I. Definition
Directions: Define the following terms in English
1. semantics
2. locutionary act
3. register
4. psycholinguistics
II Blank filling
Directions: Fill in each blank in the following statements.
1. Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a ________ study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
2. The three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, ________ phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively.
3. A morpheme can be defined as a ________ unit of meaning.
4. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: head, ________ and complement.
5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) ________.
6. There are three processes for semantic change: widening of meaning, ________ of meaning, and meaning shift.
7. ________ refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
8. Any linguistic sign may be simultaneously of a denotative, ________, or iconic kind of meanings.
9. ________ is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.
10. A ________ is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.
III Multiple choice
Directions: There are four choices in each of the following statements. Choose the one that can best complete the statement.
1. One of the properties of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.
A. duality B. productivity C. displacement D. arbitrariness
2. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.
A. prescriptive B. sociolinguistic C. descriptive D. psycholinguistic
3. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________.
A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view
B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view
C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view
D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view
4. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by _______.
A. N. Chomsky B. F. de Saussure
C. M. A. Halliday D. J. Austin
5.Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows: .
A. They cannot pronounce/n/
B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue
C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method
D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds
6. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________.
A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative
C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative
7. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?
A. Allophones are different forms of the same phoneme
B. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.
C. Allophones distinguish meaning.
D. Allophones are language specific.
8. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme.
A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming
9. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as _ _.
A. +animate, +male, +human, -adult
B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult
C. +animate,-male, +human, -adult
D. +animate,-male, +human, +adult
10. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labeled as ________.
A. gradability B. complementarity
C. hyponymy D. homonymy
11. All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.
A. hyponyms B. compounds C. blends D. allomorphs
12. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _____________.
A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards
13. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.
A. gradability B. complementarity
C. hyponymy D. homonymy
14. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ____________, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
A. utterance B. Reference C. predication D. morpheme
15. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.
A. commisives B. directives C. expressives D. declaratives
16. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________.
X: Who was that you were with last night?
Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?
A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner
17. ___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A. Lingua franca B. Creole C. Pidgin D. Standard language
18. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .
A. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus
B. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex
C. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons
D. Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area
19. ______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
A. Degradation B. Specialization C. Elevation D. Extension
20. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.
A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation
B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings
C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language
D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use
IV True of False
Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false.
1. A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another.
2. Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs.
3. Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.
4. Both Chinese and English are tone languages.
5. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
6. Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.
7. Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languages using tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.
8. The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexical ones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.
9. The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.
10. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the 10. Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.