by Qiang YongFa
ABSTRACT: American dream is a reflection of American values. Many people believe that American dream disillusioned when the capitalism expanded itself in the nineteenth century. On the contrary, American dream did not disillusion at that time, instead, it still lived and changed as time goes by. This is probably because of the American values. It changed so as to cater to the times, and by the influence of American values, the American dream changed too. Nowadys, America has become the most powerful country in the world, and its new dream is influencing more and more countries. This paper studies on American values and American dream during different times, and exactly illustrate the American values's impact on its dream.
Keywords: American values, American dream, impact
1.Introduction of history
In 1620, the world famous ship, Mayflower, landed in New England in the North American continent with 102 Puritans on board. These Puritans had suffered enough on their homeland, so they made a hard decision to live on a new continent. After they arrived on this continent, they were amazed by what they saw—the whole new continent was covered by dense forest, rivers flowed, flowers shined on the mountains, and animals run about in the forest. With the hope of a new freedom and democracy country, the Puritans reached an agreement to established a group and make their dream come true by their hardworking. This was the first American dream, the pursuit of freedom and democracy. But as time went by, the Puritans' work had become a threat to the British empire, and this threat led to a war between the British immigrants and the British government in 1775. With major military and financial support from France, the patriots won the American revolution. And in 17, with the complete of the Constitution, the United States federal government established, and the war hero George Washington became the first president. The 1860 election of Abranham Lincoln, who called for no more expansion of slavery, triggered a crisis as eleven slave states seceded to found the Confederate States of America in 1861. And at the same time, the civil war took place. The South was defeated, and the United States ended slavery, extended rights to African Americans and the national government was much stronger. In the late 18s and the early 19s, thanks to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the North and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers from Europe, the United States became the leading industrialized power.(Wikipedia.org) After two world wars and the cold war with the Soviet Union, America became the greatest country in the world.
2.American early values
Many people may wonder what the values are which Americans live by as their nation is becoming stronger. When they try to find the answer, they would go back to American history and find what Americans are, and where they come from. As we said in the first part, the symbol of the first Americans were those Puritans. Their beliefs and values had given Americans a start direction. So Americans values in the 16th century were related closely with Puritanism. Puritanism is not just a religious concept, is also a judgment, and a way of life, playing an important role of the formation of American values and national character of the United States. (Yang 2) Puritanism did not agree with tyranny, especially with tyranny by royalty, instead, it argues for democracy and freedom, thus the British government was very cruel to the Puritans. And that was the reason why Puritans boarded on the ship to find new life on a new continent.
Lived on a on continent with nothing at all, the Puritans must formed their new beliefs and values, or what lied for them was death. In pursuit of their dreams, they gradually formed many values and they benefited a lot from the values they formed and lived by. The first value was individualism. Individualism emphasizes freedom and the pursuit of difference and each individual is seen as completely and marvelously unique, that is, totally different from all other individuals and,therefore, particularly precious and wonderful. (Kohls 5) Puritans worshiped individualism probably because their pursuit of freedom and the dream of establishing a different country form Britain. Individualism also played an important role in a new environment without anything. It attracted many suffering people to join the Puritans' group. Puritans also argues that everyone must have read the Bible by his or her own, from which to explore God's will, to establish a direct connection with God, they do not find the God’s will by the Church or clergy, stressing the individual. Therefore, in the United States, individualism is largely coming from the Puritanism.
The second value formed by Puritans was hard-working. This value was very common for all the people, but yet, it was particularly important for Puritans at that times. Puritans were convinced that human beings were predestined by god before they were born; some were God’s chosen people while others were predestined to be damned to hell. Puritans believed that everyone had a calling, which was given by God. The success of his work or the prosperity in his calling was the sign of being the God’s elect.()That was why Puritans liked working hard to pursue their dreams. Many people would probably enjoy his or her fruit, but Puritans would not. Sometimes the Puritans would be called joy killers, for they hardly had time to enjoy their success. This may also have something to do with the environment they lived in the 16th century. At hard times, the great pleasure may be working-hard. The well -known social activist Benjamin Franklin is also committed to propaganda the values of hard-working and thrift though his book Autobiography. They want to gain material wealth .But they never encouraged reaping without sowing. Instead, they did only through hard work and self -restraint in order to get to their own material wealth. This have played a pivotal influence in shaping the personality and values to make people believe that all the work - not just priests and clergy, but also farmers, businessmen, technical workers, dentists, or cleaners as long as they pay through their own labor to acquire wealth, is sacred.(Benjamin 22) Besides, the Puritans also combined hard-working with religious meaning. That was hard-working could also help a person in pursuit of spiritual and moral improvements. Thus, Puritans could make their worshipers work hard to make a big difference in those days.
The third value was sense of responsibility. This kind of responsibility originated in Puritans. In Bible, Moses, who was given mission from God, led Israel to send its people who suffered persecution from the Egyptian migration to the "flowing Milk and honey " and New Jerusalem Wani south. At that time, American Puritans believed that god selected them and their nation to save the whole world, and this value influenced the later Americans a lot. Maybe just because of this kind of sense, the early American Puritans tried their best to realize the god's mission, and made it their spiritual support when harder times came to them. Thus strong sense of mission became spiritual strength, which helped to build Americans a courageous mind and firm characteristics. This could be seen from the westward movement, when cowboys explore the big west with their brave mind. Besides, this kind of responsibility also led to the sense of controlling, controlling of whatever in the environment around people. This is not hard to explain when we think of American history. When the early American Puritans first stepped on the new continent, all they need to do was explore the nature. And in the process of exploring, the idea that all the things in the nature were theirs came to their mind. With the sense of responsibility, they finally thought that they had right, which was given by god, to control the nature.
The fourth value formed by Puritans was equality and fairness. Equality and fairness are very important for American nation, this also originated in Puritanism. It says all people have been “created equal.” Most Americans believe that God views all humans alike without regard to intelligence, physical condition, economic status or rank. In secular terms this belief is translated into the assertion that all people have an equal opportunity to succeed in life.(Yang 5) For example, the Bible was only read by priests before, but Puritans thought everyone should have the right to read god's words and understand what god wanted them to do. So Puritans let men and women to read their own "Bible" in their own eyes rather than the priest's eyes to comprehend God's teachings. And this idea also made them think highly of education. The first education was to teach people how to read the Bible by themselves.
There are also many other values in the early times, but these four are probably the main values which puritans and other people lived by in the exploration period. Thanks to these values, early American people followed their heart guided by god, and worked hard to establish a new freedom palace. Besides, these values last for centuries and have brought many new values in the later times.
3.American values during capitalism expansion
The late 18th century and the early 19th century are the times when capitalism rapidly developed and expanded. And that times was just after American civil war. American civil war was a turning point in American history. After the civil war, America met monopoly capitalism period. At the same time, more and more problems burst as its economy developed rapidly.American values also changed a lot and people had more rights. Freedom, equality and fairness seemed available for many people, and the country itself was gaining power in the world.
American values had a new member, that was capitalism. The first capitalism was laisser-faire capitalism, that means people buy things and sell things on the condition that the competition is free and equal. The laisser-faire capitalism was good but it brought another problem, that was competition. Competition also became a new American value because of capitalism. At that times, Americans had strong desire to win the competitions, to win the money. People cared better life more and came up with many methods to gain money. Thus, a good way to win the competition seemed more important than other things. And that made the competition very violent. Some people won, and the others lost. So the equality and fairness were very hard to achieve since many people were not equal and unfairness was very common.
Capitalism also brought about materialism. Americans would like to think that their material objects are just the “natural benefits” which always result from hard work and serious intent – a reward, they think, which all people could enjoy were they as industrious and hard-working as Americans. (Kohls 11) So materialism has something to do with American sense of controlling, that they thought the material objects were originally theirs. This materialism also made Americans learn how to gain more and how to protect their things. From protection itself, we could see its changes in different ages, and as we all know now, American self-protection is very common.
After laisser-faire capitalism, the monopoly capitalism came and too the former one's place. Monopoly capitalism gave an end to free and equal competition, and made the pursuit of equality and fairness fall.
4.American dream and its development
When we talk about a dream, we would probably ask how does this dream come out. And when we talk about American dream, we should first look for its formation. American dream was first formed when the early Puritans stepped on the new continent. Its elements at that times were adventure on an open continent, exploration in different areas, and establish a new home with freedom and democracy. And in the middle of the 17th century, more and more people immigrated to this new land, where full of hopes and wishes. Some people immigrated for money, some people immigrated for freedom and equality, and some people immigrated for new life. Whatever the purposes were, the early American people contributed a lot on America development. And the majority of those immigrants were the lower status people in Europe countries, they had common idea that was to get out of the pressing by high status people and to seek for new freedom. 'And here are no hard landlords to rack us with high rents or extorted fines to consume us, no tedious pleas in law to consume us with their many years'.(Qu 128) And those people would try their best to make their dream come true because of the ideas spread by Puritans. For instance, individualism, hard-working, sense of responsibility. Under the guide of Puritans, those immigrants use their actions to fulfill their goals. And that explains the influence by American values on its dreams.
Good natural environment made American dream easier to realize, and with the complete of the Constitution and establishment of a new country, early American people had achieved their first goals. After the establishment of this new country, more and more people from different places in the world came to it, with new hope and enthusiasm. At that times, the Constitution protected all the dreams form dooming. The elements of American dream were better life and more money. The formation of capitalism helped people achieve their goals. But at the same time, competition became very violent, people would get their benefits at the price of loosing their morality. These happened because of American values changed and people's values changed, so their dreams changed, too. This also explains the idea that the change of American values leads to the change of American dream. Many people argues that the period when American capitalism expanded itself was just the time of the disillusion of American dream. But as we know, everything is changing all the time. The first stage of American dream had been achieved, and when it met its second stage, it changed. And also, it had been achieved by the third stage.
After the civil war, the Westward Movement took place in this new country. Before the Westward Movement, the west of America was a bare land. American government encouraged its people to explore the big west. And by the influence of benefits, the Westward Movement was very successful. As we said before, the sense of responsibility and the good quality of hard-working spread by Puritans also contributed to this movement. At that times, cowboys were the heroes of the country. Many people's values changed again. Money and heroism became the top two values, and as a result, the American dream turned again. The dream elements contained adventure, self-accomplishment, and better life. So, once the American values changed, its dream changed, too.
After two world wars, America met its cold war with the Soviet Union, the American values and American dream changed again. In fact, America had benefited a lot from the two world wars, and it benefited the most to some extend. So after this two wars, America quickly recovered itself. And after the cold war with the Soviet Union, America gradually became a police of the whole world. During the past several decades, we could see how American values and American dream changed. American values has turned to globalization and powerful military. And American dream turned to establish American order in the world, which means all the countries live under the order of America. And it seem this dream is on its way.
5.America today
Now it is the 21th century, American is still playing an important role in the world. American culture is spreading around the world, and its ways of working and living are also influencing us all. Nowadays, American values have maintained some of its original values, and brought up some new ones. The value of the sense of controlling has become very strong. We can find evidence from some wars, caused by America. For instance, the Afghanistan war, the war of Iraq, the war of Libya. This may probably has something to do with American early values-sense of responsibility and controlling. Maybe their values' essence is that American nation is the hero of the world. And maybe its dream is to be the hero of the world.
To realize its dream, American culture is acting. We can not imaging how quick American culture is spreading. For instance, movies from Hollywood, softwares from Microsoft, products from Apple and services from Google. Besides, American games is on its way to occupy the market, and are becoming a new hit around the world, especially for teenagers. With all these ways, American culture and its values are spreading at a higher and higher speed. For example, GTA is a kind of game with three division. It tells stories about life in America. Although, there are big differences between the game and the real life, GTA does show us American values and American people's dream, and the relationship between them. For instance, the value of seeing change as natural and positive, the value of sense of responsibility, the value of controlling, the value of self-help and initiative, and the value of future orientation. All these values form the leading role's dream, American dream, in GTA.
6.Conclusion
For centuries, the American values developed as times goes by, and most of them are influenced by early American Puritanism. Under the impact of American values, the American dream which reflects the changes of American culture and values in different period has influenced the American nation extensively. At different times, it means different things. And different people hold different attitude toward the dream. But although the American values developed and changed all the time, some common values last for centuries and even till modern times. For example, the value of sense of responsibility and the value of controlling other things. So we say that the American early Puritanism has deeply influence American values and its dream. That is why American heroism is still existing and American's responsibility becomes the core of American ways today.
7.Reference
[1]Benjamin.Franklin, The Autobiography, Ed. Mcmichael. George, Vol. 1, Part 1, London Macmillan, Inc, 1980, 284-392.
[3]Kohls. Robert, THE VALUES AMERICANS LIVE BY, Washington, DC The Washington International Center, 1984.
[4]Qu .CaiE, American Dream in Early American Literature, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION, Vol. 34, 2008.
[2]Wikipedia.org,AmericanHistory,5th,April,en.wikipedia.org/WIKI/History_of_the_United_States.
[5]Yang. An, The Influence of Puritanism on American Values, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION, Vol. 7, 2011.