
一、定语从句概念
定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。
定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例:
The woman who lives next door is a teacher. (先行词)
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:
(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法
who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如:
An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如:
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。
(二)关系代词which的用法
which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:
I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that)
(三)关系代词that的用法
that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:
Is she the girl that sells newspapers?
她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)
Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀:
the time when
the place where
the reason why
(一)关系副词when的用法
关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。例如:
I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.
自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。(when先行词是year,同样when可以用that代替)
(二)关系副词where的用法
关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。例如:
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.
春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。(where的先行词是town)
(三)关系副词why的用法
关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。例如:
The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。(why先行词是reason, 当代英语里why可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why省略)
四、定语从句的位置
如前所述,定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候,定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语,这样它们被分隔了,这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。例如: There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.
楼上有一个女孩,大喊大叫。很明显,她疯了。(定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl,被upstairs所隔开)
B、宾语从句
宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语,将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下:
一,引导词
A,由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句,在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用,在从句中不做句子的成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中常被省略,但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好,特别是在笔语中。
例:I told him that he was wrong.
l在think,believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中,有时谓语尽管是否定意义,却不用否定形式,而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例:I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中,that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面,而用it做形式宾语。
例:We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
B,由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分,一般情况下,whether和if 可以替换。
例:I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例:Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例:I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
例:Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
C,由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句,它们在句中即有连接从句的作用,又在句中充当句子的成分。
例:Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二,宾语从句的语序,
宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序,连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
例:I believe that they will come soon.
例:I don’t know what I should do next.
1.Can you see________?
A. what he’s reading B. what is he reading
C. what does he read D. he reads what
2.He didn’t know__________
A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is
C. what was the matter D. what the matter was
3.I want to know_____
A.what is his name B. what’s his name
C. that his name is D. what his name is
4.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for?
---Her cousin,susan.
A.that B.whose C .who D.which
5.---What are you searching the Internet for?
---I’m trying to find out____.
A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU
B.How many persons have died in Iraq
C.How to protect our environment
D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea
9.Do you know___________?(谁正在唱歌)
10.Do you know___________?(她正在和谁谈话)
11.Do you know___________?(昨天发生了什么事)
The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B
9 who is singing
10 who she is talking with
11 what happened yesterday
状语从句
1 时间状语从句:在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。
引导词:when(当…时候) while(当…时候) as(当…时候) after(在…以后) before(在…以前) as soon as(一…就) since(自从…到现在) till /until(直到…才) by the time(到…为止)
构成:引导词+陈述语序句子
2 原因状语从句:在一个句子中作原因语的句子, 译作“因为”。
连接词:由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for引导。
举例:I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.
3 条件状语从句
连接词:if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(主将从现原则)
举例:If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.
4 目的、结果状语从句
目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子,译作“以此来.......”。
结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子,译作“所以......或者如此……以致于”。引导词:so that, so…that , in order that
He came early so that he could get a good seat.
The boy is so little that he can't go to school alone.
5 让步状语从句
让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子
连接词: though, although, even though, even if 译作“尽管……”
举例:Although he is rich, he is not happy.
状语从句其它引导词
1. 时间状语从句
常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until
特殊引导词:一……就……:the minute, the moment, the second,
eg: The moment she saw the little dog, she fell in love with it.
每次……:every time
I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.
Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.
2. 地点状语从句
常用引导词:where
特殊引导词:wherever 无论哪里, anywhere 任何地方, everywhere 每个地方
A new school will be built where it was a shopping center.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
状语从句练习
单项选择
1. John doesn't let everybody in the kitchen ______he could make his surprise dinner for the party.
A. which B. when C. so that D. as if(犹如,好似)
2.After the war,a new school was built ________there had once been(曾经有) a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
3. —Is Mr. Smith in the office?
—Yes,________ he is in charge of(负责,主管) the office,he must be there.
A. since B. however C. whether D. for
4.Someone called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up(挂断电话) ________I could answer the phone.
A. as B. since C. until D. before
5.We must hurry up ________catch up with the last train.
A. that B. so that to C. in order that D. in order to
6.No matter ________hard it may be,I will carry it out.
A. what B. whatever C. how D. however
7.________ you may do,you must do it well.
A. Which B. Whenever C. Whatever D. When
8. If the weather _________ tomorrow, we will go picnic in the central park.
A will be fine B is fine C is going to be fine D have been fine
9.They went on working ________it was late at night.
A. even if B. as if C. however D. as though(好像,仿佛)
10.The volleyball match will be put off if it ________.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
11.I don’t care whether he stays ________goes.(whether……or是……还是……)
A. nor B. then C. or D. otherwise
12.________he is, he will be thinking of you.
A. Wherever B. Where C. Now that D. As soon as
13.—Shall Brown come and play computer games?
—No,________ he has finished his homework.
A. when B. if C. unless D. once
14.—The air is full of smoke and people are coughing(咳嗽).
—It will get worse ________the government() does something about the pollution(污染).
A. but B. unless C. except D. if
E、表语从句
表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。
“That is why...”是常用句型, 意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”, That is why I came. 这就是我来的原因。
下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构, 它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:
(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义, 只不过从语法结构上讲, “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句, 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样, 例如:
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语, 这也是个常用句型, 意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由, “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果, 例如:
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影, 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果, 第二句话说明原因)
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因, 第二句话说明结果)
[考题1]
The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007上海)
A. when B. why C. whether D. that
[答案] D
[解析] 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句, 如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此, 应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。
[考题2]
You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree. (2004)
A. why B. where C. what D. how
[答案] B
[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词, “I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构), 下划线应填入引导词where, 表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方”。
[考题3]
— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
— Is that ____ you had a few days off? (1999)
A. why B. when C. what D. where
[答案] A
[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语, 下划线应填入表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。
[考题4]
____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. (2000上海)
A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that
[答案] A
[解析] 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当宾语, 特指她所不理解的事情, 应填入关系代词型的引导词what; 第二个下划线处表示“因此……”(指因某种原因所造成的后果, 由why引导对应的名词性从句)而不是“为什么……”(指原因、 理由, 由because引导对应的名词性从句), 应填入引导词why。
[考题5]
____ made the school proud was ____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春)
A. What; because B. What; that
C. That; what D. That; because
[答案] B
[解析] 第一个下划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语, 特指令校方骄傲的事情, 应选用关系代词型的引导词what; 第二个下划线处引导表语从句表示原因、 理由, 应由that引导对应的名词性从句。
[考题6]
— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
— Oh, that’s ____. (2003北京春)
A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited
[答案] A
[解析] A选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的事物”; B选项的意思是“我觉得激动的任何事物”; C选项的意思是“我对它感觉的方式”; D选项的意思是“令我感觉激动的时间”。四个选项中A最适合跟代表“game”的主语that对应, 充当表语从句。
