
英语中的句子成分
主语是句子叙述的主体,用于说明人或事物执行某一动作中,表明“谁”或“什么”。可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。
谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。表明“做什么”或“是什么”。常用实义动词或系动词加上表语部分来充当。
宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。
定语是句子中修饰名词,代词或其它名词化的词。定语则属于短语内部修饰名词的成分,与名词或相当于名词词类的中心词构成名词短语,有前置定语和后置定语之分。名词短语、形容词短语、动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句都可以充当定语。
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语根据语义可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结构状语、程度状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语、方面状语、伴随状语和句子状语。
补语:有些动词除需要宾语外,还需要有宾语补足语,这样句子的意义才能完整。宾语和宾补(宾语补足语)在逻辑上有主谓关系,这就是判断宾语补足语的主要依据。常用来补充说明结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。注意:含有宾补的句子变为被动句时,宾补便成了主补。
表语:放在系动词之后用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表明“什么”、“怎么样”。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当。
He hit me in the face. → he是主语,hit是谓语,me是宾语
He is a happy boy.→ happy是定语
I found nobody was there when I got home. →When i got home是时间状语
I found him dead. → dead是宾补
He was found dead.→ dead做主补
I am happy. →am是系动词,happy是表语。
英语句结构
英语中按照句子的结构划分,有简单句、并列句和复合句
对简单句、并列句和复合句的考查主要包括:句子的结构、连词的选择、从句与主句的谓语动词的时态、主语和从句的语序、一些习惯用语和特殊的句式应用。
一.简单句:
简单句只有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语。
英语基本句型-1
主系表结构:本结构是由“主语+系动词+表语”组成,主要用以说明主语的特征,类属,状态,身份等。
系动词有:
1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;
2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;
3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;
eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old.
The cake tastes delicious.
The potatoes went bad in the fields.
Deep water stays still.
He was at work.
She is in good health.
It is beyond my ability.
I was at a loss.
You are under arrest.
英语基本句型-2
主谓结构:本结构是由“主语加不及物的谓语动词”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。
eg:The sun rises.
Tom has already left.
主语可有修饰语-定语,谓语可有修饰语-状语。
eg: 1. The red sun rises in the east.
2. They had to travel by air or boat.
3. She sat there alone.
4. He came back when we were eating.
5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。
英语基本句型-3
主谓宾结构:本结构是由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语”构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。
eg:1. Tom made a hole in the wall.
2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.
3. They haven’t decided where to go next.
4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.
英语基本句型-4
双宾语结构:此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事物)”组成。
eg: He brings me cookies every day.
但若要先说出直接宾语(事物),后说间接宾语(人),则要借助于介词to或for。
eg: He brings cookies to me every day.
She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。
用for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。
常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等;
(需借助for 的) buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
英语基本句型-5
复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点,若无宾语补足语,则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有:名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词等。
如: The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing.
They made Tom monitor.
He used to do his homework with his radio on.
My mother asked me to clean my room.
The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.
用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。
eg:I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
= I found it was pleasant to be with your family.
它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句,意思都是一样的。
英语基本句型-6
There be 句型: 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成,用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。 它其实是全倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词 be 之后,there 仅为引导词,并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词,而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等,但一般不用have。
eg: There stands a hill in the middle of the park.
Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.
Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如:
现在有 there is/are …
过去有 there was/were…
将来有 there will be…;there is /are going to be...
现在已经有 there has/have been…
可能有 there might be...
肯定有 there must be …/there must have been...
过去曾经有 there used to be …
似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be …
碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be …
eg.Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.
There used to be a cinema here before the war.
二.并列句。
并列句由并列连词and, but, or,so等或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成
1.由分号连接。
eg. Some people cry; others laugh.
Let’s start early; we have a long way to go.
2.有并列连词连接
表示选择关系常用的连词有:or, either…or…, otherwise等
表示转折关系常用的连词有:but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
表示因果关系常用的连词有:so, for, therefore等。
eg: I’d like to, but I have lots of homework to do.
I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed.
Both my father and mother are teachers.
It’s very good, yet I don’t like it.
三、复合句
构成:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构,但主句是全局的主体,从句只是全句中的一个成分,不能存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的,引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。
分类:名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句),形容词性从句(定语从句),副词性从句(状语从句)。
1.状语从句
(1)状语从句的分类
状语从句通常修饰主句的动词或整个句子,由从属连词引导,从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分。根据状语从句所表达的不同意义和功能,可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式等状语从句。
(2)连接状语从句的词语
时间状语从句:when, whenever每当……,after, before, as, as soon as, hardly/ scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.一……就……,while, till, until, since, once。名词词组the first time第一次,last time最后一次,every/each time每次,the next time下次,the next day第二天, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 一……就……;副词immediately, instantly, directly等也可作连词使用。
原因状语从句:because, since, as, now that。
地点状语从句:where,wherever(无论那里)。
让步状语从句: no matter who/whom/what/which/how/when/where, though, although, as, even if /even though, whatever, whoever, however, wherever, whenever等。
条件状语从句: if, unless, as/so long as(如果;只要),in case (万一); on condition that(如果), suppose, supposing, providing, provide。
目的状语从句:in order that (为了),so that (以便)。
比较状语从句:(not) as/so…as…,than…, the more…the more…(越……越……) 引导。
方式状语从句:as(正如;按照),as if/as though (好像)引导。
结果状语从句: so that (结果是), so/such…that (如此……以至于)。
(3)从句中的语序
复合句中通常采用陈述语序。但是,在下面的几种情况下,状语从句多采用倒装语序:
①当连词as, though连接让步状语从句时,作表语的名词、形容词、动词通常置于句首,构成部分倒装语序。例如:
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone who’s as capable as John。
Try as she might, Carol couldn't get the door open。
Strange though it may seem, I like housework。
②在so/such...that.。.结果状语从句中,so+形容词/副词或such+名词置于句首时,主句采用部分倒装语序。例如:
So successful was her business that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.
Such was the force of the explosion that windows were blown out。
③在hardly/scarcely...when..., no sooner...than.。.句式中,把hardly/scarcely/no sooner置于句首时,第一个分句采用部分倒装语序,即把第二个分句用陈述语序。例如:
Scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door。
④ however与形容词、副词一起引导让步状语从句,句子采用陈述语序。例如:
However amusing the story is, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week。
⑤ 在the +比较级the+比较级句式中,只是把形容词或副词置于句首,句子仍然采用陈述语序。例如:
Education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are。
(4)从句和主句中谓语动词的时态
在复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词时态一般遵循以下的规律:
1表示“同时”意义的连词as, when, as soon as, the moment, while 等连接的时间
状语从句,主句和从句时态基本一致。例如:
As time passed, things seemed to get worse。
2表示“将来”意义的条件、时间和让步状语从句中多用一般现在时,而主句用一般将
来时,被称为“主将从现”。例如:
Tom won’t go to sleep unless his mother tells him a story。
Once I get him a job, he’ll be fine。
③ since引导的时间状语从句多用一般过去时,而含有since从句的主句通常用现在完成
时。例如:
I haven’t met her since I left university。
④在句式hardly/scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…中,第一个分句中过去完成时,第二个分句用一般过去时。例如:
She had hardly sat down when the phone rang。
⑤ 在as if/though 引导的状语从句中,如果表示一种与事实相反夸张,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。例如:
She stared at me as though I were a complete stranger。
(5)状语从句的省略
当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,被动结构的状语从句,可省略与主句相同的主语和助动词,保留连词+过去分词;主动结构的状语从句,可省略与主句相同的主语和助动词,保留连词+现在分词。例如:
We all know that, if not carefully dealt with, the situation will get worse。
Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university。
(6)状语从句被用于强调结构中
状语从句作为被强调部分用于强调结构时,一律用It is/was …that…,不能用when代替that。句子用陈述语序。注意:当强调Not until +时间/时间状语时,主句的谓语动词不再采用倒装语序。例如:
It was not until the war was over that the soldier was able to return home。
2. 名词性从句
(1)名词性从句分类:按照在句中的功能,名词性从句分为:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。
(2) 名词性从句的连接词
名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:that无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可被省略;表示“是否”用whether,只有在宾语从句中,whether可被人if代替。Whether和if在从句中不担任成分。如果从句缺少主语、表语、宾语、或定语等句子成分,用连接代词what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which;如果从句缺少状语,用连接副词when, where, how, why。
由于连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问语序。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,而连接词whether 和if(是否),在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。
(3) 名词性从句中的特殊时态
① 在以下三种主语从句中,主语从句的谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”, should可省略。
(1)It is+形容词+that…句型。常见的形容词有important, necessary, natural, funny, strange, surprising, astonishing(令人惊讶的)等。
2) It is +名词+that…句型。常见的名词有pity, shame, advice, suggestion,proposal(提议,建议), requirement, request, desire, order等。
(3) It is+动词的过去分词+ that…句型。常见的动词有advise, order, propose, request, suggest, demand, require等。
②在insist(坚持), urge (催促), order(命令), command(命令), suggest(建议),advise(建议),recommend(建议,推荐), request(请求,要求), demand(要求),require(要求,需要)等动词后的宾语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”, should可省略。
③ 在含有advice, order, demand, proposal(提议), requirement, suggestion等名词的表语从句、同位语从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”,should可省略。
④在一些表示惊讶、意志等感情色彩的名词性从句中,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或“should +have done”,译为“竟然,居然”。例如:
I am surprised /shocked that you should speak in such a way。
I find it astonishing that he should be so rude to his mum。
It is strange /surprising that she should not have been invited。
I am glad that your story should have won the first prize。
3.定语从句
(1)定语从句的分类
定语从句分为性定语从句非性定语从句两种。性定语从句对先行词起修饰和作用,而非性定语从句对先行词起补充和解释说明作用。通常性定语从句与先行词之间没有逗号,而非性定语从句与先行词之间有逗号隔开。
(2)定语从句的关系代词和关系副词
定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导。关系代词有:who, whom, whose, which, that, as;关系副词有:when, where, why。关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句的先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
(3)关系代词和关系副词的用法:
①当先行词为人时用who 作主语,whom作宾语;②当先行词为物或整个句子时用which,可作主语或宾语;③先行词为人、物时用that ,可作主语或宾语;④ whose用作定语,可指人或物;⑤ 关系副词when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;⑥where(指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语);why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
(4)性定语从句与非性定语从句的区别
①性定语从句:从句与主句关系密切,去掉从句,主句意义不完整,甚至不合逻辑。例如:I was the only person in our office who was invited。(去掉定语从句,句意就不完整)
② 非性定语从句:从句与先行词关系不密切,去掉定从句,意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开,不能that用引导。例如:His movie won several awards at the film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream. (去掉定语从句,主句的意思仍完整)
(5)使用定语从句时需注意的几个问题
①用that而不用 which的情况:先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, much…;先行词有最高级修饰,有序数词修饰;先行词有only, very, any等词修饰;先行词既有人又有物时。例如:
There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Lijing。
This is the best coffee maker that I have ever been made。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner teacher that he knows。
② 用which而不用 that的情况:引导非性定语从句;指代整个主句的意思;用于介词 的后面+ 关系代词。例如:Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, which used to be poorly run, is now a successful business. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, of which New York is an example。
③ 关系代词as的用法
a. 当现行词为 the same +名词,such+名词时,要用关系代词as引导定语从句。例如:
I want to buy the same shirt as yours。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in Germany。
b. as可指代主句的内容,引导的非性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后。常用于下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。例如: He got the first place again in this mid-term examination, as we expected。
c. as 引导非性定语从句时与which的区别
当主句和从句语义一致时,用as引导;反之,用which来引导非性定语从句;当非定语从句为否定意义时,常用which引导。例如:
He made a long speech, as we expected。
He made a long speech, which was unexpected。
④关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。例如:
The man who lives downstairs makes it a rule to run in the park in the morning。
⑤ 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。例如:
October 1, 1949 was the day on which (= when) the new China was founded。
⑥在”介词+关系代词”结构中,关系代词只能用which和whom,且不能省略;如果介词在句末,关系代词可用which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who,且可省略。例如:
The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about is proves to be friendly。
注意事项
1.状语从句与其它相似结构的辨析
① It is/was+被强调的时间状语+ that+其它句子成分,其特点是去掉It is/was和that原句仍然成立。例如:It was at midnight that we got home。
3It is/was+时间+when/before+从句 表示“当……发生时,时间是……”。例如:
It was late evening when the doctor arrived。
4It will be/was+时间段+before+句子,表示“要过……才会发生某事”或“过了……
发生了某事”。例如:
It will be years before we find a cure for cancer。
④ It is/has been + since +句子, 表示“自从……以来,时间过了……”。例如:
It’s three years since I last saw her。
2.定语从句与同位语从句的区别
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词作某种句子成分,定语从句对先行词起修饰和作
用,而在同位语从句中,从对前面的抽象名词起补充和解释作用,连接词不在从句中充当句子成分。例如:
We heard the news that our school team had won the game. (同位语从句, that在从句中不作句子成分)
The news that he told me yesterday proves true. (定语从句, that 在从句中作told的宾语)
The possibilities that she was offered seemed very great. (定语从句, that 在从句中作offered的宾语)
She is worried about the possibility that she might lose her job。( 同位语从句, that在从句中不作句子成分)
精典名题导解
1.(2008山东) He found it increasingly difficult to read, ______ his eyesight was beginning to fail。
A. though B. for C. but D. so
考点解析:前句表示一个结果,而后句表示原因,因此应填for。连词for连接的并列句总是放在后面。最佳答案为B。
2. (2008全国II)Stand over there, ______ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better。
A. but B. till C. and D. or
考点解析:句首的祈使句和第二个分句的时态暗示空白处应填and, 构成“祈使句+and+并列句”结构。并列句表示条件,而and后的并列句表示结果。最佳答案为C。
3.(2008湖南) _____ the Internet is of great help. I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it。
A. If B. While C. Because D. As
考点解析:句意为:“虽然因特网非常有用,但是我认为上网花费时间太多不是好事”。连词While表示“虽然,尽管”,连接让步状语从句,最佳答案为B。
4. (2008山东)You’d better not leave the medicine ______ kids can get at it. (2008山东)
A. even if B. which C. where D. so that
考点解析:句意为:“你最好不要把药品放在孩子们能拿到的地方”,空白处之前为主句,之后为状语从句,表示地点,因此应选连接词where,最佳答案为C。
5. (2008全国I卷) The lawyer rarely wears anything other than jeans and a T-shirt ______ the season。
A. whatever B. wherever C. whenever D. however
考点解析:句中含有让步状语从句whatever the season is,其中is被省略。句意为:“无论是什么季节,那个律师总是穿着牛仔裤和短袖汗衫”。最佳答案为A。
6.(2008湖南) When asked _____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.
A. what B. why C. whom D. which
考点解析:asked之后跟一个宾语从句,从句中的needed缺少宾语,因此空白处应填what, 最佳答案为A。
7.(2008天津) The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park。
A. where B. how C. when D. why
解析:从空白处到句末为表语从句,从句中主语、谓语、宾语齐全,但缺状语。结合句意“上次我们开心是当我们去水上乐园的时候”,因此选when, 最佳答案为C。
8. (2008上海) It has been proved __ _ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life。
A. if B. because C. when D. that
考点解析:it为形式主语,代替的是主语从句,因从句中句子成分完整,句子意义明确,因此应用that连接,最佳答案为D。
9. (2008上海) We went through a period _____ communications were very difficult in the rural areas。
A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which
考点解析:句意为:“我们经历了一段时期,那时在农村通讯非常困难”。空白后为定语从句,句中为主系表结构,因此先行词a period只能作状语,表示时间,因此应选介词+关系代词in which,相当于when, 最佳答案为C。
10. (2008江苏) The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions。
A. which B. what C. that D. where
考点解析:先行词The Science Museum在非性定语从句中作visited的宾语,因此只能用关系代词which,最佳答案为A。
11.(2008江西) Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers ______ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law.
A. where B. when C. who D. which
考点解析:作主语的先行词cases被谓语部分will be introduced to readers与定语从句分隔,在定语从句consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law中,主谓宾齐全,先行词只能作状语,表示“在……情况下”,应用关系副词where,最佳答案为A。
12. (2008陕西)The man pulled out a gold watch, _________ were made of small diamonds。
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
考点解析:分析句子结构可知,先行词为a gold watch,而从句的主语the hands与先行词之间为所有关系,因此应用the hands of which引导定语从句,相当于whose hands。
13. (2008福建)_____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing。
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
考点解析: 分析句子结构可知,is前面是主语从句,后面是表语从句。在主语从句缺少主语,因此应填连接代词What,最佳答案为B。
14.(2008山东) Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with my kids。
A. who B. which C. why D. when
考点解析: 先行词Occasions被谓语部分are quite rare与定语从句分隔,从句中主谓宾齐全,先行词只能在从句中作状语,表示时间,因此空白处填关系副词when, 最佳答案为D。
英语中的句子种类
按照句子的用途,英语的句子可分:陈述句(肯定、否定)、疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意)、祈使句、感叹句等四种。
