一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。
非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：
| 类别 | 语 法 功 能 | |||||
| 主语 | 宾语 | 宾语补足语 | 表语 | 定语 | 状语 | |
| 不定式 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| 动名词 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
| 现在分词 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
| 过去分词 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||
1、不定式的形式：
| 主 动 | 被 动 | |
| 一般式 | to write | to be written |
| 进行式 | to be writing | / |
| 完成式 | to have written | to have been written |
I’m glad to meet you./He seems to know a lot./We plan to pay a visit./He wants to be an artist.
2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended________________________________./He seems to be reading in his room.
3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie./I happened to have seen the film./He is pleased to have met his friend.
| 句法功能 | 用法 | 例句 |
| 作主语 | 常用形式主语it代替，而将不定式置于句尾 | It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这好像太自私了。 |
| 作宾语 | 作动词的宾语 | He has determined to settle down in the countryside. 他决定到乡村去安家落户了。 |
| “疑问词+不定式”可作介词的宾语 | We are talking about how to overcome the present difficulties. 我们正在讨论如何克服当前的困难。 | |
| 作表语 | 表示主语的具体内容、目的等，有将来时间的意义 | His dream is to be a lawyer. 他的梦想是成为一名律师。 |
| 作定语 | 置于被修饰词的后面，表示要做的动作 | At last he had a chance to go abroad. 他终于有了一个出国的机会。 |
| 作状语 | 表示原因、目的、结果、评论等 | She burst into laughter to see his funny action. 看到他滑稽的动作，她大笑起来。 He shouted and waved to be noticed. 他边喊边挥手，以便引起别人的注意。 He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒了过来，结果发现大家都走了。 To be honest, I don’t like western food. 说实话，我不喜欢西餐。 |
| 作补足语 | 大多数动词后的补足语用带to 的不定式 | We all expected him to win the contest. 我们都期望他能在竞赛中获胜。 |
| 使役动词、感官动词等后的补足语用不带to的不定式 | He noticed a young man enter the office. 他注意到一个年轻男人进了办公室。 |
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 | |
| 一般式 | doing | being done |
| 完成式 | having done | having been done |
1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
2）被动式：He came to the party without________________________. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
5）否定式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again.
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
| 句法功能 | 用法 | 例句 |
| 作主语 | 表示一种概念，习惯或经验，有时用it作形式主语，常见于 It’s (no) use/ good/ fun…, It’s useful/good/ nice/ useless…等句式中 | Swimming is the best sport in summer. 游泳是夏天最好的运动。 It’s no good doing that. 那么做没有好处。 |
| 作宾语 | 即可作动词的宾语，也可作介词的宾语。宾语后若有补足语，常用it作形式宾语 | We are considering changing our plan. 我们正在考虑改变计划。 We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 We found it no good arguing with others. 我们发现同别人争论不好。 |
| 作表语 | 表示抽象性或习惯性的动作，说明主语的内容，可与主语互换位置 | My hobby is collecting stamps. 我的爱好是集邮。 My son’s favorite sport is playing ping-pong. 我儿子最喜欢的运动是打乒乓球。 |
| 作定语 | 表示被修饰名词的用途，在意义上相当于“名词+for +doing” | Many people were sitting on the bench in the waiting room. 许多人坐在候车室的长凳上。 He has just stepped out of the swimming pool. 他刚刚走出泳池。 |
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 | |
| 一般式 | doing | being done |
| 完成式 | having done | having been done |
1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. /Having done his homework, he played basket-ball.
2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. /Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
4、过去分词的形式：done
| 分词的句法功能 | 用法 | 例句 |
| 作状语 | 表示时间、原因、结果、方式或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。句子主语是分词表示的动作的执行者，用现在分词；是承受者，则用过去分词 | We opened the window, letting the fresh air in. 我们打开窗户，让新鲜空气进来。 The soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing.这些战士什么也没有盖就那样躺在地上。 |
| 作定语 | 单个分词作定语一般前置，分词短语作定语一般后置。现在分词作定语表示主动、进行，及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动、完成，但不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成不表示被动。 | The sleeping baby is my sister’s son.那个正在睡觉的婴儿是我姐姐的儿子。 Who are the so-called guests invited to your party last night?昨晚别你邀请来参加聚会的那些所谓的客人们是谁？ They are both retired teachers.他们都是退休教师。 |
| 作表语 | 现在分词作表语表示主语所具有的特征，过去分词作表语表示主语因外部原因产生的某种状态或感受。作表语的分词相当于形容词。 | The argument is very convincing.这个论点很令人信服。 His father was satisfied with his answer.他父亲对他的回答很满意。 |
| 作补足语 | 现在分词作补足语说明宾语执行的动作正在进行；过去分词作补足语表示动作的被动性或完成性。 | I noticed a group of children playing football on the playground.我注意到一群孩子正在操场上踢足球。 He felt himself cheated.他感到自己被骗了。 |
| 逻辑主语+现在分词 | The manager being ill, he is in charge of the company for the time being.经理病了，他暂时管理公司。 |
| 逻辑主语+过去分词 | This done, we will go home.做完这个我们就回家。 |
| 逻辑主语+不定式 | So many people to help, he is sure to succeed.有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。 |
He sat there, his eyes on her back.他坐在那里，眼睛望着她的背影。
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.他坐在前排，嘴半张着。
(2) 主格结构前有时额带介词with 或者without.
Don’t sleep with the window open. 别开着窗子睡觉。
2012年高考全国英语试题语法分类汇编之非谓语动词
1．Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to the new students.
A．speaking B．having spoken C．to speak D．to have spoken
2．John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter him it.
A．offered B．offering C．to offer D．to be offered
3. We’re having a meeting in half an hour. The decision ______ at the meeting will in the future of our company.
A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made
4.______to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked
5. This machine is very easy . Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate
6. I looked up and noticed a snake ______ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound
7. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car ____.
A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash
8. I make $2,000 a week, 60 surely won’t make ______ difference to me.
A. that a big B. a that big C. big a that D. that big a
9.________ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad .
A. Standing B. To stand C. Stood D. Stand
10.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but ______ an even greater challenge.
A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet
11. One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A. corrects B. correct C.to correct D. correcting
12. _______ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.
A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use
13. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _____ anything that happened to be on.
A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched
14. Tony lent me the money, ______that I’d do as much for him.
A. hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped
15. Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ________ away.
A. to stay B. staying C. stayed D. stay
16. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________the breakfast untouched.
A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left
17. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting.
A. having compared to B. comparing to
C. compare to D. compared to
18. The party will be held in the garden, weather .
A. permitting B. to permit
C. permitted D. permit
19. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope ________.
A. providing B. provided
C. having provided D. provide
20. George returned after the war, only _______ that his wife had left him.
A. to be told B. telling
C. being told D. told
21. 一 Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?
—$4,000, or like that.
A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing
22. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from in the South China Sea.
A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked
23. Pressed from his parents, and ______that he has wasted too much time , the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized
24. "It's a such nice place," Mother said as she sat at the table________ for customs.
A. to be reserved B. Living reserved C. reserving D. reserved
25. I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should cither study regularly or______ his job.
A. quits B. to quit C. quitting D. quit
26. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it's better silent.
A. remain B. be remaining C. having remained D. to remain
27. an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.
A. Based B. Basing C. Base D. To base
28. As I'll be away for at least a year, I'd appreciate ________ now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.
A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard
29. The teacher didn’t feel like ______ hem on the spot.
A. correct B. correcting C. to correct D. corrected
30. With the old man ________ the way, we had no trouble in ________ that cave.
A. leads, find B. leading, finding C. led, to find D. was leading, found
31. I remember __________ for the job, but I forget the exact amount.
A. to pay B. paying C. to have paid D. being paid
32. He was seen ___________ out.
A. go B. to go C. went D. goes
33. He hasn’t got used ________ in the countryside.
A. live B. to live C. to living D. living
34. We don’t allow ________ in the lecture room.
A. to smoke B. smoke C. smoking D. to smoking
35. I’m looking forward to __________ from you soon.
A. hear B. heard C. hearing D. being heard
36. She doesn’t mind _________ at home alone though she may feel lonely.
A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. to be left
37. People from all the corners came to the city, __________ it very crowded.
A. to make B. and making C. made D. making
38. ________ all the time is the key to _________ progress in English.
A. Practise, making B. To practise, making
C. Practise, make D. To practise, make
39. Only one of these books is ____________.
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. worth of reading D. worth reading
40. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
41. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _________ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
42._________ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not
C. Not having received D. Having not received
43. European football is played in 80 countries, ________ it the popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
44. One learns a language by making mistakes and __________ them.
A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct
45. __________ at the door before entering please.
A. Knocked B. To knock C. Knocking D. Knock
46. ________ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
47. He sent me an-email, __________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
48. Tony was very unhappy for ________ to the party.
A. having not been invited B. not having invited
C. having not invited D. not having been invited
49. Though ________money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of
C. lacking D. lacked in
50. How about the two of us ________a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take
C. taking D. to be taking
51. ________is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
A. The walk B. Walking
C. To walk D. Walk
52. —I must apologize for ________ahead of time.
—That’s all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
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