Chinese expressions | English Translation |
黄河流域 | Yellow River Valley |
文化融合,政治统一 | Cultural fusion and political unity |
游牧部落 | nomadic tribesmen |
疆域 | Territory; realm; frontier |
小农经济 | The small-scale peasant economy |
封建主经济 | Suzerain/ landlord / owner-peasant economy |
自然经济形态 | The natural economic pattern |
农、林、牧、副、渔 | Agriculture, forestation, herding, fishing and third industry cooperation |
中原 | The Central plains |
重农轻商 | Encourage farming, limit commerce |
24节气 | The 24 Solar Terms |
战国时期 | The Warring States period |
男耕女织 | The man cultivating the land and the woman weaving at home |
自给自足的自然经济 | Self-sufficient natural economy |
一盘散沙 | A sheet of loose sand |
草根阶层 | The grass-roots level |
人头税 | The poll tax |
水能载舟,亦能覆舟 | The water that carries the boat can also overturn it. |
多元一体 | Integrated pluralism |
吐故纳新 | Discard the old and embrace the new |
炎黄子孙 | the descendants of Yandi and Huangdi |
礼仪之邦 | The land of ceremony and propriety |
大一统观念 | The conception of great national unity |
甲骨文 | The inscriptions on tortoise shells or animal bones |
铭文 | The inscriptions on bronze or copper wares |
象形、指事、会意、形声(examples) | Pictographs, self-explanatory, associative compounds, pictophonetic method |
四书五经 | The Four Books and The Five Classics |
书同文、行同伦 | The standardized written language and behaviors |
儒、道、佛、法家 | Confucianism, Classical Taoist thinking, Buddhism, the Legalist School |
焚书坑儒 | Burn books and bury Confucian scholars alive |
无为而治 | To govern by doing nothing |
独尊儒术、罢黜百家 | Pay supreme tribute to Confucianism while banning all other schools of thoughts |
四大发明 | Four Great Inventions of Ancient China: 1)the invention of paper making technology 2)the art of printing 3)the making of the gunpowder 4)the compass |
守内虚外 | Internal defense and external slackening |
重文轻武 | Lay stress on the cultural achievement while make light of the military exploits |
清明上河图 | The scroll of painting: the festival of Pure Brightness on the River |
Chinese expressions | English Translation |
求和谐,主平衡 | Seek for Harmony and Maintaining Equilibrium |
消灾祈福 | Avert calamities and pray for blessings |
临时抱佛脚 | Clasp Buddha’s feet when in trouble—seek help at the last moment |
六合 | The six realms of Heaven and Earth, East and West, North and South |
内圣外王 | Internalized as cultivation and externalized as governance of virtue |
真诚、正心、修身 | Sincerity, integrity and intellectual cultivation |
齐家治国平天下 | Keep your family in order, govern the state effectively and bring peace to the world |
中庸 | The golden mean |
天人合一 | Oneness of man and nature |
大一统 | Great National Unity |
集体利益 | Values of Collectivism/ Collective interest |
人伦 | Human relations |
普天之下莫非王土,率土之滨莫非王臣 | All the land under the sun belongs to the king; all the people within this country are the king’s subjects. |
《史记》 | The Historical Records |
宗族关系 | The patriarchal relations |
赴汤蹈火 | Go through fire and water |
中华民族的脊梁 | The spiritual tower of Chinese nation |
否极泰来 | Out of depth of misfortune comes bliss |
以柔克刚 | Conquer the rigid with the gentle |
一张一弛 | Alternate tension with relaxation |
仁者爱人 | The benevolent love others |
仁政 | Benevolent government |
以民为本 | People are the foundation of the state |
民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻 | People come first, the state comes second and the king third |
性善论 | The theory of original goodness of human nature |
小国寡民 | A small state with a small population |
无为而治 | The rule of inaction |
汉代经学 | Imperial Confucianism in the Han Dynasty |
1) The Four Books (The Great Learning , The Doctrine of the Mean , The Confucian Analects , and The Works of Mencius ) and The Five Classics (The Book of Poetry , The Book of History , The Book of Rites , The Book of Changes , and The Spring and Autumn Annals ) cover a wide range of subjects and are the most important textbooks for the Confucian scholars to disseminate the educational thoughts of the Confucian School and a must for ancient scholars who had to pass the imperial competitive examination to become government officials.
2) The Great Learning is about the cultivation of one’s moral character and the wisdoms of governing a country during the “daxue” (or great learning or higher education) period of ancient China.
3) The Confucian Analects or The Analects embodies the Confucian concept of ren or humanity or benevolence, and another concept of yi or righteousness.
4) The Works of Mencius embodies the philosophical and political thinking of Mencius. He developed and enriched the “ren and yi theory” of Confucius and supposed that every man is good by nature, and called for a benevolent government.
5) The Book of History is an incomplete collection of the history of ancient China. It is an invaluable reference for the study of the primitive and feudal societies in ancient China and is the source of narrative writing in China as well. This book consists of three parts:
the exhortations, oaths or declarations by the lords to their subjects; the advice or suggestions of the subjects to their lord; folklores or other materials
6) The Spring and Autumn Annals is a canonical book of history. It consists of three Commentaries: the Commentary of Zuo focuses on history; the Commentaries of Gongyang and Guliang concentrate on comments on historical events.
7) Beijing Opera emerged in Qing Dynasty, when Kun opera was gradually on the wane because it was only enjoyed by the nobles in the royal court, not the general public. It is a treasure of the Chinese nation as well as a cultural symbol of China, and is enjoyed by a large Chinese audience.
8) Classification of Beijing Opera
9) Figure painting is the earliest kind of traditional Chinese painting; It reflects to a great degree aesthetic and artistic thinking of Confucian scholars, with the aim to rectify one’s mind and make people abstain from their desires. It is divided into five major categories: gongbi (detailed brushwork), jianbi (sketchy brushwork), xieyi (free hand brushwork), baimiao (outline drawing), and pomo (splash-ink).
10) Traditional Chinese landscape painting embodies the Chinese people’s conception of nature, their aesthetic awareness, and their wisdom and sentiment. It is a unique tradition of Chinese landscape painting to create artistic conception( viz. to seek a unity of form and spirit, of human feelings and natural settings, with an emphasis on the expression of the painter’s own thoughts and feelings).
11) Calligraphy is native to China; it is a traditional art with a long history and national characteristic features. It has five major scripts, namely the Seal Character, Official Script, Regular Script, Running Script, and Cursive Script
12) Four Great Masters of the Regular Script are Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan (of the Tang Dynasty) and Zhao Mengfu (of the Yuan Dynasty )
3. Translate the following Chinese paragraph into English:
京剧唱腔悠扬委婉,声情并茂;京剧念白简洁生动,韵律性和节奏感很强;京剧乐队的演奏旋律优美,曲调动听;京剧舞台美术绚丽多彩;京剧脸谱极富民族特色。所有这些特点,都是京剧不愧为世界表演艺术大花园中一朵独放异彩的奇葩。
The singing in Beijing Opera is melodious and sensational; the recitation vividly brief, and harmoniously rhythmic. The music is graceful and charming, and the stage art is bright and colorful. And the facial make-up is a distinctive feature of Beijing Opera. It is very Chinese and national in color. All this has made Beijing Opera a unique flower in the world garden of performing arts.
10)一路一带见笔记P15