
Case 1
⏹Just as Dr. Strenger notices that over the recent years people around the world have been suffering from an increasing fear of their own “insignificance”. As humans we naturally measure ourselves to those around us, but now we live in a global village and we are comparing ourselves with the most significant people in the world — and finding ourselves wanting. In the past being a lawyer or doctor was a very reputable profession. But today, even high achievers constantly fear that they are insignificant when they compare themselves to success stories in the media. The remedy, according to Dr. Strenger, is a process that he calls “active self-acceptance” through a sustained quest for self-knowledge through life. The fear for insignificance can only be overcome through strong individual and cultural identity over and above measurable achievement. He believes that people need to invest as much time in developing their worldview as their careers.
Case2
⏹The Dutch manager was shocked because he thought he hadn’t told the team to build it in a certain way, he simply had asked if it could be done! He had never questioned the way in which he communicated to the head of his technology group. In fact, he thought he had been asking simple questions, almost making idle conversation, and never considered that because he was the boss, his Indian employee would do as he asked. He expected that the technology design team would counter反驳 with another recommendation if his idea was inappropriate. He never realized that in the Indian culture such a challenge rarely is forthcoming即将到来.
⏹The misunderstandings took place because cultural barriers got in the way. To take full advantage of the opportunities that the global environment offered, both the Dutch and the Indian teams needed to have a better understanding of the culturally based expectations of each group.
⏹In this case, the Dutch manager would have been more successful if he had asked, “What kind of platform do you suggest?” Rather than risking that his Indian employee would disagree with the suggestion he made, this approach would have allowed for a respectful dialogue. The Dutch manager should have known that Indians rarely disagree or say no because their communication style is indirect, and risking disharmony is considered unpleasant and unseemly (不得体的,不合时宜的). They could have saved millions of dollars and prevented months of frustration if the Dutch manager had been culturally astute (机敏的,精明的) enough to manage the multinational talent pool available to him.
⏹By the same token, if the Indian senior manager had understood that a manager in an egalitarian (平等主义的) culture such as the Dutch (unlike India’s more hierarchal one) expects a collaborative effort from his employees, even if it requires disagreement, he would have avoided the problem as well.
Case3
⏹Advances in information technology are bringing about changes in contemporary society that pose new situations requiring intercultural communication expertise (专门知识或技能). Technology has enabled ordinary individuals to cheaply and quickly organize themselves around a common interest, ideology (思想意识; 意识形态), or social cause. Rather than moving the global community toward the single, homogenized (均匀分布的,均质的) culture decried (公开反对,谴责)by many globalization opponents, technology is actually providing a means to reaffirm and extend cultural awareness, identity, and practices. Media technology plays an important role in modern society whether it is political, economical or cultural.
Case4
⏹What Mrs. Nimos surprised is the young man’s question of “how old are you”. In western countries where privacy is greatly valued, age is something that is considered rather private. Asking about the others’ age, especially in this case on their first meeting, is rather impolite. However, in Japan where hierarchy is strictly followed, age is an important factor in situating a person in the Japanese cultural hierarchy. For her Japanese business counterparts to feel comfortable that they knew the proper way to address and to relate to her, they needed to know her age.
⏹In China, age is important for the same reason. However, when communicating with family members, generation becomes an important factor that overrides (优先于,压倒) age. Even if they have the same age, the one belonging to the younger generation must address the other with the respect accorded to the older generation in the family. If they are the same generation, they can communicate as peers.
Case5
⏹The problem here is that Mr. Richardson doesn’t mean what he says, which is rather different from being insincere or dishonest. To put it another way, what Mr. Richardson means is different from what the sentence that he has uttered means. “We must get together and have lunch sometimes” is quite a common expression people use near the end of business interactions in North America, and for North Americans it means several different things. First of all, it signals that the person who says it thinks that the encounter will (or should) be ending soon. So it can function as what conversation analysts call a “pre-closing.” It is also a way of creating a feeling of “involvement”, a way to tell someone that you have enjoyed spending time with them and you would not mind doing it again. While it does contain the vague idea that a subsequent meeting would be desirable, it does not in any way commit the speaker or the hearer to such an arrangement. However, to Mr. Wong, it sounds like an invitation.
⏹Similarly, “See you later” does not commit someone to a later meeting. It would be very odd if, in response to this utterance, the hearer were to take out his or her diary and attempt to set a date. Other examples are “How are you” in English and “Have you eaten?” in Chinese, both of them are typical greetings, which do not require the hearer to give specific answers. All of them just serve as lubricants (润滑剂) to move the conversation forward.
Case6
⏹Even people speak the same language, English, in this case, they might have quite a lot of differences, even in small things such as how to order a meal and speak humorously. These experiences described by Fiona should cause difficulties adjusting to life in a new culture. Dealing with many small differences can cause exhaustion. When people come into a new culture, in this case, from Australia to America, they have to make many small adjustments in a short period of time. Each adjustment causes a little bit of difficulty, but the stress adds up to a point where people become frustrated and begin to complain about their life in the other culture.
⏹From her description, it can be seen that her stress is adding up so much that she even thinks of going back to Australia. However, she should know that this is only a necessary period of culture shock (文化冲击), requiring her to make some adjustment. The culture shock is exacerbated(加重、恶化) because few or no cultural differences were expected given that people thought they would be using the same language. At his point she is likely to have experienced some cultural differences and will be more willing to take them seriously.
第二单元
Case7
There is a big difference between Chinese and American concerning who is the decision-maker of the work. The Chinese usually work to complete the task according to what their boss or supervisor requires, while Americans, on the contrary, finish their jobs according to what they suppose is right. In this case, Li Hua completed his report within 16 days, faster compared with the actually 20 days, but later than it was agreed on. So the American supervisor got angry, which caused Li Hua’s resignation. If I were Li Hua, I would tell the American supervisor the fact that I really had made great efforts to finish the report in 16 days though later than 15 days but faster than 20 days that is said earlier. Then, if the supervisor still felt angry and were not flexible, I would resign just as Li Hua had done.
Case8
In Asia especially in Korea a high value is placed on harmonious personal relationship, while conflicts are avoided and every effort is made to be polite and non-confrontational. However, Jim comes from American where personal competence in dealing with matters is emphasized in spite of high focus on teamwork. On the other hand, American people are highly practical and realistic, they would think the earlier the problem can be discovered the better solutions can be sought. Therefore, when a problem was finally brought to Jim’s attention, it was too late for there was no much time left to solve it. In the case, Jim felt exasperated because the problem discovered has left him no much time to solve it. For Jim, he is supposed to build a good intercultural communication, but what he should do first is to know Korean culture well. Koreans hold that American’s directness in dealing with problems, errors and even dishonesty is unacceptable. So from Jim himself it is much better to know Korean culture especially their strategy of saving face and losing face. Problems exist really, but if they are discovered earlier people concerned with the problem will lose face in terms of Korean’s viewpoint.
Case9
Smiling in China means not only that someone is happy but also that he or she is sorry. It is very desirable for Chen Jie to make an apology with a smile, which indicates his humbleness and embarrassment. For Chen Jie, the smile was an important part of the apology. He apologized with a smile to show respect for his manager and by smiling he tried to be on friendly terms with him. But for Peter, this smile does not mean the same thing. He regarded the smile not as a sorry but as smirking, a sign of disrespect. Then it is understandable that Peter refused Chen Jie’s sorry. In fact, this story comes from cultural misunderstanding between Chen Jie and Peter. An American thinks that a westerner in Chen Jie’s situation would probably keep eyes lowered when making an apology. When promising to correct the situation and to avoid making the same mistake, a westerner would expect the employee to look at him or her in the eye and definitely not to smile. It can not be more usual for people who make a mistake to say sorry. But if this situation takes place in the process of intercultural communication, things change. Chen Jie is supposed to know that the sorry he made is not to his Chinese natives but to an American. What he should do is to lower his eyes while making the apology and look at Peter in the eye while assuring him, without wearing any smile on his face in both cases. By doing so Peter will truly believe that the sorry he made came from his honesty and sincerity
Case10
Although Parisa had been coming to international conventions on food processing for several years, perhaps one big problem for her is that her colleagues failed to know about her culture, namely the Iranian culture. For historical reasons, the westerners develop a kind of stereotype which enables them to communicate unwillingly with people in Middle East including Iran. Therefore, the westerners know little about Iranian culture. As a result, when Parisa came to Europe, what she should do is to adjust herself to European culture, to become a member of them. By doing so, Parisa can learn to integrate herself with her colleagues quickly. But the key is that Parisa, born an Iranian after all, can not isolate her from Iranian culture completely. So her behaviour of adjusting to European culture is blended with her Iranian culture to a larger extent. That is why Parisa’s European colleagues saw her in a particular way./
Csae11
The vice president of an American electronic manufacturer did not directly say the Chinese manager was wrong. This is because that the vice president took advantage of the Chinese face culture. When the American found the manager did not tell the truth possibly, he adopted the face-saving strategy in Chinese culture so that he hoped that the Chinese could find the truth. He was unwilling to let the Chinese manager feel embarrassed if he told the truth directly, otherwise, the business negotiation with Chinese telecommunication enterprise would not succeed.
After the welcome banquet the Chinese manager became very friendly and agreed to build a long standing partnership with the electronic manufacturer. As a matter of fact, he discovered that the vice president of the American electronic manufacturer knew Chinese face culture very well. And in the negotiation he made up a story in order to get upper hand over the American. When the American unclosed the story and did not embarrass him, he made a determination to build long standing partnership with the electronic manufacturer, which is the typical characteristic of Chinese culture.
Case12
The misunderstandings between Sawada and Li Xia are caused by their different cultures. Not only do different cultures speak unintelligible (费解的) languages, but their body languages are often mutually incomprehensible as well. When people from different cultural backgrounds communicate, they may soon find that the same gesture may serve quite different functions in different cultures. It is just because of these different implications that the French boy Sawada misunderstood the Chinese girl’s friendliness as love. When Li Xia turned her body toward Sawada during their talk, the body movement of Li Xia may just indicate that she was quite interested in and enjoyed their talk. The small distance Li Xia took when talking with Sawada is just a way to show her interest in the talk and her friendliness to the French boy. However, in French as well as in many other cultures, moving toward somebody and sitting and standing closer to him/her are ways to show one’s favorable feelings toward him/her. This explains why Sawada later tried to putting his arm around her, and even tried to hug and kiss her.
As a Chinese girl, Li Xia is deeply influenced by Chinese culture which is characterized by modesty and reserve. In China, almost every girl will feel disgusted if a boy, especially the boy she meets for the first time, try to put an arm around her back, let alone trying to hug or kiss her, because such behaviors in Chinese culture are considered rude and vulgar. That’s why Li Xia became so angry when Sawada decided to approach her intimately that she gave him a strong push and stopped him from doing that.
If I were their close friend, I would advise them to learn more about each other’s cultures. Only when both of them are aware of the cultural differences can they avoid such misunderstandings and promote a better understanding.
第三单元
Case13
The Andersons includes the map and hotel information as a convenience for the out-of-towners. They believe that by doing so they are being considerate. But to the Sandoval family, hospitality meant more. From their point of view, the family of the bride should have welcomed the groom’s family into their home, no matter how crowded they might have been. To the Sandovals, sharing worldly possessions would have expressed family closeness; hotel recommendations represented coldness and distance, translating into rejection. After all, the Sandovals believe they have demonstrated their closeness by taking time off from work to drive five hundred miles to the ceremony
Case14
Different cultures have different ways to show their hospitality. In this case, the Azerbaijani woman shows her hospitality towards the Americans by offering her bread. By rejecting the bread, the doctor rejects the woman and her culture. Azerbaijanis believe that if you share food, you expose your heart and soul to the other person and are forever linked in friendship. So by accepting the bread, the doctor’s companion accepts the villager’s hospitality, thus keeping her pride and dignity and building a bridge between the two cultures. As a matter of fact, in many cultures, rejecting another person’s food is frequently interpreted as an insult. To avoid this, people should learn something about the culture of those with whom they are interacting.
Case15
The color of flowers has different meanings for different cultures. Yellow in particular had negative connotations for many people, such as Iranians, Peruvians, and Mexicans. It would be safer not to give yellow flowers as a gift. In Iranian culture, yellow flowers represent the enemy, and giving someone yellow flowers means that you hate the person. It can even mean that you wish the person dead. It is just the color of flowers that makes Mrs. Golestani think that Anahid hates them. However, in American culture, the meaning to the gift of yellow flowers is quite different; it means “I miss you”.
Peruvians have the same belief about yellow flowers as the Iranians and they too would never give yellow flowers to anyone. Among Mexicans as well, yellow flowers have a negative connotation, related to funerals. They are always used for Day of the Dead celebrations.
In such a case, the proper thing for Anahid to do is first to find the reasons for Mrs. Golestani’s crying and then explain the different meanings of yellow flowers to show her sincerity and good intention so that their relations can be restored.
Case16
Just as many Americans believe that thirteen is unlucky, the Chinese have strong beliefs about good luck or bad luck associated with particular numbers. Four is the most negative number, since its sound is the same as the word death. Mr. and Mrs. Lin are obviously Chinese who are fully aware of the negative meaning of four. For the Lins to have death in their address would bode (预兆) poorly for their future in this new house.
Numbers have positive and negative values for the Chinese. Sometimes the sound of the number word is the same as that of a negative concept, like death.
Sometimes the number has negative connotations; for example, seven is related to the notion that ghosts return seven days after death. Positive meanings are associated with other numbers: one for guaranteed; two for easy; three for life; six for happiness; eight for prosperity; nine for long life. Furthermore, combinations of certain numbers have significance—by placing a five, which by itself is neutral, in front of an eight, the good effect of the eight is cancelled.
Similarly, the Japanese have a death association with the number four as well. The number 666 has ominous不祥的 connotations for some Christians who associate it with the mark of the devil. Among the Navajos纳瓦霍人(美国最大的印第安部落) , four is not only their sacred number, but when they are in a court of law, they will not answer a question until it has been asked four times.
Case17
Evelyn was unaware that her daughter-in-law was observing common Asian postpartum产后的 behavior: the new mom goes to bed for a month while everyone pampers纵容,宠 her. Family members, and sometimes neighbors, take over cooking and cleaning; when the baby needs to be fed, they bring a freshly change infant to the mother.
In China, this practice is called zuo yuezi (sitting through the month). The woman must stay in bed behind closed windows, cover her head, and take many precautions to insure that she does not damage her ability to produce breast milk.
Once Evelyn discovered that her daughter-in-law was behaving in a customary postpartum manner, she would have relaxed her attitude.
Sometimes what we perceive as negative behavior has roots in another paradigm. In American culture, the new mothers can do all the things Evelyn thinks Zen should do; while in some other cultures it is quite different. They give more physical support to new mothers, where family and friends assume household obligations so that the new mom can rebuild her strength for at least one month after delivery.
Case18
The case illustrates a cross-cultural misunderstanding of a very subtle aspect of culture. How close an individual can get to another while talking is, to a large extent, dictated by one’s culture. It is said that most middle-class North Americans choose a normal conversational distance of no closer than twenty-two inches from each other’s mouth. However, for people of certain South American and Caribbean cultures, the distance is approximately fifteen inches, while still other cultures (in the Middle East) maintain a distance of nine to ten inches.
The problem that occurred between the Latin American and the New York policeman was that their respective cultures had different ideas about spatial distancing. The Latin American was attempting to establish what for him was a comfortable conversational distance. Unfortunately, the policeman felt threatened because his personal space, as defined by his culture, was being violated. Had either of them understood this cultural behavior difference, the breakdown in communication and the arrest could have been avoided.
第四单元
Case19
It is sadly true that a lot of Chinese people would try the personal way when they feel that the official way cannot help them achieve what they want. To a very large extent, knowing someone who is in charge means a big advantage, as the Chinese place a lot of importance in giving each other “face” by trying to accommodate the person in need. In this case, though Guangrui did not initiate the idea of calling Ms Morin, he could not help thinking that it was Professor Stevens’ personal relation with Ms Morin that helped to convince her to change her mind about his project.
Sure enough, such “help” is not given for nothing. Sooner or later, the person helped will have to return the favor in another form of help to the helper. This has been an unpleasant practice that people have been trying to change.
Ms Morin agreed with Professor Stevens because he presented his (and Guangrui’s) suggestions in a calm, rational approach. He had acknowledged her good intentions to help the project succeed, accepted the ideas he could, and made a reasonable case against suggestions that did not fit in with the project. While he felt comfortable calling her because they knew each other, her change of mind was not made on the basis of their knowing each other. Instead, she agreed because Professor Stevens’ reasons for not implementing her changes were reasonable.
Case20
The notion that an adult man and woman who trust each other would need to keep a door open to signify that nothing inappropriate is going on is as strange to a North American as the suggestion that they would need a chaperon (女伴;陪伴). If Lan Lan did not know Kevin, or was concerned about her safety, she should not go to his room at all. Or if she needed to speak with him, they should do it in a public place.
Given the fact that they were colleagues who trusted each other and that their relationship was not romantic, Kevin would have no sense that Lan Lan would feel the need to keep the door open to protect her reputation. Nor would he think that anyone else had the right to be able to see the two of them talking. The suggestion that if a man and a woman are alone together behind a closed door, something sexual is happening, is absurd from a Western perspective.
For a very long time in China, tradition has it that it is not appropriate for a man and a woman to be alone together in the same room. Thus Lan Lan deliberately left the door ajar when she went into Kevin’s room. Though she knew Kevin was a decent (正派的; 得体的 ) man and would not try anything inappropriate, she still felt uncomfortable behind a closed door. All this may be old-fashioned, and young people are less likely to keep doors open when visiting, but there are still many Chinese who would do as Lan Lan did.
Case21
The idea of privacy is rather new in China, while people still have fresh memory of the time when they had little personal space. There have been times when consumer goods were in very short supply and people in line had to stand very close to one another to prevent others from cutting into the line. As a result, people have got used to standing close to the one before them, even when it comes to banking. They may not be interested in knowing other people’s PINs, but their being too close poses a threat to those who want more space for peace of mind. The lack of privacy when banking is something Chinese resent but still put up with because it appears that the new ideas such as privacy need more time to sink in. some public places have posted signs that ask people to keep some distance from the person who is receiving service.
“Personal space” is one of the cultural differences that people first notice when dealing with individuals from other cultures. North Americans prefer more distance than Chinese do. Some Western Europeans, such as Scandinavians and Germans, like even more space. Differences in how close to stand are a source of discomfort or misunderstanding as frequently as are dining habits.
Case22
Traditionally, most Chinese women have the tendency to rely on their men for things they are better for, while they would also take on jobs that they themselves are better for. Dividing up task by one’s abilities seems to them a very natural thing. Since Bill did better with photographing, Le decided that he should be in charge of it when they were together. As for the loading and unloading of the film, she made Bill do it more as a way of looking for affection than of ordering him around — she wanted him to spoil her as a little girl, a form of intimacy which Chinese women enjoy having with their men. However, Bill’s reaction made her feel stupid and rejected.
⏹Relationships between women and men in the West are still in a state of great change. Some women strive so strongly for independency that they object to ordinary courtesies from men such as a man opening a door for them. Western men have to learn how a girlfriend wants to be treated and not assume that each woman wants the same treatment. In practice, though, most western men initially expect that any women in their life wants to be treated as an equal — almost like they would treat a male friend. In this situation, Bill is confused because he knows that Le is quite capable of operating a camera. He would enjoy discussing how to compose the picture and what camera settings to use, but he would expect Le to function as an independent and competent amateur photographer. This is not a sign that Bill does not love her.
Case23
⏹It can sometimes be difficult for foreigners to make friends with Americans in America. In part this is because American students often have a lot of work to do and little free time, so in their social relationships they prefer to do what is easy, and it is generally easier to interact with people with whom one has more in common. Another problem for newly arrived international students is that many Americans already have a set of friends, so don’t really need to make new friends. On the other hand, Americans are generally relatively well disposed toward (没有倾向) people of other cultures, and willing to be friendly when the opportunity arises. It is thus usually worthwhile for foreigners in Americans to persist in actively trying to make American friends.
⏹Fran’s possible answer may be like the following:
Dear Lee:
Of course it is possible that there is some very simple explanation — maybe June had a meeting with the other students about a class, or needed to talk with one of them about something personal. It may also be that she felt an obligation to spend time with old friends. But I would concede that the reason June didn’t sit with you may have had something to do with the fact that you are Chinese and she is American.
One problem overseas students often experience in the US — as well as in China — is that students who share the same culture and language tend to stick together rather than reaching out to students from other cultures. Another very specific problem is that it is sometimes difficult to make conversation with someone from a different culture because you don’t know what to talk about.
No matter what the problem was, I would encourage you not to jump to the conclusion that June — or American students in general — are not interested in making friends with students from other countries. You will probably need to be patient, and not give up too quickly. You also need to keep making an active effort instead of waiting and hoping June will take the initiative.
Sincerely,
Fran
Case24
⏹There is an interesting practice in China when it comes to family members and best friends. Because they are the closest people to a person, they are expected to understand and tolerate the pressure on an individual to socialize with others. More casual relationships need to be consciously “worked on” while family members and closest friends can always be counted on to be there for the person. Therefore, as far as Chinese culture is concerned, Ma Hua said he needed to see other people first because it was socially required of him, while his friendship with Guangcheng was strong enough for him to wait till he felt relaxed enough before arranging a visit.
⏹A North American would normally attempt to see those people closest to him or her first. Friendships and loving relationships are important for North Americans, too. They believe that they have to work on maintaining and strengthening those relationships by putting a higher priority on spending time with those people than on spending time with people less close. The difference in the two perspectives is fundamentally a difference in views of which relationships require “work” and thus have the highest claim on one’s time.
