
Chapter 2 Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态结构
⏹2.1 Morphemes词素 /语素/ 形位
⏹2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类
2.1.1 The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念
Morpheme: The smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
smallest: not divisible into smaller forms
meaningful: carry meaning (lexical and grammatical)
e.g. denationalization
denationalization= de + nation + al + iz + ation
A morpheme is a two-facet language unit: sound and meaning
A morpheme is not identical with a syllable,either,since the latter has nothing to do with meaning.
Allomorphs语素变体、词素变体:
various shapes or forms of a morpheme
do not differ in meaning or function
conditioned by position or adjoining sounds
Eg. -s
book→books /-s/
pig→pigs /-z/
horse → horses /-iz/
Eg. im-,in-,i-
perfect, responsible, logical, flexible
perfect → imperfect
responsible→ irresponsible
logical → illogical
flexible → inflexible
Eg. –tion,-sion
invent →invention
describe →description
justify →justification
modernize→modernization
expand →expansion
decide →decision
omit →omission
2.2 Classification of Morphemes词素分类
●Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes自由词素与粘着词素
Free morpheme:
one that can be uttered alone with meaning
A free morpheme is a word.
E.g. green, red, write, faith
Bound morpheme:
cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance
appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound
E.g. receive re-ceive
Q:自由词素与粘着词素如何组词?
E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia
green (free)
green-house (free + free)
green-ness (free + bound)
dis-agree-able (bound + free + bound)
re-ceive (bound + bound)
en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound)
* A free morpheme is a word.
●Roots and Affixes词根与词缀
Root 词根: The basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.
1. Free root (自由词根):A word consist of one free root (or one morpheme)is a simple word.Free roots provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.
2. Bound root(粘着词根):roots derived from foreign sources ,esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tian and cieve
Eg.1)work, workable, worker, worked, working (free)
2) contain, detain, retain
tain= tenere (L) = to hold (bound)
3) conceive, deceive, receive
ceive= capere (L) = to take (bound)
4) revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid
vit, viv = life / to live (bound)
Vital:
necessary in order to stay alive
-al: pertaining to = have a connection with
vital = having a connection with life
Vivacious:
adj. apprec. full of life and high spirits; lively
-ous: full of
vivacous = full of life (energy)
Vivid:
producing sharp clear pictures in the mind; lifelike
-id: having a certain quality
vivid = having a certain quality of life
Affixes缀: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used when added to another morpheme.
1. Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀): serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.
特点:1.not to form a new word with new lexical meaning
2. having only particular grammatical meaning
3. only to be affixed to words of the same word-class (not to change the word-class)
E.g. Plural marker: pens, oxen, feet
Genitive case: Jame’s
Verbal endings: works, working, worked, bought, said
Comparative and superlative degree: slower, slowest
2. Derivational affixes(派生词缀):to be added to another morpheme to derive a new word
特点:1. to derive a new word
2. having a specific lexical meaning (some also affective meaning)
3. some to be attached to words of different word classes
Eg. Having pejorative or derogatory meaning
-ism means“doctrine or point of view ”==socialism
Pro-means“on the side of ”==pro-com-munist
⏹Mini-car
mean-ness
Modern-ize
Social-ism
Pro-communist
De-code
De-value
Wash-able
⏹mis-
mal-absorption
pseudo-democratic
hire-ling
weak-ling
child-ish
派生词缀分类(derivational morphemes):
Prefixes and suffixes
1) By linguistic origin:
Native affixes
Foreign affixes
2) By productivity:
Productive/living affixes
Unproductive/dead affixes
Summary
2.Morphological Structure of English Words英语词汇的形态
2.1 Morphemes词素
1.The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念
2. Allomorphs 词素变体
2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类
1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes
自由词素与粘着词素
2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀
free root and bound root自由词根与粘着词根
inflectional affixes and derivational affixes屈折词缀与派生词缀
