Choices Q 2’x15
Part A: Single Choice Q 20’
Part B: Multiple Choices Q 10’
Terms Explanation 4’x5
Short Answer Q 5’x7
Essay Q 15’x1
Terms
Customer satisfaction
-The extent to which a product's perceived performance matches a buyer's expectations.
CS = PP - E
Customer equity
-The combined discounted customer lifetime values of all of the company's current and potential customers.
Return on marketing investment
-Return on marketing investment (or MKT ROI ) - the net return from a marketing investment divided by the costs of the marketing investment.
Market Targeting
-The process of evaluating each market segment's attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter.
Interactive marketing
-Training service employees in the fine art of interacting with customers to satisfy their needs.
Market-Skimming Pricing
-Setting a high price for a new product to skim maximum revenues layer by layer from the segments willing to pay the high price; the company makes fewer but more profitable sales.
Value-added pricing
-Attaching value-added features and services to differentiate a company's offers and to support charging higher prices.
Channel conflict
-Disagreement among marketing channel members on goals and roles—who should do what and for what rewards.
Public relations
-Building good relations with the company's various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building up a good corporate image, and handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories, and events.
Integrated direct marketing
-Direct-marketing campaigns that use multiple vehicles and multiple stages to improve response rates and profits.
Chapter 1
Customer relationship groups
P.22(图)
Chapter 2
Steps in strategic planning
4 Steps in strategic planning
Defining the company mission
Setting company objectives and goals
Designing the Business Portfolio
Planning marketing and other functional strategies
Underlined : Corporate level
No underlined: Business unit, product and market level
The Boston Consulting Group Approach
The Boston Consulting Group Approach (The Growth-share Matrix)
P.38 (图)
BCG: SBU Strategies
Next task is to determine what objective, strategy, and budget to assign to each SBU.
4 strategies can be pursued:
* build, e.g. QM
* hold, e.g. CC
* harvest,
* divest, e.g. QM, CC
BCG: The SBU Life Cycle
Successful SBUs have a life cycle.
They start as QM, become S, then CC, and finally D.
Therefore, companies should examine
* not only their businesses' current positions in the growth-share matrix
* but also their moving positions.
Product-market expansion grid
P.41 (图)
Chapter 3
Microenvironment
The actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers — the company, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and publics.
The company
– MKT managers must work closely with other company departments.
– Under the marketing concept, all of these functions must "think consumer."
– They should work in harmony to provide superior customer value and satisfaction.
Suppliers
– Suppliers form an important link in the company's overall customer value delivery system.
– Supplier problems can seriously affect marketing.
– MKT managers must watch supply availability and monitor the price trends of their key inputs.
Marketing intermediaries
– Firms that help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers; they include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing service agencies, and financial intermediaries.
– They include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing services agencies, and financial intermediaries.
Customer markets
5 types
– Consumer markets
consist of individuals and households that buy goods and services for personal consumption
– Business markets
– Reseller markets
– Government markets
– International markets
Competitors
– Marketers must do more than simply adapt to the needs of target consumers.
– They also must gain strategic advantage by positioning their offerings strongly against competitors' offerings in the minds of consumers.
Publics
– Any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization's ability to achieve its objectives.
Financial publics
Media publics
Government publics.
Citizen-action publics.
Local publics
General public
Internal publics
Chapter 5
Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior
Culture factors
Culture
Subculture
Social Class
Social factors
Groups
– Opinion leader
Person within a reference group who exerts social influence on others.
Family
Social roles and status
Personal factors
Age and life cycle
Occupation
Economic situation
Lifestyle
Personality and self-concept
Psychological factors
Motivation
Perception
Learning
Beliefs and attitudes
Types of Buying Decision Behavior
P.138 (图)
The Buyer Decision Process
Need recognition
Information search
Evaluation of alternatives
Purchase decision
Postpurchase behavior
Chapter 7
Selecting Target Market Segments
Undifferentiated Marketing
A market-coverage strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and go after the whole market with one offer.
No market segmentation
One product for all market
Differentiated Marketing
A market-coverage strategy in which a firm decides to target several market segments and designs separate offers for each.
One product for one segment.
Concentrated Marketing
A market-coverage strategy in which a firm goes after a large share of one or a few segments or niches.
Only one product for only one segment.
Micromarketing
The practice of tailoring products and marketing programs to the needs and wants of specific individuals and local customer groups— includes local marketing and individual marketing.
Differentiation and Positioning
Product position
-The way the product is defined by consumers on important attributes—the place the product occupies in consumers' minds relative to competing products.
Products are created in the factory, but brands are created in the mind
Choosing a D&P Strategy
– 3 steps of D&P
Identifying a set of possible customer value differences (Identifying possible value differences and competitive advantages)
Differentiation can be based on
-Products
-Services
-Channels
-People
-Image
Choosing the right competitive advantages
How many differences to promote?
-Unique selling proposition (USP)
-Several benefits
Which differences to promote? Criteria include:
-Important
-Distinctive
-Superior
-Communicable
-Preemptive
-Affordable
-Profitable
Selecting an overall positioning strategy
Value proposition
-The full positioning of a brand—the full mix of benefits upon which it is positioned.
Possible value propositions
-More for More (MM)
-More for the Same (MS)
-More for Less (ML)
-The Same for Less (SL)
-Less for Much Less (LML)
Chapter 8
Levels of Product and Services
Core benefit/product
-It addresses the question what is the buyer really buying?
Actual product
-Features, design, quality level, brand name, and packaging
Augmented product
-Additional consumer services and benefits, such as after-sale S., warranty, installation, delivery and credit
Product Mix Decisions
Product mix (or product portfolio)
The set of all product lines and items that a particular seller offers for sale.
4 dimensions (more)
– Width: the number of PLs
– Length: the total number of items
– Depth: the number of versions offered of each product in the line
– Consistency: how closely related the various PLs are in end use, production requirements, distribution channels, or some other way
Brand development
P.223 (图)
The Service-Profit Chain
The Service-Profit Chain
-The chain that links service firm profits with employee and customer satisfaction.
5 links
-Internal service quality
-Satisfied and productive service employees
-Greater service value
-Satisfied and loyal customers
-Healthy service profits and growth
Chapter 9
Product Life-Cycle
The course of a product's sales and profits over its lifetime.
It involves 4 distinct stages:
Introduction
Growth
Maturity
Decline
Chapter 10
Value-Based Pricing
-Setting prices based on buyers' perceptions of value rather than on the seller's cost.
It means that the marketer cannot design a product and marketing program and then set the price.
2 types of VBP
– Good-value pricing
Offering just the right combination of quality and good service at a fair price.
– Value-added pricing
Attaching value-added features and services to differentiate a company's offers and to support charging higher prices.
Cost-plus pricing
Adding a standard markup to the cost of the product
Chapter 11
Product Mix Pricing Strategies
Product line pricing
Setting the price steps between various products in a product line based on cost differences between the products, customer evaluations of different features, and competitors' prices
Optional-product pricing
The pricing of optional or accessory products along with a main product.
It is usually a low price.
Captive-product pricing
Setting a price for products that must be used along with a main product, such as film for a camera.
It is usually a high price.
By-product pricing
Setting a price for by-products in order to make the main product’s price more competitive.
It is usually a low price.
Product bundle pricing
Combining several products and offering the bundle at a reduced price.
If the combination is easy, it is a usually low price, otherwise it is a high price.
Chapter 12
Channel Design Decisions
Analyzing Consumer Needs
Setting Channel Objectives
Identifying Major Alternatives
-Types of Intermediaries
-Number of Marketing Intermediaries (more)
-Responsibilities of Channel Members
Evaluating the Major Alternatives
Chapter 14
Communication Process
A View of the Communication Process
P. 375 (图)
Chapter 15
Advertising Decisions
Setting advertising objectives
Informative Advertising (more)
Persuasive Advertising (more)
Reminder Advertising (more)
Setting the advertising budget
Factors to be considered
-The stage in the product life cycle.
-Market share
-Competition
Developing advertising strategy
-Message decisions
-Media decisions
Creating advertising messages
– Creative concept
The compelling “big idea” that will bring the ad message strategy to life in a distinctive and memorable way
Selecting advertising media
– Deciding on reach, frequency, and impact (m)
– Choosing among major media types (more)
– Selecting specific media vehicles
– Deciding on media timing
Evaluating advertising campaigns
Return on ad investment
-The net return on advertising investment divided by the costs of the advertising investment.
Chapter 16
The Personal Selling Process
7 steps
Prospecting and qualifying
Pre-approach
Approach
Presentation and demonstration
Handling objections
Closing
Follow-up
Chapter 17
Benefits of Direct Marketing
Benefits to Buyers
-It is convenient, easy, and private.
-It gives buyers ready access to a wealth of products.
-This channels also give buyers access to a wealth of comparative information about companies, products, and competitors.
-It is interactive and immediate
Benefits to Sellers
-It is a powerful tool for building customer relationships.
-It also offers sellers a low-cost, efficient, speedy alternative for reaching their markets.
-It can also offer greater flexibility.