.
(我读书的时候随着了。)
(3)as “当……..的时候;一边。。一边:随着“
●He trembled as he spoke ( 他说话时身体颤抖。)
●She sang as she worked. (她一边工作,一边唱歌。)
●His eyes dimmed as years went on.
(他的眼睛随着年龄增长而变模糊。)
注意;as 的用法很复杂,可表示理由,程度,让步,作副词或介词用:
As he is too young, he does not know how to please others.
(因为他太年轻,所以不知道如何去取阅他人。) [理由]
She is as wise as (she is ) fair. (他即聪明,又漂亮。) [程度]
Child as he is, he can answer the question.
(他虽然是个小孩子,却能回答这个问题。) [让步]
问:下面的as 是什么意思? (提示:一边,,,一边。随着,。因为。)
1.As time went on, the King became more and more tyrannical.
2.As I was tired, I went to bed earlier than usual.
3.He smoked as he spoke.
(4) after ‘在。。之后“ before “在。。之前”
●She felt more tired ever after he had gone.
(他走后,她觉得比以前更疲倦了。)
Will you come and see me before you leave Taipei?
(你离开台北之前来看我好吗?)
(5)till, until “直到”
●I slept till ( or until) it was light. (我一直睡到天亮。)
●People do not know the value of health till (until) they lose it. (人在失去健康时才知道它的重要。)
Not……till (or until) ~ 作直到~~~ 才解。
(6)since “自从~以来“
It has been three weeks since the ship left for the Antarctic.
(自从那艘船驶往南极以来,已经三个星期了。)
What have you done since you graduated from junior high school?
(自从初中毕业以来,你作了什么?)
注意: Since 和动词的关系通常是:现在完成时+since +过去式。
(7)As soon as “一~就”
●As soon as we reached the mountaintop, it began to thunder.
我们一到达山顶,就开始打雷了。)
和as soon as 意思相同的连词还有。
●He had no sooner arrived in Afraid than the feel ill
(他 到达非洲就生病了。)
●He had scarcely begun his speech when the door opened
(他一开始演讲,门就开了。)
3.表示场所的从属连词。——Where
看下面的例子:
●Apricots won’t grow where the winters are cold
(杏树生长在冬天很冷的地方。)
●Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
4.表示理由,原因的从属连词
除了实例3的since 外,还有because, as, now that 等词, 均表示:“因为的意思”
●Because (=As, since) you are old enough, you can understand my situation. (因为你年纪足够大,所以能够理解我的处境。)
注意:1。Because 用在否定句时,否定词可能修饰动词,也可能修饰because所引起的状语从句。所以同样的一句话,可能有两种不同的含义。
I did not go because I was afraid
(我没有去,因为我害怕)[not修饰 go
I did not go because I was afraid
我不是因为害怕才去的。
有时依句意可明显看出只有一种含义合理。
He did not attend the meeting because he was ill
(他没有参加会,因为他生病了。) [若not修饰 because, 须译成“他不是因为生病而参加会议则不合理。”
4,表结果的从属连词;
(1)so that “因此,所以”
●I went to bed very late last night, so that I got up late this morning.
●So+形容词,副词+that “如词,以至于“
His voice was so low so that I could hardly make out what he said.
(他的声音那么低,以至于我几乎听不清他说的话。
●She came so late that she could not get the tickets.
注意:such +名词+that 也是‘如此。。以至于。’
●Mr. Wang is such a punctual person that he is never late for any appointment.
(王先生是位守时的人,所以任何约会从未迟到。)
5.表目的从属连词。
in order that ,
so that +加may, can 为了,以便……
that
如实例5和下例:He saved five hundred thousand dollars in order that he could buy a car. (他存了50万为了要买部新车。)
Dr. Smith and his party started early [so, in order ] that they might reach the lake before sunset. (史密斯博士和他的随行人员很早就出发了,以便能在落日前到达那个湖泊。)
6.表示条件的从属连词
除了实例6的if 外,还有unless, so long as 等。
(1)if “如果”
●If is fine next Saturday, we shall have a party.
(如果下星期六天气好,我们将举办一个聚会。
(2)unless ‘除非,如果不……”(=if…..not)
●I will not ask him unless it is (=if it is not) absolutely necessary to do so.
(除非绝对必要,否则我不会去问他。)
(3)so long as, as long as “只要“(=if only)
●You may stay here so (or as) long as you keep quiet.
(只要你保持安静,你可以留在这里。)
注意:provided (that0, providing (that0, suppose (that), supposing (that) 和 if 的意思相同,
●Suppose (that) you give up, what do you think will be the result?
如果你放弃,你认为结果会如何?
●I will back you up provided (that) your motive is genuine.
如果你的动机是纯正的,我会支持你。
7.表示让步的从属连词:
(1)though, although “虽然”如实例7和下面例子:
Though (or Although) he works from morning till night, he is as poor as ever.
(虽然他从早到晚工作,却依然贫穷。)
(2)even if, if even though “即使”
●[Even] if the sun were to rise in the west, I would not submit to him.
(即使太阳向西边升起我也不向他屈服。)
(4)形容词(名词,副词)+ as +S+V“虽然”{as 可用though代}
●Rich as he is, he is not happy.(虽然他有钱,可是并不快乐。)
●Child as he is , he knows a lot of things.
虽然他是个小孩,却知道很多事。)
注意;下列结构和上面句型虽然相同,但不表让步,而表理由:
●Old as he is, he can not work so hard.
(因为他年纪大,所以不能如此辛苦地工作。)
8.表状态的从属连词:
(1)as ‘依照,像”如实例8和下面例子:
I live as others do.(我像其他人一样生活)
As if, as though “好像,宛如”
They treat me as if I were a child.
(他们把我当成小孩子一样看待。)
9.其他的从属连词
(1)表比较如实例:看下面例子:
●He got higher marks than he had expected
他得到的比原先期望要高的分。
●He is not so young as he looks
她不像看起来那样年轻。
●We see things differently according as we are young or old.
(我们对事物的看法视我们的年纪大小而定。)
(2)表限度,范围
●As far as I know, Mr. Johnson will resign next month.
(就我所知,约翰先生将于下个月辞职)
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