托福阅读真题1
Naturalists and casual observers alike have been struck by the special
relationship between squirrels and acorns (the seeds of oak trees). Ecologists,
though, cannot observe these energetic mammals scurrying up and down oak trees
and eating and burying acorns without wondering about their comple_ relationship
with trees. Are squirrels dispersers and planters of oak forests or pesky seed
predators? The answer is not simple. Squirrels may devour many acorns, but by
storing and failing to recover up to 74 percent of them as they do when seeds
are abundant, these arboreal rodents can also aid regeneration and dispersal of
the oaks.
Their destructive powers are well umented. According to one report,
squirrels destroyed tens of thousands of fallen acorns from an oak stand on the
University of Indiana campus. A professor there estimated that each of the large
white oaks had produced between two and eight thousand acorns, but within weeks
of seed maturity, hardly an intact acorn could be found among the fallen leaves.
Deer, turkey, wild pigs, and bears also feed heavily on acorns, but do not store
them, and are therefore of no benefit to the trees. Flying squirrels, chipmunks,
and mice are also unlikely to promote tree dispersal, as they often store seeds
in tree cavities and underground burrows. Only squirrels — whose behavior of
caching (hiding) acorns below the leaf litter — often promote successful
germination of acorns, and perhaps blue jays, important long-distance
dispersers, seem to help oaks spread and reproduce.
Among squirrels, though, there is a particularly puzzling behavior pattern.
Squirrels pry off the caps of acorns, bite through the shells to get at the
nutritious inner kernels, and then discard them half-eaten. The ground under
towering oaks is often littered with thousands of half-eaten acorns, each one
only bitten from the top. Why would any animal waste so much time and energy and
risk e_posure to such predators as red-tail hawks only to leave a large part of
each acorn uneaten? While research is not conclusive at this point, one thing
that is certain is that squirrels do hide some of the uneaten portions, and
these acorn halves, many of which contain the seeds, may later germinate.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The ecology of oak trees
(B) Factors that determine the feeding habits of Squirrels
(C) Various species of animals that promote the dispersal of tree seeds
(D) The relationship between squirrels and oak trees
2. The word they in line 7 refers to
(A) oak forests
(B) acorns
(C) squirrels
(D) predators
3. According to the passage , what do squirrels do when large quantities of
acorns are available?
(A) They do not store acorns.
(B) They eat more than 74 percent of available acorns.
(C) They do not retrieve all the acorns that they have stored.
(D) They hide acorns in tree cavities.
4. The word estimated in line _ is closest in meaning to
(A) commented
(B) judged
(C) observed
(D) discovered
5. Why does the author mention the University of Indiana campus in line 10
-_?
(A) to provide evidence that intact acorns are hard to find under oak
trees
(B) to indicate a place where squirrels can aid seed dispersal of oaks
(C) to argue in favor of additional studies concerning the destructive
force of squirrels
(D) to support the claim that squirrels can do great damage to oak
stands
6. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that chipmunks do not aid in the
dispersal of oak trees
because
(A) they store their acorns where they cannot germinate
(B) they consume most of their stored acorns
(C) their stored acorns are located and consumed by other species
(D) they cannot travel the long distance required for dispersal
7. According to the passage , which of the following do squirrels and blue
jays have in common?
(A) They travel long distances to obtain acorns.
(B) They promote the reproduction of oak trees.
(C) They bury acorns under fallen leaves.
(D) They store large quantities of acorns.
8. The phrase pry off in line _ is closest in meaning to
(A) swallow
(B) remove
(C) squeeze
(D) locate
9. The word littered in line _ is closest in meaning to
(A) covered
(B) displayed
(C) fertilized
(D) planted
10. According to the passage , scientists cannot e_plain which of the
following aspects of squirrel
behavior?
(A) Where squirrels store their acorn caches
(B) Why squirrels prefer acorns over other seeds
(C) Why squirrels eat only a portion of each acorn they retrieve
(D) Why squirrels prefer acorns from a particular species of oak trees
PASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBAC
托福阅读真题2
Scientists have discovered that for the last _0,000 years, at least, there
has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dio_ide in the
air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dio_ide
in regulating the Earth s temperature was confirmed by scientists working in
eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they e_tracted a mile-long
cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of
snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to
drilling back through time.
The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow
_0,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the
core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the
ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the
frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the
time when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.
The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of
atmospheric levels of carbon dio_ide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age
descended on the planet, carbon dio_ide levels dropped. When the global
temperature dropped 9 F (5 C°), carb°on dio_ide levels dropped to _0 parts per
million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm
interglacial period, carbon dio_ide levels were around 280 parts per million.
Through the _0,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dio_ide in the
atmosphere fluctuated between _0 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much
higher-until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and
continuing today.
There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dio_ide levels and
global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon
dio_ide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during
the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for
a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the
coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.
1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Chemical causes of ice ages
(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers
(C) Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dio_ide and global
temperature
(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dio_ide levels in the atmosphere
2. The word accumulated in line 6 is closest in meaning to.
(A) spread out
(B) changed
(C) became denser
(D) built up
3. According to the passage , the drilling of the glacier in eastern
Antarctica was important
because it
(A) allowed scientists to e_periment with new drilling techniques
(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of
Earth
(C) provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods
(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed
4. The phrase tantamount to in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A) complementary to
(B) practically the same as
(C) especially well suited to
(D) unlikely to be confused with
5. According to the passage , Grenoble, France, is the place where
(A) instruments were developed for measuring certain chemical elements
(B) scientists first recorded atmospheric levels of carbon dio_ide
(C) scientists studied the contents of an ice core from Antarctica
(D) the relationship between carbon dio_ide and temperature was
discovered
6. According to the passage , scientists used isotopes from the water of
the ice core to determine
which of following?
(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had
formed
(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed
(C) The date at which water had become locked in the glacier
(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier
7. The word remarkable in line _ is closest in meaning to
(A) genuine
(B) permanent
(C) e_traordinary
(D) continuous
8. The word link in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) tension
(B) connection
(C) attraction
(D) distance
9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods
mentioned occurred
(A) in the early eighteenth century
(B) _0,000 years ago
(C) at the end of each ice age
(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago
10. According to the passage , the Carboniferous period was characterized
by
(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits
(B) the burning of a large amount of coal
(C) an abundance of plants
(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation
_. The passage e_plains the origin of which of the following terms?
(A) glacier (line 5)
(B) isotopes (line _)
(C) Industrial Revolution (line _)
(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)
PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D
托福阅读真题3
Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It
consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound bo_, or resonator, and a
long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at
high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the
proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical
considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are
involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of
e_pressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is
its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger
and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of
the modern symphony orchestra.
The violin has been in e_istence since about _50. Its importance as an
instrument in its own right dates from the early _00 s, when it first became
standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument
was raised further when in _26 Louis _III of France established at his court
the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King s 24 Violins),
which was to become widely famous later in the century.
In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting
from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the
instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, e_citing
technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and
Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more
brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher
string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin s internal structure
and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the e_tra strain.
Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both
facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated,
and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high
notes.
1. The word standard in line _ is closest in meaning to
(A) practical
(B) customary
(C) possible
(D) unusual
2. The King s 24 Violins is mentioned in line _ to illustrate
(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument
(B) the competition in the _00 s between French and Italian orchestras
(C) the superiority of French violins
(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played
by royalty
3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?
(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.
(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed
musical instrument in the
world.
(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of
the eighteenth century.
(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same
since the _00 s.
4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line _ as e_amples of
composers whose music
(A) inspired more people to play the violin
(B) had to be adapted to the violin
(C) demanded more sophisticated violins
(D) could be played only by their students
5. The word they in line _ refers to
(A) Civaldi and Tartini
(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension
(C) small changes
(D) internal structure and fingerboard
6. The word strain in line _ is closest in meaning to
(A) struggle
(B) strength
(C) strategy
(D) stress
7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) However
(B) Consequently
(C) Nevertheless
(D) Ultimately
8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern
violins in that early violins
(A) were heavier
(B) broke down more easily
(C) produced softer tones
(D) were easier to play
9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull
sound being produced
by a violin?
(A) A long fingerboard
(B) A small body
(C) High string tension
(D) Thick strings
10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) resonator (line 2)
(B) solo (line 7)
(C) left-hand technique (line 25)
(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)
_. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to
the ability to play modern
violin music E_CEPT
(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand
(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes
(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck
(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS
PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C
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