
餐饮专业英语主要包括日常会话用语、烹饪技术用语和中餐英文菜单等等,而这其中尤以中餐英文菜单用得最为普遍。
要将中餐菜单翻译成英文,就先得了解中餐菜名的构成及命名方法。中餐菜名通常由原料名称,烹制方法、菜肴的色香味形器、菜肴的创始人或发源地等构成。这种反映菜肴内容和特色的命名方法叫做写实性命名法,此外还有反映菜肴深刻含义的写意性命名法。
由于汉语和英语的差异很大,我们在把中餐菜名由中文译成英文的时候,应该采用写实性命名法,尽量将菜肴的原料、烹制方法、菜肴的味型等翻译出来,以便让客人一目了然。为了让大家更好地掌握将中餐菜名译成英文的技巧,笔者特将自己在翻译中总结出来的几点“公式”(中英文对照)介绍如下,以供大家参考。
一、以主料开头的翻译方法
.介绍菜肴的主料和辅料:公式:主料(形状)+(with)辅料
例:杏仁鸡丁chicken cubes with almond
牛肉豆腐beef with bean curd
西红柿炒蛋Scrambled egg with tomato
.介绍菜肴的主料和味汁:公式:主料(形状)+(with, in)味汁
例:芥末鸭掌duck webs with mustard sauce, hot sauce, brown sauce, white sauce
葱油鸡chicken in Scallion oil
米酒鱼卷fish rolls with rice wine
二、以烹制方法开头的翻译方法
.介绍菜肴的烹法和主料:公式:烹法+主料(形状)
例:软炸里脊soft-fried pork fillet
烤乳猪roast suckling pig
炒鳝片Stir-fried eel slices
.介绍菜肴的烹法和主料、辅料:公式:烹法+主料(形状)+(with)辅料
例:仔姜烧鸡条braised chicken fillet with tender ginger
.介绍菜肴的烹法、主料和味汁:公式:烹法+主料(形状)+(with, in)味汁
例:红烧牛肉braised beef with brown sauce
鱼香肉丝fried shredded pork with Sweet and sour sauce
清炖猪蹄stewed pig hoof inc lean soup
三、以形状或口感开头的翻译方法
.介绍菜肴的形状(口感)和主料、辅料:公式:形状(口感)+主料+(with)辅料
例:芝麻酥鸡crisp chicken with sesame
陈皮兔丁diced rabbit with orange peel
时蔬鸡片Sliced chicken with seasonal vegetables
.介绍菜肴的口感、烹法和主料:公式:口感+烹法+主料
例:香酥排骨crisp fried spareribs
水煮嫩鱼tender stewed fish
香煎鸡块fragrant fried chicken
.介绍菜肴的形状(口感)、主料和味汁:公式:形状(口感)+主料+(with)味汁
例:茄汁鱼片sliced fish with tomato sauce
椒麻鸡块cutlets chicken with hot pepper
黄酒脆皮虾仁crisp shrimps with rice wine sauce
四、以人名或地名开头的翻译方法
.介绍菜肴的创始人(发源地)和主料:公式:人名(地名)+主料
例:麻婆豆腐MaPo bean curd
四川水饺Sichuan boiled dumpling
.介绍菜肴的创始人(发源地)、烹法和主料:公式:人名(地名)+烹法+主料
例:东坡煨肘DongPo stewed pork joint
北京烤鸭Roast Beijing Duck
在中餐菜名翻译成英文的过程中,可以采用多种不同的方法,而且每一道菜都可以从不同的角度入手进行翻译。例如,川菜中的“宫保鸡丁”这道菜就有以下几种译法:
.sauced chicken cubes with peanuts
.Gongbao chicken cubes
.diced chicken with chili and peanuts
由此可见,中餐菜名的英译方法是灵活多变的。至于我们在翻译中最终采用哪种方法,则可根据各人的习惯和具体情况确定。不过根据笔者的经验,只要掌握了第一种以主料开头的翻译方法,对其它种类的翻译方法便可以触类旁通,我们只需根据文中所列出的翻译公式去相应作一些交换就行了
腊肉荷兰豆 Preserved Meat and Garden Pea
苦瓜炖雪耳 Stewed White Fungus with Bitter Melon
银窝金豆盏 Mashed Tato and Fish Glue Cake with Salted Yolk
海带萝卜汤 Turnip Soup with Kelp
竹笋银耳汤 Bamboo Shoots Soup with White Fungus
虾仁豆腐汤 Bean Curd Soup with Shrimps
苦瓜赤小豆排骨汤 Chop Soup with Bitter Melon and Red Bean
苦瓜豆腐瘦肉汤 Bean Curd Soup with Bitter Melon and Muscle
姜葱炒肉蟹 Fried Crab Meat with Ginger and Shallot
家酿辣椒酱 Hot Chili Paste
杭椒烧蹄筋 Braised Pork Tendons with Hot Chili
麻辣蹄筋豆花 Braised Pork Tendons and Bean Curd with hot Sauce
铁板三菇蹄筋 Three Mushrooms and Tendons in Hot Iron Plate
奶油蹄筋炖柿子 Braised Tomato with Tendons and Butter
蹄筋焖雪豆 Braised Civet Bean with Tendons
蹄筋烧肚条 Braised Pig Tripe with Tendons
豉油皇乳鸽 Braised Young Pegion with Oyster Sauce
西芹牛柳 Sauted Beef Fillet with Celery
沙锅鱼翅 Stewed Fin in Terrine
红烧海皇翅 Braised Fin with Crab Yolk
红炖鱼翅 Stewed Fin with Brown Sauce
胡芦桔翅 Braised Fin like Peel of Botle Gourd
蟹黄鱼翅羹 Crab Yolk and Fin Soup
白扒熊掌 Braised Bear’Paw with White Sauce
人参扒熊掌 Braised Bear’Paw with Ginseng
火腿扒熊掌 Braised Bear’Paw with Ham
参茸熊掌汤 Bear’Paw Soup with Gensing and Cornu Cervi Pantotrichum
清炖熊掌 Stewed Bear’Paw
熊掌豆腐 Braised Bear’Paw with Bean Curd
红烧熊掌 Braised Bear’Paw with Brown Sauce
扒熊掌 Braised Bear’Paw
炒驼峰 Fried Hump
红烧驼峰 Braised Hump with Brown Sauce
炸鹿尾 Fried Pork like Deer Tail
人参鹿尾汤 Stewed Deer Tail with Gensing
清汤鹿尾 Stewed Deer Tail
口蘑炖鹿尾 Stewed Deer Tail with Mushroom
灵芝炖鹿尾 Stewed Deer Tail with Glossy Ganoderma
金城八宝瓜雕 Jincheng Watermelon with Eight-Treasures
水蒸鸡蛋糕 Steamed Egg Cake
回锅鱼片 Double Cooked Fish Slices
五味牛肉 Five Flavor Beef
花椒鱼片 Chinese Red Pepper and Fish Slices
柠檬鸡球 Lemon Chicken
凉瓜炒肝尖 Fried Liver with Bitter Melon
桂枣山药汤 Yam Soup with Date and Longan
香菇虾仁豆腐羹 Bean Curd with Mushroom and Shrimps
椒盐八宝鸡 Spicy Chicken with Eight-Treasures
鸡腿菇咸肉 Chicken Leg Mushroom and Salted Meat
菠萝炒鸡片 Fried Shredded Chicken with Pineapple
功德豆腐 Gongde Bean Curd
冬菇豆腐 Snake Butter Bean Curd
生炒海蚌 Fried Sea Clam
罗汉上素 Arhat Vegetarian dish
清蒸冬瓜盅 Steamed White Gourd Bowl
清汤萝卜燕 Turnip in Clear Soup
龙眼虾仁 Longan Shrimp
干烧冬笋 Dry Beef with Bamboo Shoots
鸡蛋花汤 Egg Soup
海鲜豆腐羹 Seafood Bean Curd Soup
whistling kettle鸣笛水壶
whistle鸣笛
teapot茶壶
toaster烤箱
refrigerator-freezer, fridge-freezer冰箱
dishwasher洗碗机
draining board沥水板
microwave微波炉
cooker灶
food processor食品加工机
blender搅拌机
fruit and vegetable juice extractor果汁机
corkscrew开塞钻
bottle cap opener瓶盖启子
pot锅
stew pot炖锅
美食中国
cover, lid锅盖
handle锅耳
frying pan煎锅
handle锅把
pressure cooker压力锅
pressure valve压力阀
wok炒勺
electric wok电炒勺
ladle勺
rolling pin擀面杖
boil煮
fry煎鸡蛋
deep-fry炸
steam蒸
broil, grill烧烤
roast烤
bake烘
shell剥,剥皮
peel削,削皮
slice切片
chop切碎
shred切丝
dice切丁
grate磨
beat打
knead和
toss拌
mash捣,捣成泥
sift筛
drain捞
Fujian Cuisine
Fujian cuisine, also called Min Cai for short, holds an important position in China's culinary art. Fujian's economy and culture began flourishing after the Southern Song Dynasty (-). During the middle Qing Dynasty around th century, famous Fujian officials and literati promoted the Fujian cuisine so it gradually spread to other parts of China.
Fujian cuisine comprises three branches -- Fuzhou, South Fujian and West Fujian. There are slight differences among them. Fuzhou dishes, quite popular in eastern, central and northern Fujian Province, are more fresh, delicious, and less salty, sweet, and sour; South Fujian dishes, popular in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and the golden triangle of South Fujian, are sweet and hot and use hot sauces, custard, and orange juice as flavorings; West Fujian dishes are salty and hot, prevailing in Hakka region with strong local flavor. As Fujian people emigrate overseas, their cuisine become popular in Taiwan and abroad. Generally speaking, Fujian dishes are slightly sweet and sour, and less salty, and often use the red distiller's grain for flavoring.
()Ingredients of seafood and mountain delicacies: Fujian cuisine emphasizes seafood and mountain delicacies. Fujian Province has a favorable geographical location with mountains in its north and sea to its south. Many mountain delicacies such as mushroom, bamboo shoots and tremella are often found here. The coastal area produces varieties of fish and kinds of turtles and shellfish. It also produces edible bird's nest, cuttlefish, and sturgeon. These special products are all used in Fujian cuisine. The local people are good at cooking seafood, featuring in methods of stewing, boiling, braising, quick-boiling, and steaming, etc.
() Fine slicing techniques: Fujian cuisine stresses on fine slicing techniques so much that it is reputed as sliced ingredients are as thin as paper and shredded as slim as hairs. Everything sliced serves its original aroma. Fine slicing techniques may better show the aroma and texture of food. Cutting is important in Fujian cuisine. Most dishes are made of seafood, and if the seafood is not cut well, the dishes will fail to have their true flavor.
() Various soup and broth: The most characteristic aspect of Fujian cuisine is that its dishes are served in soup.
() Exquisite culinary art: Fujian dishes are tasty because of their emphasis on a series of delicate procession: selecting ingredients, mixing flavors, timing the cooking and controlling the heat. When a dish is less salty, it tastes more delicious. Sweetness makes a dish tastier, while sourness helps remove the seafood smell.
Typical dishes are Buddha-jumping-over-the-wall, flaked spiral shell lightly pickled in rice liquor, litchi fish, and mussels quick-boiled in chicken broth, of which Buddha-jumping-over-the-wall is the most famous; the name implies the dish is so delicious that even the Buddha would jump over a wall to have a taste once he smelled it. A mixture of seafood, chicken, duck, and pork is put into a rice-wine jar and simmered over a low fire. Sea mussel quick-boiled in chicken soup is another Fujian delicacy
闽菜是福建菜的简称,它是中国烹饪主要菜系之一,在中国烹饪文化宝库中占有重要一席。福建的经济文化是南宋以后逐渐发展起来的,清中叶后闽菜逐渐为世人所知。
闽菜由福州、闽南、闽西三路菜组成。福州菜路流行于闽东、闽中、闽北地区;闽南菜则广传于厦门、泉州、漳州、闽南金三角;闽西菜则盛行于闽西客家地区,极富乡土气息。闽菜的风格特色是:淡雅、鲜嫩、和醇、隽永。口味偏重甜、酸和清淡,常用红糟调味。
闽菜的特点主要表现在四个方面:
一、烹饪原料以海鲜和山珍为主
由于福建的地理形势倚山傍海,北部多山,南部面海,苍茫的山区,盛产菇、笋、银耳、莲子和石鳞、河鳗、甲鱼等山珍野味;漫长的浅海滩涂,鱼、虾、蚌、鲟等海鲜佳品常年不绝。平原丘陵地带则稻米、庶糖、蔬菜、水果誉满中外。山海赐给的神品,给闽菜提供了丰富的原料资源,也造就了几代名厨和广大从事烹饪的劳动者,他们以擅长制作海鲜原料,并蒸、氽、炒、煨、爆、炸、康确矫娑谰咛厣 !
二、刀工巧妙,一切服从于味
闽菜注重刀工,有“片薄如纸,切丝如发,剞花加荔”之美称。而且一切刀工均围绕着“味”下功夫,使原料通过刀工的技法,更体现出原料的本味和质地。它反对华而不实,矫揉造作,提倡原料的自然美并达到滋味沁深融透,成型自然大方、火候表里如一的效果。
三、汤菜考究,变化无穷
闽菜重视汤菜,与多烹制海鲜和传统食俗有关。闽厨长期以来把烹饪和确保原料质鲜、味纯、滋补联系起来,从长期积累的经验认为,最能保持原料本质和原味的当属汤菜,故汤菜多而考究。有的白如奶汁,甜润爽口;有的汤清如水,色鲜味美;有的金黄澄透,馥郁芳香;有的汤稠色酽,味厚香浓。美食中国
四、烹调细腻,特别注意调味
闽菜的烹调细腻表现在选料精细、泡发恰当、调味精确、制汤考究、火候适当等方面。特别注意调味则表现在力求保持原汁原味上。善用糖,以甜去腥膻;巧用醋,因酸能爽口,味清淡则可保持原味。因而有甜而不腻,酸而不淡而不薄的盛名。
著名的菜肴有:佛跳墙、醉糟鸡、酸辣烂鱿鱼、烧片糟鸡、太极明虾、清蒸加力鱼、荔枝鱼肉。
佛跳墙起源于清朝末年,为福州“聚春园”名师郑春发所创制,至今已有多年的历史。它采用多种精料精心煨制而成,程序复杂,各料互为渗透,味中有味,质地软嫩脆润、浓郁荤香,营养丰富,是福州传统名菜之首。
