
1. I wrote down the number so that I ( ) remember it.
A. could
B. should
C. might
D. needed
2. Richard is American, john is British - they have different ( ).
A. nations
B. countries
C. nationalities
D. lands
3. She made ( ) to tell her mother the good news.
A. speed
B. haste
C. hurry
D. urge
4. -Are you ( )?
-No, I'm serious.
A. deceiving
B. cheating
C. fooling
D. kidding
5. A ( ) of humour is a great asset for a person.
A. feeling
B. sense
C. meaning
D. judgment
6. The ( ) person is liable to succeed in the challenge.
A. social
B. gracious
C. friendly
D. sociable
7. The police showed responsibility ( ) the preservation of public order and security.
A. forB. to
C. inD. on
8. He doesn't feel ( ) when he is left ( ).
A. alone…alone
B. lonely…lonely
C. alone…lonely
D. lonely…alone
9. Take a hat with you ( ) the sun is very hot.
A. in case
B. though
C. for fear
D. in that case
10. A ( ) of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.
A. quality
B. feature
C. characteristic
D. character
答案:
1. A2. C3. B4. D5. B
6. D7. A8. D9. A10. C
【知识点】
1. could/can 不能与be able to 连用
这首题考查的是could的用法,在复习"could"这个单词时要重点搞清楚他和其他情态动词的区别,尤其在虚拟语气中。考试可以常考的^^
2. 第二题就不讲了,大家查字典知道每个词的定义之后就OK了
3. haste, hurry和speed的同义词辨析。
首先,"haste"是指急速的行动,其原因可能是环境压力,也可能是强烈的愿望。
然后,"hurry"是指仓促、忙乱的动作。
最后,"speed"是指快速的动作,它还暗指不忙乱,有效率。
那么,大家懂了没^^
4. kid
n. 小孩,儿?,少年
v. 欺骗,开玩笑:Don't kid me.别欺骗我。
5. 熟记sense的常考短语
make sense有意义;意思清楚;有道理
make no sense无意义
make sense of 理解;懂;明白
in a sense在某一方面;就某种意义来说
a sense of humor幽默感
6. social和sociable的辨析
7. 这词考的是responsibility的搭配,show/shoulder/take/assume responsibility for 对……负责
8. 区别alone和lonely。
alone指独自一人的,而lonely指孤单的、孤独的。(个人觉得lonely有感情色彩,而alone只是叙述事实而已)
9. in case 以防
10. quality, characteristic和feature的辨析:
quality系常用词,指表现于某人或某物与其他不同特质或特点
characteristic指特殊的、易于辨认的特性或特征
feature指引人注意的显著特征或细节
character常指性格或某事特的风格
PET词汇精练(2)
1. They have three dogs to find a home for, not to( )that cat and the bird.
A. refer
B. name
C. comment
D. mention
2. She likes to quarrel( )neighbors( )the little things.
A. with…for
B. to…about
C. with…about
D. about…with
3. You mustn't joke( )him( )religious belief.
A. with…to
B. to…about
C. about…with
D. with…about
4. Tom, you're not( )to go out tonight. It's raining heavily now.
A. supposed
B. ought
C. thought
D. considered
5. The village is( )by the hills.
A. shut off
B. shut in
C. shut up
D. shut out
6. I can't( )him to those people; I don't think he knows them at all.
A. join
B. link
C. connect
D. collect
7. Peter is confident( )winning the post as the assistant to the managing director.
A. of
B. in
C. on
D. to
8. We described him( )the cleverest student in the class.
A. to
B. as
C. with
D. on
9. So,( ), we've got to try further funding.
A. in sum up
B. in summary
C. summing in
D. on summary
10. Her words left us( ).
A. lost
B. loss
C. at a loss
D. losing
【参】
1. D2.C3. D4. A5. B
6. B7. A8.B9. B10. C
【知识点】
1. 这题容易误选为A,因为refer与mention是近义词,但大家注意:not to mention为固定搭配。
2. 本题考查quarrel的常用短语用法。quarrel与about连用后接内容,不与for连用。
3. joke with sb. About sth.
扩展:play a joke on为固定搭配
4. be supposed to do sth. 应该…
这道题容易误选B,之所以不选B是因为ought to 不能于be动词连用。
5. 记住几个和shut相关的词组shut off 切断(水、电等)
shut out 把…排斥在外
shut in 把…关在里面
shut up 住口
6. join to把…连接到
link to与…相联系
connect常与with连用,意为把…与…连接
扩展:link up with 与…相连接
7. 这首题考固定搭配,记住就好:be confident of 对…有信心
注:名词confident后接in,但形容词confident后却接of.
8. describe…as… 把…说成…
9. to sum up、in summary、summing up意思均为"总的来说".
10. at a loss困惑,不知所措
PET词汇精练(3)
1. He told me that the firm could not afford( )such large salaries.
A. paying
B. to pay
C. to have paid
D. being paid
2. She has travelled in( )countries.
A. south
B. north
C. northern
D. northwest
3. The plane was then able to( )and it cleared the moutains by 400 feet.
A. rise
B. raise
C. arise
D. rouse
4. He had( )to go because he doesn't get on well with others.
A. everywhere
B. anywhere
C. somewhere
D. nowhere
5. Don't be so( ); I'm not telling you what I've promised not to say.
A.odd
B.shocked
C.strange
D.curious
6. He( )his previous best performance in the 1000 meters.
A. improves
B. improves on
C. betters
D. proves
7. I( )to interrupt a man when he's busy working.
A. envy
B. hate
C. admire
D. improve
8. he was astonished( )what he found.
A. at
B. to
C. for
D. on
9. They made no effort to hide their amusement( )I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket.
A. whatever
B. wherever
C. whoever
D. whenever
10. I had hoped to get $1000 for my old car but had to( )a lot less.
A. settle down
B. settle in
C. settle for
D. settle on
【参】
1. B2. C3. A4. D5. D
6. B7. B8. A9. D10. C
【知识点】
1. afford 后常接动词的不定式,所以应该选B:"to pay".
3. 此处只能选择一个不及物动词作答案
4. 句子的意思为:"他没有什么地方去因为与别人相处不好"
everywhere:每处
anywhere:无论何处
somewhere:某处
所以,只有nowhere符合题意。
5. odd、strange均为"奇特的",shocked意为"惊讶的",curious既有"奇特的",还有"好奇的"意思。
6. better和improve均有"提高"、"改善"之意,better主要指改善地位或经济状况;improve指提高文化水平。
8. astonish后接动词时常用不定式。be astonished at 对……很惊讶
10. settle down 定居;
settle in 在新居安定下来;
settle for 勉强认可;
settle on 选定,决定。
PET词汇精练(4)
1. I'll meet you at the place in the forest where the paths( ).
A. across
B. cross
C. connecting
D. crossing
2. Children are taught to( )their parents and teachers with respect.
A. retreat
B. consider
C. regard
D. treat
3. It( )our family for a long time.
A. has been belonged to
B. has belonged to
C. belongs to
D. is belonged to
4. Our teacher is strict( )us; we have to do what she says.
A. in
B. on
C. with
D. about
5. The astronauts succeeded( )from the moon to the earth according to the plan.
A. in returning
B. to return
C. on returning
D. to returning
6. I can't be bothered( )him; he can't be bothered to say hello.
A. with
B. for
C. on
D. to
7. The boys attempted( )for camping but were stopped by their parents.
A. leaving
B. to leaving
C. to leave
D. for leaving
8. We have( )time to catch the train.
A. many
B. plenty of
C. a number of
D. the number of
9. The smell of roses( )me( )our old house.
A. reminds…to
B. thinks…of
C. thinks…about
D. reminds…of
10. Because of weather, the school had to delay( )the sports meeting.
A. holding
B. to hold
C. for holding
D. to holding
【参】
1. B2. D3. B4. C5. A
6. A7. C8. B9. D10. A
【知识点】
1. 本题中从句为一般现代时,必须用动词原形,只有选项cross符合题意。
2. 本题考查近意词辨析。句意:"教育孩子们对父母师长要尊敬。"
retreat退却
consider和regard均为"认为、当作"的意思
treat看待、对待;把…视为…
扩展:treat…as… 把…当作…
3. 句意:"它成为我们的家产已很多年了。"
Belong to 总是用主动语态,另外因为后面有时间状语"for a long time",所以需用完成时态。
4. 由于后面的宾语是人"us",所以这里的介词只能选"with".
5. 本题考查固定搭配:
succeed in (sth. / doing sth.)成功
succeed to sth. 继承
6. 句意:"我才不为他操心,他连打声招呼都不肯。"
be bothered with sb.为某人操心
bother to do sth. 因做某事而添麻烦
7. attempt比try稍正式一些,常暗含不成功的意味,而manage则一般指设法成功地做了某事。
8. plenty of 可以修饰不可数名词,而其他短语只能修饰可数名词。
9. 句意:玫瑰花香总是使我想起我闪的旧宅。
"使某人想起…"用remind…of…,结构相当于make…think about. 10. delay后应接动名词。
PET词汇精练(5)
1. He likes bread, cake, and other( )foods.
A. alike
B. same
C. similar
D. like
2. Everybody( )him for his fine sense of humour.
A. admires
B. respects
C. fears
D. support
3. They warned the boy to( )his way.
A. repair
B. correct
C. debate
D. mend
4. We all( )that we not rest until we finish the work.
A. stick
B. stick to
C. insist
D. insist on
5. He feels it's difficult to( )such a big family with five children.
A. help
B. aid
C. assist
D. support
6. She( )into tears when she heard the bad news.
A. fell
B. burst
C. came
D. went
7. Peter became a judge but John( )a fisherman.
A. kept
B. continued
C. remained
D. followed
8. They set out in search of( ).
A. danger
B. adventure
C. venture
D. loss
9. When he left university, he found it hard to choose between the( )offers of work that were make to him.
A. varied
B. variable
C. various
D. varying
10. You must ask( )if you want to leave early.
A. permit
B. permission
C. admission
D. argument
【参】
1. C2. A3. D4. C5. D
6. B7. C8. B9. C10. B
【知识点】
1. 本题为近义词辨析。
alike:相像的
same:相同的,常构成the same as结构。
like:介词,意为像……一样。
similar:相似的,类似的。
句意:他爱吃面包,蛋糕和其他类似的食品。
扩展:similar to 与……相似;
2. 句意:人人都钦佩他那绝妙的幽默感。
respect:尊敬
fear:害怕
support:支持
admires:钦佩,羡慕
所以这里用admire最为合适。
3. 这道题考查"mend one's way"的固定搭配。
4. 句意:大家都坚决要求不完工就不休息。
stick没有坚持的意思,stick to意为"坚持".
insist与insist on的区别在于前者接从句,后者接名词或动词。
5. 句意:他感到很难支撑这个有五个孩子的大家庭。
Help,aid和assist都有"帮助"的意思,而support除了有"帮助"的意思之外,还有"支持,赡养"的意思。
6. 句意:他听到这个坏消息时猛然哭了起来。
Burst into tears为固定搭配。
7. keep:保持
continue:继续
follow:跟随
句意:彼得当了法官,但约翰仍旧是个渔民。
8. 生命危险或经济风险大时用venture;
想使人心振奋、寻求刺激性的冒险用adventure;
danger意为"危险";
loss意为损失。
句意:他们踏上了历险征程。
9. 这四个词均为vary的派生词。
varied:多变的;
variable:可变的,易变的;
varying:正在变化的;
various:各种各样的。
句意:他大学毕业时,面对各种各样的工作机会。
10. ask permission from sb.得到某人的许可;
permit许可证;
admission准许;
argument论点。
句意:如果你想早走的话,必须得到允许。
PET词汇精练(6)
1. Each college student must take part in the military( )at the beginning of the first term.
A. train
B. trainer
C. training
D. trainee
2. Then he smiled and told me I would receive an ( )$100 a year!
A. spare
B. extra
C. surplus
D. more
3. Why don't you( )your spare room to other people, and earn some money?
A. hire
B. fire
C. use
D. hire out
4. Everyone had two( )of paper to draw on.
A. sheets
B. types
C. kinds
D. varieties
5. He passed the( )examinations to become a doctor.
A. required
B. requiring
C. inquiring
D. inquired
6. Tonight you can see the Rolling Stones( ).
A. at concert
B. in concert
C. on concert
D. with concert
7. The boy was determined( )a sailor.
A. not become
B. not to become
D. not becoming
8. He shouted insults( )the woman who had cheated him the other day.
A. in
B. at
C. for
D. on
9. She waved her hand( )good-bye.
A. to say
B. saying
C. to saying
D. for saying
10. We all insist that we( )until we finish the work.
A. not rest
B. don't rest
C. didn't rest
D. haven't rest
【参】
1. C2. B3. D4. A5. A
6. B7. B8. B9. A10. A
【知识点】
本期考查词汇:training、spare、hire、sheet、require、concert、determine、shout、wave、insist
1. train: 训练
派生词:trainer n. 培训人,教练员
training n. 训练;培养
trainee n. 学员
句意:每个大学生在第一学期开始必须参加军训。
这道题考查train的几个派生词的词义,记住就OK的。
2. 本题考查近意词区别
spare:多余的;
extra:额外的;
surplus:剩下的;
more:更多的。
句意:然后,他微笑着告诉我,我每一年将得到一百镑额外收益。
3. hire vt.
①租用,租;
②雇用,雇;
hire out意为"租出去",use意为"使用".
句意:您 为什么不把空闲的房间租给别人来赚些钱?
4. sheet n. 纸片,大片
句意:每个人有两张可画画的纸。
B,C,D为并列选项。
5. 句意:他通过了规定的考试成为医生。
examination(考试)应该是:"被规定的",因此要用过去分词。
inquire意为"询问",不符合题意。
PS:如果require的主语为某物,后常直接跟现在分词表被动。
eg: The floor requires being washing.
6. in concert为固定短语,意为"在音乐会上演奏或演唱"
句意:今晚能看到滚石乐队在音乐会上演出。
7. determine v. 决定;确定
Be determined to do sth.决定做…,后接不定式,其否定式在to 前加not.
句意:那小孩决心不当水手。
8. shout
v. 呼喊,喊叫;
n. 大喊,大叫。
shout at 朝…吼
句意:那个女人前几天欺骗了他,所以他对她大声辱骂。
9. wave v. 招手,挥舞;
n. ①波浪
( )②(手的)挥动。
句意:她挥手千别。
Wave后应跟不定式,固选A.
扩展:wave to sb. 朝…挥手
10. insist v. ①坚持,强调
( )②坚决要求
句意:大家都坚决要求不完工就不休息。
insist引导的从句用should加动词原形的虚拟语气,也可以省略should.
PET词汇精练(7)
1. She always gives her children good( )meals so that they could study hard at school.
A. delicious
B. wise
C. strange
D. salty
2. Ted wondered( )he was wanted by the police, but the went to the station yesterday.
A. why
B. that
C. when
D. where
3. I must ask someone of( )judgment than myself what to do.
A. drier
B. more delicious
C. more terrible
D. riper
4. I don't need the literature( ). Thank you very much all the same.
A. at present
B. for present
C. on present
D. in present
5. I apologized( )her( )not coming to attend meeting on time.
A. for…for
B. to…for
C. no…for
D. to…about
6. Are you very disappointed( )losing the game?
A. in
B. with
C. of
D. on
7. He stood on the( )of the cliff shouting the name of his wife.
A. margin
B. limit
C. border
D. edge
8. They showed us how to( )a printing page.
A. lay aside
B. lay down
C. lay off
D. lay out
【参】
1. A2. A3. D4. A
5. B6. C7. D8. D
【知识点】
本期考查词汇:
1. delicious adj. 美味的
wise:明智的
strange:奇怪的
salty:咸的
句意:她总是给孩子们吃可口的好饭菜,使他们能在学校好好学习。只有delicious符合句意。
2. wonder n. 惊讶;惊奇
奇观;壮举
( )v. 想知道
觉得奇怪;惊奇
句意:特德不知道为什么局要他去,但昨天他去了。根据句意why为正确答案。
点津:wonder后一般不能接that从句,通常由if,whether或why等来引导。
3. ripe adj. 成熟的
drier:干的
delicious:美味的
terrible:可怕的
句意:我必须请教一些判断问题比我成熟的人看看怎么办?根据句意,只有riper符合题意。
4. 本题考查"at present(目前)"固定搭配。
句意:我现在还不需要这些文献,但我还是要感谢你。
5. 本题考查固定短语"apologize to sb. for sth.(因为某事向某人道歉)"
句意:我因为没有按时到会向她道歉。
6. 句意:你是不是因为比赛输了而感到失望?
disappoint vt. ① 使失望;使扫兴
②(希望等)破灭,挫败(计划等)
点津:与人、物接触后感到失望时用"be disappointed in/with";
目的未能实现而失望时则用"be disappointed of".
7. margin n. 页边的空白,(湖、池等的)边缘
limit n. ;限定
border n. 边界,国界
edge n. ①刀口,刃
( )②边,边缘
v. 沿边缘慢慢移动
句意:他站在悬崖边上喊着妻子的名字。
8. 本题考查短语辨析。
lay aside 把…搁在一边
lay down放下,交出
lay off 解雇
lay out 安排
句意:他们告诉我们怎样安排版面。
PET词汇精练(8)
1. Rice is the( )crop in most southern provinces.
A. chief
B. important
C. senior
D. valuable
2. We were talking sensibly until he( )with his foolish ideas.
A. accepted
B. interrupted
C. believed
D. doubted
3. I'd like to go with you, my hands are full.
A. Although
B. Though
C. As though
D. In spite of
4. This new model car is of high( )and is not expensive either.
A. quantity
B. quality
C. condition
D. character
5. They are thirsty( )new skills so that they can be qualified( )the jobs in various fields to which they are strange.
A. for…of
B. of…for
C. for…for
D. to…on
6. She signed the letter( ), not realizing its implication.
A. in faith
B. in good faith
C. in the faith
D. on the faith
7. You don't have to be angry. He( )wanted to know the truth.
A. hardly
B. barely
C. seldom
D. merely
8. We were( )by heavy smog from seeing anything.
A. forbidden
B. prevented
C. controlled
D. blamed
9. Those sweet potatoes have been( )for 20 minutes.
A. boiling
B. boiled
C. produced
D. producing
10. Every day she must feed the baby( )milk.
A. with
B. in
C. to
D. for
【参】
1. A2. B3. A4. B5. C
6. B7. D8. B9. A10. A
【知识点】
1. 句意:稻子是大多数南方省份的主要作物。
Chief n. 领袖;头目
( )adj. 首要的;等级最高的
importing adj. 重要的
senior adj. 年长的
valuable adj. 值钱的,贵重的
扩展:leader, main, leading
2. 句意:我们一本正经在说话,直到他忽然插进来谈了些愚蠢的想法。
accepted v. 接受
interrupt vt. vi.
( )①阻断;中断
( )②打搅;打断
believe v. 相信
doubt v. 怀疑
3. 句意:虽然我觉得很想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。
although比though的语气强,较为正式,多放在句首。
though不与but和yet使用。
as though好像,相当于as if.
in spite of 尽管,其后常接名词或动名词。
4. 句意:这种新款汽车质量非常好,而且也不贵。
quantity意为"数量",常构成短语in quantity大量。
quality n. 质量,品质
condition 情况,状态
character n. 特征
注意区分quality和quantity.
5. 句意:他们迫切想掌握新的技术,使自己能胜任各种陌生行业的工作。
thirsty adj.
( )① 口渴的
( )② 渴望的
be thirsty for 渴望;
be qualified for 能胜任…
6. 句意:她真心真意地在信上签了字,没意到其中有诈。
faith n. 信念;信仰
have faith in 相信
in faith 确实,的确
in good faith 真诚,善意
C、D搭配错误,固只有B(in good faith)符合题意。
7. 句意:你不必太生气,他只不过是想知道事实。
A,B,C三个选项为同意词,意为:很少,几乎不,固答案为D.
8. 句意:浓雾使我们看不到任何东西。
forbid后常接不定式作宾语补足语。
prevent…from… 阻止…做…
control v. 控制
blame v. 责备,常与for 连用
9. 句意:那些红薯已经煮沸二十分钟了。
boiling 正在沸腾的
boiled 煮沸的
boiled water 开水(不一定正在沸腾)
produce 制造
10. 句意:她必须每天给孩子喂奶。
feed vt. 喂(养),饲(养)
feed on 以…为主食
feed sth. To sb. 向…提供
feed sb. with sth. 用…喂养
be fed up 感到厌烦
PET词汇精练(9)
1. He( )his prospects by carelessness.
A. destroyed
B. ruined
C. rained
D. broke
2. He felt very( )when he went into the hospital.
A. excited
B. worried
C. nervous
D. anxious
3. You should be ashamed( )having done so little work.
A. of
B. in
C. on
D. with
4. The( )boy threw stones at the little dog.
A. fierce
B. cruel
C. cold
D. kind
5. It was so dark that I could( )see.
A. almost
B. nearly
C. hardly
D. just
【参】
1. B2. C3. A4. B5. C
【知识点】
1. 句意:他因疏忽大意而断送了前途。
ABD四个词为近意词。
( )destroy:破坏,毁坏,常指用强力毁坏或毁灭某物,也可以指抽象事物的毁灭。
( )ruin:指彻底毁亡,使覆灭。也用于指天灾人祸对美好、珍贵事物的破坏,使失支价值而无法修复。
( )bread:指突然或用力将某件东西弄成碎片,也可指减弱或毁坏某事物。
( )rain:意为"下雨",不符合题意。
2. 句意:当他走进医院时,他感到很紧张。
( )本题考查近义词的意义区别,这四个形容词在内涵上是有差异的。
( )excited:通常指感情方面激动或精神兴奋。
( )worried指:"闷闷不乐的"。
( )nervous常发生在事前或事物进展过程中,指精神上的紧张与不安。
( )anxious:通常是对将来可以发生的事情"担忧"。
3. ashamed常用作表语,它在表达不同意思时所采用的搭配方式也是不同的:
作"羞愧的;惭愧的"用时,要用 ~ (of sth./ sb./ oneself); ~ (that…)
( )作"不好意思…的"用时,要用 ~ to do sth.
( )ashamed:(感到)惭愧的,羞耻的,和人连用,不和事物连用。
( )shameful:(行为等)可耻的,不道德的,和事物连用。
( )shy:怕羞的。
4. 句意:那个残忍的男孩向那只小狗扔石头。
( )A和B都有残忍之意。
( )fierce:通常指野生动物的残暴侵犯。
( )cruel:侧重指某人对别人的痛苦冷漠无情,也指看到别人遭受痛苦时表现出高光或满意的残忍太度。
5. 句意:天那么黑,我简直看不见了。
( )本题给出的四个答案均为副词。
( )almost和nearly通常用于肯定句。
( )almost和否定词的组合可与hardly互换。但,用hardly一般比用almost+动词否定式为宜。
( )just表示"刚好,几乎不",常用于肯定句。
PET词汇精练(10)
1. The clock is the main( )of his interest.
A. thing
B. object
C. article
D. matter
2. The airport is about ten miles distant( )the city.
A. toward
B. in
C. with
D. form
3. She( )up the old furniture in the shed.
A. gave
B. put
C. piled
D. held
4. I blew my( )against the mirror.
A. steam
B. air
C. breath
D. gas
5. The track and field events are( ).
A. as follow
B. as follows
C. following
D. followed
【参】
1. B2. D3. C4. C5. B
【知识点】
1. 句意:他最感兴趣的是那个钟。
A、B、C、D都 可以表示"物体或东西"。
thing的意义最广泛,指直接感觉得到的事物,也指从迹象或效果能推论出的事物。指人时,强调藐视。
object"对象,物体"强调物体存在于观察者之外,指能观察或被理解的目标。
article被视为某一群体、一类、一个等级中的一件事或成份,常指一件具体的物品或物件。
matter指"物质(与精神相对)或客观存在有待处理的问题"
2. 句意:机场距离城市大约十英里远。本题考查distant与介词的正确搭配。
distant后接with或toward时,介词宾语是人,表示"对某人冷淡,保持距离"。
distant后接from时,表示"远离",故选from。
3. 句意:她把旧家具堆放到棚子里。本题考查固定搭配辨析。
give up:放弃,停止;
put up:举起,进行;
pile up:堆积,累积;
hold up:举起,支撑。
根据句意选择pile up。
4. 句意:我往镜子上吹气。
steam:蒸汽,水汽;
air:空气;
breath:气息;
gas:气体,煤气。
根据句意选择"breath"。
5. 句意:田径赛项目如下。
as follows为固定搭配,意为"如下"。
PET词汇精练(11)
1. I've got into the( )of watching TV as soon as I get home.
A. habit
B. practice
C. custom
D. exercise
2. We fail one student per year on( ).
A. maximum
B. minimum
C. average
D. level
3. I hardly see( )around here.
A. nobody
B. somebody
C. anybody
D. no one
4. Her performance got mixed( ).
A. speech
B. review
C. ideas
D. thoughts
5. The child is really highly( ).
A. music
B. musical
C. musician
D. museum
【参】
1. A2. C3. C4. B5. B
【知识点】
1. 句意:我已经养成了一到家就看电视的习惯。
Habit, practice, custom这三个名词一般含义都为"习惯"。
habit指个人的"习惯",通常用于表示做事、思考问题 或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法。
practice既可表示个人的也可表示社会的"习惯",这种"习惯"从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有先把性的行为或者方法。
custom具有habit和practice的一切含义,些外,custom还指长期而广泛采用的行为或方法,即风欲习惯,它不仅有指导意义,而且具有必须遵循的意义。
exercise:练习;训练。
固本题选A. habit。
2. 句意:我们平均每年有一个学生不及格。
on (an) average:通常;按平均,average可以不与定冠词连用。
on the level:诚实地,直率地,level必须与定冠词连用。
固本题选C. average。
3. 句意:这附近我几乎看不到一个人。
no body与no one adj. 没有任何人;
somebody:有人;某人,常用于肯定句;
anybody:任何人,常用于否定句或疑问句。
本题中的副词hardly含否定意义,后面应用anybody,固选C。
4. 句意:她的演出所得评论毁誉参半。本题考查近意词辨析。
speech:发言;说话的能力;言语
review:评论,指就某作品或表演等的内容、优缺点等发表个人意见
ideas:想法;念头
thoughts:想法;看法;念头
5. 句意:这个孩子的音乐天分确实很高。
此处应填形容词,选项中只有musical能用做形容词,且符合题意,故B为正确答案。
PET词汇精练(12)
1. There is a limit( )the amount of money I can afford.
A. to
B. of
C. in
D. for
2.( )one old lady, the bus was empty.
A. Except
B. Except for
C. Beside
D. Besides
3. Cheers greeted the( )of the Queen.
A. getting
B. landing
C. arrival
D. going
4. She( )me by the wrist.
A. took
B. hold
C. got
D. seized
5. He used to( )lectures in the university when he was a student.
A. hive
B. listen to
C. attend
D. join
【参】
1. A2. B3. C4. D5. C
【知识点】
1. 句意:我能付得起的钱数是有限的。
Limit作名词或动词,后面可连接介词to(名词还可以连接as to),表示"……的界限"。
注:limit常与介词to连用,再接名词性的词语,但不能接不定式。
2. 句意:公共汽车上要不是坐了一位老太太就是空的。
except:"除了……之外",表示所说的不包括在内。
except for:"除了……",常用来引述一个相反的原因或细节,主要用于书面语。
beside:"在……旁边;在……附近"。
besides:"除……之外(还有)",表示所说的也包括在内。
3. 句意:一片欢呼声欢迎女王莅临。本题考查近意词辨析。
getting:获得,利益
landing:着陆,登陆
arrival:到达
going:离去
固选C. arrival到达
4. 句意:她抓住我的手腕。
表示"抓住"可以用:size, get hold of 和 catch hold of;
表示"握住"用take hold of。
seize指突然用力抓住,与catch, grasp近义。
5. 句意:他念大家的时候常听讲座。
give lectures:作演讲
listen to…:听……
join sth.:参加某组织
以上答案均不和题意,以上选项均不附合题意,固选C. attend lectures。
PET词汇精练(13)
1. The building of the largest bridge across the river in Asia is( ).
A. in advance
B. in progress
C. in character
D. in shape
2. Most of the students are making good progress but Mike seems a( )case.
A. clear
B. good
C. hopeless
D. hopeful
3. They suggest( )a report to the headmaster.
A. write
B. writes
C. to write
D. writing
4. New soldiers have three hours of( )a day.
A. train
B. exercise
C. practice
D. drill
5. They said they liked to do( )on primary education.
A. study
B. research
C. search
D. discussion
【参】
1. B2. C3. D4. D5. B
【知识点】
1. 句意:这座亚洲最大的跨江大桥正在建设中。
A. in advance预先
B. in progress正在进展中
C. in character适合,相称
D. in shape在外形上,处于良好状态。
固选B。
progress n. & v.
n. 前进,进步;
v. 前进;有进展。
2. 句意:大多数学生进步都 很快,但迈克却似乎无可救药。
四个选项都可以和case搭配。
clear明显的;
good好的;
hopeless没有希望的;
hopeful有希望的。
根据上下文选C.
3. 句意:他们建议向校长写一个报告。
很多人误选C,实际上suggest后面不能直接接不定式,但可以直接接动名词。接不定式只能是suggest sb. to do sth..
4. 句意:新兵一天有三小时的操练。本题考查近意词辨析。
train火车(动词为训练)
exercise练习(军事演习为复数exercises)
practice(经常反复的)练习
drill军事训练
根据上下文soldier(士兵)判断,D为正确答案。
5. 句意:他们说他们喜欢研究初等教育。
"研究"可表示为:make a study of sth. 或 do research (work) on (sth./ sb.);
而search搜查;discussion讨论均不符合句意。根据上下文应选B.
PET词汇精练(14)
1. He carried on teaching well( )tetirement age.
A. above
B. over
C. beyond
D. after
2. She got excellent( )in her exams.
A. class
B. grade
C. remark
D. marker
3. He wants to study the( )mechanism of a watch.
A. complete
B. comfort
C. complex
D. comparable
4. The child pressed her mose( )the window.
A. for
B. by
C. against
D. toward
5. I saw three old tress( )on the ground after the storm.
A. lies
B. laying
C. lying
D. to lie
【参】
1. B2. B3. C4. C5. C
【知识点】
1. 句意:她早超过了退休年龄(年逾60)却仍在教书。
above和over可以用来表示在数目或数量上"多于"
beyond指超过(某一时间)或越出(某事物)范围
after表示"时间或地点之后"
选项A、C、D均不与make搭配。
根据上下文,答案选B.
2. 句意:她考试成绩优异。
class班级,社会等级,种类;
grade等级,年级;
remark备注,评论;
marker记分员,标记。
只有B符合题意。
3. 句意:他想研究手表的复杂结构。本题考查形近词的词义辨析。
complete全部的,完全的;
comfortable舒适的;
complex复杂的;
comparable可比较的,比得上的;
根据上下文选C.
4. 句意:那小女孩把鼻子贴在窗户上。
press ( sth./sb./oneself )against/on sth.; press sth. to sth. 表示"对某物施以压力;压、挤或顶某物",而其他介词不与press构成短语。
5. 句意:暴风雨过后,我看见三棵老树倒在了地上。
wee sth. do/doing sth.看见…做某事,此处应填动词原形或现在分词;
lie on the ground躺在地上,作此意讲的lie的现在分词形式为lying,而laying的意思是"放置",不合题意。
PET词汇精练(15)
1. We want to live in the( )of Beijing.
A. neighbourship
B. neighbouring
C. neighbourhood
D. neighbour
2. When I was a child, I used to( )with my friend.
A. have house
B. make house
C. play house
D. work house
3. The poems were printed( )a small hand press.
A. with
B. for
C. on
D. by
4. He shouldn't risk his life( ).
A. for no purpose
B. on no purpose
C. to no purpose
D. in no purpose
5. We provided food( )the hungry children.
A. on
B. with
C. to
D. for
【参】
1. C2. C3. C4. C5. D
【知识点】
1. 句意:我们想住在北京附近。本题考查同根词词义辨析。
( )neighbourship n.接邻;
( )neighbouring adj. 附近的,毗邻的;
( )neighbourhood n. 邻居关系;地区;附近;
( )neighbour n. 邻居;
( )根据上下文应选C。
2. 句意:我小时候,常常和我的朋友一起过家家。本题考查词组的正确搭配,play house(或do house)表示"过家家",其余三项都不是正确的搭配。
3. 句意:这些诗是在一台小型手动印刷机上印的。~ sth. (in/on sth.)在纸上印(字母、图画等),可见,只有符合要求。
4. 句意:他不应该做无谓的冒险。本题考查名词与介词的搭配,to no purpose意为"徒劳无功",其余选项均为错误搭配。
5. 句意:我们为饥饿的孩子提供食物。表示"向…提供",应该用provide sth. for sb.,所以正确答案是D。
PET词汇精练(16)
1. His( )in life is to be a great pianist.
A. goat
B. gold
C. golf
D. goal
2. The trained teacher managed the children with( ).
A. art
B. technique
C. skill
D. power
3. We should follow the( )on a tin of paint.
A. order
B. print
C. instructions
D. instruction
4. French is a( ), in which supreme power is held by the people, with an elected President.
A. publish
B. republic
C. report
D. reply
5. The( )of the system is to let each student realize his own educational( ).
A. aim…purpose
B. purpose…aim
C. end…goal
D. goal…end
【参】
1. D2. C3. C4. B5. B
【知识点】
1. 句意:他人生的目标是成为伟大的钢琴家。考点:形近词辨析。
goat山羊;
gold黄金;
golf高尔夫球;
goal目标,目的;
根据上下文选D。
点津:pursue/reach/attain one's goal in life追求、达到、实现某人的人生目标。
2. 句意:这位训练有素的老师很熟练地管理儿童们。
art技术之意最普通的词;
technique尤指艺术或科学方面的技巧,技艺;
skill专门性或高超的技术;
power能力
固选C。
点津:skill常用于词组:~ (at sth. / doing sth.),如show great skill at driving, telling stories, playing billiards显示出驾驶、讲故事、打球的高超技巧。
3. 句意:我们应该依照颜料桶上的用法说明来操作。
Order命令;
Print印刷物;
Instructions用法说明;
Instruction(传授的)知识;
Instruction表示"命令;指令;指示或用法说明(pl.)"时,为可数名词。
点津:
instruction n.
①指导;训练;命令
②(常用pl.)说明
Instruction表示"(对知识的)指导,传授;(传授的)知识" 时,为不可数名词。如果表示"命令;指令;指示或用法说明(pl.)"时,为可数名词。
Instruction (to do sth. / that…)表示"指示某人做某事"。
4. 句意:法国是一个共和国,人民拥有最高权力,总统由选举产生。本题 考查形近词的辨析。
publishing adj. 出版的;
republic n. 共和国,共和政体;
public adj. 公众的,公共的;
reply n. 答复。
根据原文选B。
点津:固定搭配:the People's Republic of China(缩写为P.R.C.)中华人民共和国
5. 句意:这种制度的目的是让每一个学生都能实现自己的求学目标。考点:近义词辨析。
purpose目的、宗旨,指为达到某一目的,经过深思熟虑后而采取果断行动,强调决心或决定的想法。
aim目的、目标,强调为追寻某种目的而努力的方向。
end强调实现的最终目标。
goal目标、目的,指要实现远大的目标和目的,同purpose意思相近。
PET词汇精练(17)
1. When I was very young, I was terribly( )of school, but I soon got over it.
A. frightening
B. frighten
C. fright
D. frightened
2. No doctors could cure the patient( )his strange disease.
A. with
B. of
C. from
D. off
3. I walked too much yesterday and my leg muscles are still( )now.
A. harming
B. aching
C. suffering
D. injuring
4. It isn't easy to( )real pearls from imitation pearls.
A. differ
B. distinguish
C. decide
D. elect
5. She is( )to what people think of her.
A. sensitive
B. tender
C. delicate
D. sensible
【参】
1. D2. B3. B4. B5. A
【知识点】
1. 句意:很小的时候,我非常害怕上学,但不久之后,我便克服了害怕情绪。本题考查同根词的意义和用法。
frightening形容词,意为“令人恐惧的”,表示主动
frighten动词,意为“使惊恐,吓唬”
frightened形容词,意为“受恐吓的,受惊的”,表被动
fright名词,意为“恐怖,惊吓”
点津:be frightened of 害怕,对…感到恐惧
frightened to do sth.某人害怕做某事
2. 句意:没有医生能治愈他那奇怪的病。
Cure sb of …为固定搭配,意为“治愈,治疗某人的疾病”。
3. 句意:昨天我走路太多,现在我的腿肌肉还在疼。本题考查同义词辨析。
harm及物动词,意为“损害;对…有害处”
ache不及物动词,意为“疼痛”
suffer即是及物动词也是不及物动词,意为“遭受,经历,忍受(vt.);受痛苦,受损害(vi.)”
injure及物动词,意为“伤害,刺伤(感情)”
4. 句意:辨别正品和仿冒珍珠并不容易。
differ from意为“不同于;和…意见不一致”
distinguish…from意为“辨别,把…和…区别开”,相当于separate…from…
decide决定,裁决,判决
elect意为“选举,推选”
5. 句意:她对别人对他的看法很敏感。
be sensitive to 为固定短语,意为“对…敏感”
tender意为“温柔的”
delicate意为“精心的,精致的”
sensible虽也是sense的派生词,其含义是“可感觉到的”
PET词汇精练(18)
1. Plants grow well in good .
A. land
B. soil
C. ground
D. dirt
2. You're( )all my faith in the medical profession.
A. damaging
B. wounding
C. destroying
D. crushing
3. The storm did a lot of( )to the crops.
A. destroy
B. challenge
C. damage
D. hurt
4. The ancient Egyptians compared the rising of the sun( )the beginning of life.
A. with
B. to
C. for
D. as
5. They took( )measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.
A. efficient
B. beneficial
C. valid
D. effective
【参】
1. B2. C3. C4. B5. D
【知识点】
1. 句意:植物在活土里生长茂盛。
land指陆地,(某种自然景观的)一片土地。
soil强调土壤,土质
ground地,地面,场,场地
dirt尘土,泥土
soil与句意最符合
2. 句意:你毁了我对医学界的所有信任。本题为词义辨析题。
damage损坏(房屋等),损伤,指损毁坏如房子,建筑物等大件而具体有形的东西
destroy指剧烈地破坏、使之不存在或使之失去效能;也指毁坏希望,信任等抽象概念的东西。
wound指身体或感情受伤
crush指压坏,砸碎
3. 句意:暴风雨使庄稼受到了很大损失。
do/cause damage to(使…受到伤害)为固定短语。
destroy只有动词词性
challenge意为"挑战"
damage损害,毁坏,破坏,伤害
hurt指(精神、感情上的)伤害,创伤
4. 句意:古埃及人把初生的太阳比作生活的开始。
compare to 意为"比拟,把…比作",而compare with意为(可)与…相比
5. 句意:他们采取了有效措施防止有毒气泄露。
efficient 有效率的,高效率的,能干的
beneficial有利(to),有用的
valid有根据的,有效的,正当的
effective有效的
PET词汇精练(19)
1. Though the long-term( )cannot predicted. The project has been approved by the committee.
A. effect
B. effort
C. affect
D. afford
2. The speaker, known for her splendid( ), was warmly received by the audience.
A. speeches
B. words
C. sounds
D. voice
3. The clothes a person wears may express his( )or social position.
A. curiosity
B. status
C. determination
D. significance
4. He was arrested for( )several crimes.
A. committing
B. switching
C. doing
D. discharging
5. The children( )against each other to reach the other end of the pool.
A. contest
B. compete
C. rival
D. match
【参】
1. A2. A3. B4. A5. B
【知识点】
1. 句意:虽然不能预计长期效果,但是委员会批准了这个项目。本题考查词义辨析。
effect n. 结果,影响,功效
affect n. 情感,感情
effort n. 努力,成就
afford v. 给与,提供
根据句意选A。
2. 句意:这位以演说精彩闻名的演讲者受到听众的热烈欢迎。
speech 演说,说话的能力
word n. 字,词,话
sound n. 声音,语音
voice n. 说话声,嗓音,(禽,虫)鸣声
3. 句意:一个人的穿着可大致体现他的身份和社会地位。
选项curiosity 好奇心、determination 决心,果断和选项significance意义,意味,重要性均与原文不相符,固应选status地位,资格,身分
4. 句意:他国犯有多种罪行而被捕了。
commit, discharge, do都含有"进行某种活动"的意思。
commit指"犯错误或犯下某种罪行"或"干某种坏事、傻事";
discharge指"忠实地执行任务",也指"履行职责或诺言";
do指"从事任何一种具体的或抽象的工作";
switch意为开关(电器等设备),改变,变化;交换。
5. 句意:孩子们竞相到水池另一边去。
compete (with), rival, contest 这组词的一般含义是互相竞争。
compete的含义仅仅是为了争得名次、奖品,并不含有将对手征服的意思。
rival(名词亦为rival)在作名词时指"情敌"、"对手",在用作动词时常常表示"匹敌"。
contest所表示的"竞赛"可以是友谊赛,也可以是有敌意的竞赛,旨在比试技能、力气、耐久力等。
match意为相较量,相对抗。
PET词汇精练(20)
1. I could tell he was surprised from the( )on his face.
A. appearance
B. view
C. sight
D. expression
2. You have nothing to( )by refusing to listen to our advice.
A. gain
B. grasp
C. seize
D. earn
3. It is our consistent policy that we will( )unity through peaceful means.
A. gain
B. earn
C. fulfill
D. achieve
4. My husband gave the room a very good( ).
A. sweep
B. brush
C. clear
D. mop
5. When the soldiers were( )the march there was one man who was already out of step with the rest.
A. on
B. along
C. in
D. under
【参】
1. D2. A3. D4. A5. A
【知识点】
1. 句意:从他脸上的表情来看,我知道他很惊。
appearance外貌,外观
view景色,风景
sight景象,景物,视觉,视力
expression表情,脸色;措辞,辞句
只有选项expression与原文意思相符。
扩展:beyond expression 无法形容,难以表达
2. 句意:不听我们的劝告,你将一无所获。
grasp抓紧,领会,掌握
seize抓获,明白,理解
earn赚钱,挣得
gain获得,获胜;吸引,争取,说服
点津:gain既可以作及物动词,直接加宾语,也可作不及物动词。
gain…by/from从……中获益也很重要
3. 句意:通过和平方式实现统一是我们的一贯。
gain取得,获得
earn赚,挣得
fulfill履行,裤再,完成(计划)
achieve完成(功绩等),达到(目标,目的等)
根据句意应选achieve。
扩展:achieve one's purpose达到目的
Achieve success获得成功
Achieve victory获得胜利
4. 句意:我先生把房间打扫得很干净。
brush n. 刷子,毛刷;画笔
clear adj. 清楚的,清晰的
v. 使… 清楚,清扫
mop n. 拖布,拖把
sweep v. 扫,扫除;清扫;席卷,风靡
n. 扫,扫除;范围
根据句子结构分析,此处应填入一个表示"清扫"的名词,因此只能选A。
5. 句意:战士们在行进中,有一个人跟不上其他人的步伐。
on the march (在行军中,在进行中)为固定搭配
PETS四级长难句精选
1) I was scared of leaving the protective bubble of this place for places unknown , during uncertain economic times .
在经济不稳定的年代,我害怕离开这里的保护罩到未知的地方去
2) You are the only one who can answer that , But what I can offer as guidance ,and reassurance ,is a story :the story of one Stanford graduate's process of stumbling and searching to find a place in the world ,oftentimes in the face of her fears.
你是仅仅一个可以回答这个问题的人,但是我能够讲一个故事为你提供引导使你放心:这是一位斯坦福大学毕业生在社会上摸爬滚打以争得一席之地的故事,尽管她一直面对恐惧。
3) The philosophics and ideologies themselves certainly left an impression on me .But the rigor of the distillation process ,the exercise of refinement ,that's where the real learning happened.
这些哲理和思想的确给我留下了深刻印象,但严谨的提炼过程和不断的改进加工才是我真正学习到的东西.
4)When you graduate from here ,you exit with thousands of pages of personal text on which are inscribed beliefs and values shaped by years of education ,family teractions ,relationship ,experience .
当你从这里毕业时,你会带着数千页的个人纪录走出校门,在这些记录上,是你多年来受教育,家庭,社会关系以及个人经历影响而形成的信念和价值观.
5) I had convinced myself that my analytic mind and my Stanford humanities degree were enough to guell the fear.
我已确信我善于分析的头脑和斯坦福大学的人文学科的学位足以平息我的恐惧.
6) We all know that normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that ,broadly speaking ,the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.
我们都清楚正常人每天的活动周期是大约7-8个小时睡眠和16-17个小时清醒轮流相互交替,我么也知道,一般来说,睡眠常在夜间进行。
7) The case , for example ,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines.
例如有种情况,自动化工厂要求持续24小时的机器运转,因此日夜颠倒上班成了一个越来越重要的问题。
8) This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another , so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
这说明他刚适应一种工作规律就又得转向另一种工作规律,因此在他大部分时间里,休息和工作的效率很低.
9) One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift , a month ,or even three months.
一个解决的方法似乎是每次换班持续的时间长些,可以一个月甚至三个月换一次班.
10) The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays.
唯一能解决问题的方法是将夜班交给一些长期从事夜间工作的人,,他们在周末和假期依然会保持警醒状态.
公共英语四级单词词源讲解
1
学生:我正在考虑animation的意思,为何翻译为动画.
老师:animation 本来是指给图画赋予生命气息,其语根来自拉丁语的"animare"(
给无生命的物体以有生命气息的灵魂).四六级,托福等考试中常用词汇少不了
unanimous(全场一致),这个单词也是animare的同伴,uni(唯一的)+animus(灵魂)、
这样全体人员思想统一-------赞成-----的意念就出来了.
学生:有道理,那animal 是不是可以用同样的方法来考虑?
老师:可以这么说.animal 也具有相同的词根,意为有肺部的,能呼吸的动物.
2000多年前,人们使用拉丁语的时候,他们认为animal 死后,就不再呼吸了,
所以灵魂和气息被视作同等物.
同词根相关词汇
equanimity:(心情)平静、坦然
equal(均等)+animity(心)
magnanimity:寛大
magn-(大的)+animity(心)
animadvert:批評,责备
anima(心)+vert(转动,扭转)
2
学生:打高尔夫球的时候常听到albatross(术语,指低于标准杆3杆---luodean注)这一词,albatross 不正是信天翁,鸟的名字吗?为何低于标准杆三杆用“信天翁”来表示呢?
老师:那是因为比起eagle(老鹰,在高尔夫球术语中,意为低于标准杆2杆)albatross是体形较大的鸟。
学生:原来个头越大越好啊。
老师:可以这么说。albatross的具体概念可以理解为“在海浪中飞翔的大鸟”,词根为albus
白色之意。信天翁可是全身都是白色的啊。
学生:这事我联想到了照相簿album 这个单词,她的具体概念又如何呢?
老师:现在album 作为贴照片的照相簿这一概念已经根深蒂固了,但本来的意思为a book with blank pages(全部页面都是空白的书),用途是在上面贴有用的东西。从远比照片发明更古老的1600年代开始,人们就广泛的使用album这一名词了。albino是白化变种的意思,瑞士的阿尔卑斯山Alps原意就是被雪覆盖的白色的山。
同根关联词汇
alb(s):白麻布圣职衣
albumen:蛋白
皆来自词根albus(白)
3
学生:昨天在网上玩了一下auction(拍卖),什么样的东西都有,有趣极了。auction这一词的来源又是什么呢?
老师:现在互联网变得越来越方便了。auction 来自表示“不断增加”之意的词根"augere",
拍卖中,价格不是不断的提高吗?动词augment(增加)也来源于"augere"。值得一提的是,authority(权威)也来自同样的词根。
学生:权威跟不断增加,两者好像扯不上关系呀。
老师:表面上好像没什么关系,但试想想看,所谓权威是指在某个领域,有着许多独到的见解,领导者该领域发展的人们,这种情况下,不断增加的是指知识。
学生:有道理,又学了一招!
同根关联词
author:作家(由augere的过去分词auctus而来)
auxiliary:辅助的(augere增加--引申为加以帮助--辅助)
4
学生: 平装本的侦探小说里,出场的刑警常常用到homicide(他杀) 这个词,我想这里的cide和suicide(自杀) 有什么关联吧?
老师:这个问题问得很好。使用homicide来表示杀人事件,因为homicide有”杀人” 的意思,它来源于 ”homo”( 人) 和”cide”(切,割)。
学生: 那么decide (决心,决定)也和cide (切,割) 有关吧? 是不是从断然一刀砍下引伸出下定决心的意思来的呢?
老师:看来你的确认真思考了这个问题。不错,decide是decision(决心) 的名词形式,de表示离开,cide表示切割,两者合起来就是” 切断,切离”的意思。decide是指犹豫彷徨后下定决心,有”切断迷茫,走出犹豫” 的感觉。另外,precise(精确的,明确的) 这个词,加上了前缀pre(预先,提前),表示” 提前切好的材料” ,即” 按照预先决定的长短,大小切好的东西”,引伸出精确的意思。如果临时慌慌张张地切,肯定是长短不一,当然也就不可能做到精确了。同根关联词
concise: 简明的(来源于con=with,一起和cide = cut切割)
excise: 删除 (ex = out向外 cide =cut切割,合起来就是cutout,朝外延剔除,引伸为删除)
5
学生: Action(行为、行动)这个词已经进入日语,譬如アクション映画(动作片)。这里它表示”行为、行动、动作” 的意思吧?
老师: 不错,Action(行为、行动) 这个词来源于拉丁语”agere” 的过去分词”actum” 。”agere” 的意思是”actor”( 按照预先决定的角色)行动。
学生: 难道不是自己自主行动吗?
老师: 不是。譬如拥有相同词根的词”agent” 这个词,从”代替你做事情” 引伸出” 代理”的意思。同理,”agency” 表示代理所在的地方,即代理店。还有与国外举行贸易洽谈的”agenda”( 议程、议题) ,本意也是” 按照计划应该执行的事项”,制定好了”agenda” 如果不付诸实施,那就不是”agenda” 的本意了。
同根关联词
actuate:让人做,使行动(来源于act行动,-ate表使役的动词后缀)
activate:激活(来源于active活泼的,-ate表使役的动词后缀)
transaction:交易(来源于trans-across横穿和action动作,行动)
ambiguous:含糊不清的,不明确的 (来源于ambi两边,agere行动、行为 →一会儿到这儿,一会儿到那儿,或是” 一会儿做这事,一会儿做那事儿” ,引伸出” 含糊不清,不明确” 的意思)
6
学生: 法语里表示” 歌曲” 的词是chanson, 意大利语中的歌曲是canzone。美语里表示歌曲的应该是song吧? 看上去词源似乎各不相同。
老师: 其实 song这个词来源于德语, chanson 和canzone的词根则是拉丁语单词cantare(唱歌) 。事实上,cantare对英语也有一定的影响。
学生: 我怎么不太明白。
老师: 譬如说accent这个词吧,由ac(=to与…对照,和着…+ cent(=cantare唱歌) 组成。究竟是和着什么呢? 和着
乐器或拍子唱歌。中世纪的法语里,accent的意思是指音调。
学生: 我唱卡拉OK唱得不错,是不是可以说我的accent很好呢?
老师: 大概可以这么说吧。词源其实就是一种印象,所以词源最重要的就是创造出印象。譬如enchant(迷惑、诱惑) 这个词,它也有相同的词根, 由en (= in放入 +chant歌曲) 组成,从而产生出用歌曲包围、创造出浪漫的氛围使…晕乎迷惑的印象。
学生(笑): 这是在说我吧?
同根关联词:
chant: 歌曲(来源于L. cantare 唱歌)
enchanter: 使用魔法迷惑别人的人 (由 en-(使…)+ L.cantare(唱歌)+ -er (名词后缀) 组成)
incentive: 刺激性的,刺激、奖励,(促销的) 奖金 (由in- (=in里面)+ L.cantare唱歌+ -ive (形容词后缀)组成→原意为通过唱歌吸引,后受 L.incendere (使燃烧、使燃起) 的影响,变成现在的意思。
7
学生: 真高兴明天就可以去野营了。camp既然是支帐篷住宿,应该有”住宿” 的意思吧?
老师: 这个词可有点不一样噢。以camp为词根的campus是指”平坦的土地” ,在平地上支起帐篷才是camp,如果在山上支帐篷可就不能叫camp了。
学生: 是吗? 我一直认为campus就是大学校园,原来是指平坦的土地啊。与campus有着相同词根的词里还有champion(冠军), 那平坦与冠军之间有什么相似之处呢?
老师: 2500年前战争都是在平原上进行的,只要能对方保住土地就是战争的胜利者。拉丁语中的ca到了法语里逐渐演变成cha. champion就有了战胜获得平原的意思,从而引伸出冠军的意思。
同根关联词:
encamp: 野营(由 en-(使…)+ L.campus (平地)组成)
campaign: 选举战 (源于L.campus平地→和champion一样,都来源于在平原上展开战斗的意思)
8
学生: 候选人(candidate) 和蜡烛(candle) 怎么会有相同的词根呢? 啊!我明白了,古时候照明用的是蜡烛,而候
选人(candidate) 则是推动政治发展的重要人物,其相同点应该是它们的重要性吧。
老师: 你这么推理就未免有点牵强了。candere的意思是发出白光。蜡烛的火焰大到一定程度也是发出白枳光,候选
人(candidate) 身上同样发出白枳光的是他的上衣。2500年前候选人为吸引选民的投票,往往穿上雪白的衣服。其实
候选人(candidate) 的本意是white-robed(白色长袍).
学生: 噢,原来如此。知道这个词根的本意后,记忆起来就比较轻松了。
老师: 这也正是我们讲解词根的本意所在。
同根关联词:
candescent: 发光,发出白枳光芒 (源于L.candere: 发出白枳光)
candid: 公正的,(颜色)淡雅的(源于L.candere: 发出白枳光)
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学生: 钱包里要放满了各种收据也挺烦的。对了,receipt是收据的意思,它的词根大概和纸有什么关系吧?
老师: receipt(收据) 的词根是拉丁语词capere(=take拿、取) 。re是back(返还) 的意思,re和capere合起来也就是”拿回” 的意思。把所买的商品和带上,就可以把钱要回来。以capere为词根的其他还有很多,ceive, cept, cip也都是词根capere的变体。
学生: cept是经常看到的。譬如accept(接受) 就是一个很好的例子。ac(= to向、对)…+ cept(取、拿) 就成了朝自己这边拿进,也就是接受了。据说participation(参加) 的词根也是capere,是不是因为人们参加会议时拿什么东西的缘故呢?
老师: 参加会议时每个人都要有座位,对吧? participation(参加) 由part(部分) 和cipat(取) 组成,有取队伍的一部分的意思。另外再看exception(例外) 这个词,由ex-(=out向外)+ capere(=take取) 组成,也就是从一个集体内朝外取出的东西,对於那个集体而言就成了例外,从而引伸出”例外的” 的意思。
同根关联词:
anticipate: 期望、盼望(源于anti(=before 提前)+ capere: 拿、取,引伸出提前考虑,也就是期望的意思)
capable: 有能力的(源于拉丁语词根capere 取+ -able能够)
captor 生擒别人的人(源于拉丁语词根capere 取+ -or做…的人 )
conceive 想到,怀孕(源于con(=with 与…一起+ capere取,在心里面一起取出,心中描绘,引伸出考虑到的意思。)
deceive: (源于de(=from, off 从+ capere 取,有从他人之处取得的意思)
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学生:我被选为网球部的captain了,这下可以出风头了.(笑),可是这captain是指有地位的人或负责人的意思吧?
老师:captain的词根为指人体中的"caput"(头部)这一拉丁语.也可以表示"生命"这一意思.指挥身体活动的是头部,指挥一个小组(组织)的是组长,头头,就是这么个概念.
学生:cabbage(包心菜,我们广东人叫包菜)好象也来自相同的词根,这也跟脑袋有关啊?不过形状倒有机分像脑袋.
老师:正是如此.cabbage就是按照人或动物的脑袋的形象给包心菜命名的.除此以外,capital(大都市)是指,是指产业等的头(中心)部.既然成为中心地,就必须维持众多聚居在一起的人们的生命,
于是capitalism(资本主义)成为搞活capital (大都市)经济活动的机制.这里介绍一个较难的单词,
decapitate(解雇)前面附加有de(=off [切除]),来自"用刀或在断头台上脑袋被砍掉"这一意象.
●同根关联词
chapter:章
L.caput(=head [頭])
chief:首領
L.caput(=head [頭])
mischief:恶作剧
mis(错误的)+chief=L.caput(=head [頭]) → 表示没有到达头部的意思
precipitate:头朝地往下掉落、引申为促進某事
pre(=before [先])+L.caput(=head [頭])+-ate(动词词尾,表示干...) → 指头(先)朝地
往下掉落这一意念.
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学生: 成功(succeed)和死亡(decease)这两个词怎么会有相同的词根呢? 它们的意思不是完全相反的吗? 我简直无法想像这个词根的本意。
老师: 其实你如果知道词根的本意就不会觉得奇怪了。那两个词的词根是拉丁语的cedere(去) 。同一词根的变体还有cess-、cede、ceed-。从这些词根派生出许多英语单词。象succeed就是由suc+ceed组成。suc=sub,意思是下面、后继的,succeed 就可以解释为” 位居当权者之下(却取而代之)” 和” 继承权力” 两种意思。decease 则由de(离开)
和cease(去)组成,便有了魂魄离开身体,也就是死去的意思。
学生: 说到”去” ,让我想到access这个词。它由ac(前面) 和cess (去) 组成,便有了接近的意思。与经济景器相关的词resession也可从去的意象得到解释。necessary似乎也是来源于词根cedere,但是我有点想不通。
老师: 看来你越来越习惯抓住词根的意象了。necessary由ne(not)+cedere构成,意思是不去。2500年前的人类应该还是有必要狩猎的,但倘若有暴风雨就可以不必去了。所以,necessary的意思就是为了谋生虽然有打猎的必要,但即便不去也能熬过去。从这层意思上说,necessary的必要性程度就比essential (必要的、不可或缺的) 要弱一些了。
同根关联词
accede:同意、应允、继承(王位等) 构成ac=ad(=to (朝着) +L.cedere (去) = 朝着去
antecede:比…先行、优先于… 构成ante(=before(前面) +L.cedere(去)= 先行
concede:容忍、让步 构成con(=together (共同) +L.cedere (去)= 一同去、互相让步
exceed:超越 构成ex(=out (朝外) +L.cedere (去)= 超过其它前进
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学生: 最近一出门就随处可见拿着手机的人。老实说,我现在还没手机呢。再这么着我可就要落伍了。对了,手机在英语中被称作cellular phone,这里的cellular 究竟是什么意思呢?
老师: 它的词根是拉丁语单词"celare" (隐藏,使成为秘密),它的词干是cell (细胞) ,其实cell的本意应该是”小房间”。
学生: 细胞原来是小房间。的确在显微镜下看来细胞就象一个个的房间一样,有意思。不过2500年前可还没有显微镜啊。cellular phone (手机) 这个单词难道也有房间的意象么?
老师: 2500年前(细胞、小房间) 和(地下室) 被当作(储藏室) 来解。其实现在也有这层意思。即便发明了显微镜能够看到细胞,用房间来做比喻仍是很恰当的。手机也让人联想起塞满杂乱电子部件的小房间,据说从技术角度来说,cellular phone的cell指的是四四方方约几公里长、覆盖手机信息中转站的区域。
学生: occult 的词根似乎也有房间的意思。是不是因为这类活动大多是在屋里举行的缘故呢?
老师: occult (秘密的,有魔术的)由oc- (覆盖) +cult=L.celare (隐藏) 构成,有盖着藏起来之意。”秘密宗教团体” 也就成了occult 团体的代名词。
同根关联词
conceal:隐藏 构成: con(强行) +L.celare (隐藏)
cellar:地下室 解释: L.cella(=storeroom [储藏室] 到法语里演变成cellier (储藏葡萄酒等的储藏室) ,流传到英语中又演变成cellar。
clandestine:秘密的、隐秘的
解释:与拉丁语词L.clandestinus(=secret [秘密的] 拼写非常相似。据说该词与拉丁语中的副词有关。容易让人联想到(蛤蜊) 将身体藏于贝壳中,事实上这个单词源于clamp (铰链) ,有铰链的联接处之意。
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学生: 我去听了次音乐会,已经好久没去了。虽然一直忙着学习、工作,挺充实的,但偶尔听听音乐会让我觉得精神焕发,也蛮好的。
老师: 既然如此,那我们今天就学学音乐会concert这个词的词根,怎么样?
学生: 啊,又是词根啊? 没兴致。
老师: (笑) 我们就先从词根concert开始说起吧。concert 可拆开为con(共同)+cernere ( 区分、筛选) ,其中, cernere 还有认识的意思。合起来concert (音乐会、合奏) 就是众人共同把分开的音符一起演奏之意。
学生: secretary 似乎也来源于词根"cernere" (区分) ,它是不是指进行区分的人呢?
老师: secretary有受经理秘密托付的意思。在考察这个词之前,我们先来看看从派生出的其他单词。cer-、cri-、cert-、cret-等词根都来自"cernere",certain (确定的) discreet ( 谨慎的) 都是区分辨别的结果,有的的确确之意。
secretary则与secret (秘密的) 有关,把拆开便可知它由se(=apart [分离] +cernere [筛选] ,也就是分离筛选的意思。这当然是从秘书把重要的物品、消息隔离,不让众人都能接触的意念引伸出的意义了。
同根关联词
concern:关心、与…有关
构成: con(=together [共同]+cern (区别)= 筛选后将同类事务集中
unconcern:不关心 构成: un(=not [不] +concern(关心、与…有关)
discern:识别 构成: dis(=apart [分开] +cern (区别)
excrete:排泄、排出 构成: ex(向外) +L.cernere (区别)
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学生: 昨天的足球比赛上播音员可兴奋了。英文中excite 是有” 兴奋” 的意思吧?
老师: excite 的词根是拉丁语词汇citare(召唤),把excite拆开便可看出它由ex-(=out [向外]+citare(召唤) 构成。
学生: 往外召唤什么呢?
老师:对,这种联想就是理解英语词汇涵义的关键。就这个词来看,往外召唤的应该是内心的能量、激情。播音员之所以兴奋,是因为内心的激情被召唤出来。在化学反应中也经常使用excite这个词,是因为要通过化学反应把化学能量召唤出来。
学生:recital (独奏)好像也来源于citare (召唤) ,这时它要召唤的是什么呢? 声音吗?
老师: recital(独奏)由re(back)+citare构成,有多次反复召唤自己擅长的歌或事的意思。照如此推理,其涵义虽不中亦不远矣。
同根关联词
cite:(从正文)引用,召上法庭,从某处(传唤) 带来 词根: L.citare(召唤)
incite:刺激 构成: in-(内部)+L.citare(召唤),引伸出从里面召唤出能量刺激之意。
resuscitate:使复活,复苏
构成:re-(再、又)+sus-=sub-(下、次)+citare(召唤) →再次召回能量使复活
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表示”叫喊”的词根"clamare"
学生: 为什么感叹号!的英文表达是 exclamation mark 呢?
老师:它的词根是拉丁语词汇"clamare" (大声叫喊) ,在此词根上加上ex-(朝外) 就有了[对外大声叫喊] 之意,这可不就成了感叹号!(exclamationmark)的意念了么?
学生: claim (要求)的词根也是拉丁语词"clamare",是不是因为要求的时候往往大声叫的缘故呢?
老师:对,claim (要求、索求、主张) 给人的感觉就是大声说出[不对]、[那是我的]。如果从其日语的意译"要求、索求、主张"来理解,就不能真正了解claim在英美人心中的意念,也就不能很好的抓住这个词的本质。我们之所以要学习词源,也就是希望能象英美人一样理解单词的意念,从而熟练掌握单词的用法。
学生:还有一个好处,就是能通过词根归纳单词,举一反三。
老师:不错,正是如此。是不是激发了学习的欲望了?
同根关联词
acclaim:喝彩、称赞、宣称 构成: ac-=ad-(=to[对…]+"clamare" (大声叫喊)
clamor:吵闹、喧哗 词根: "clamare" (大声叫喊)
declaim:演讲、高谈阔论构成: de (强行) +"clamare" (大声叫喊)
disclaim:放弃(权力) 、否认、拒绝承认 构成: dis (不) +"clamare"(大声叫喊)
proclaim:宣布、声明 构成: pro(=before [前] +"clamare" (大声叫喊) → 对着前面大叫
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学生: 对词根我现在渐渐找到感觉了。譬如disclose(揭露) ,dis-表示否定,close是关闭,合起来就有了”打开”的意思,也就是公开、暴光,对不对?
老师: 非常正确。clud-, clos-, clus-的词根都是拉丁语单词”claudere”( 关闭、包围)。以disclose为例,dis-为否定前缀,disclose就是不关闭,不包围,任其让人看见的意思。
学生: 那么include,是不是in表示(里面),clude指” 包围” ,从而有” 关在里面”的意思呢?
老师: 很好。我们把include拆开,便得到in(=in[里面])+claudere(包围),所以它的意思是” 关在栅栏里面”。其反义词由ex-(向外)+claudere(包围) 组成,也就是” 排除在栅栏之外”的意思了。
同根关联词
conclude:结束、签定(协议) 构成: con(=together[共同]+拉丁语词根claudere(关闭) →一同闭嘴
enclose:包围 构成: en(=in [内])+ 拉丁语词根claudere(关闭)
exclude:排斥、排除 构成:ex(=out [向外]) +拉丁语词根claudere(关闭)
occlude:堵塞、吸收、磨牙 构成: oc=ob(=over (不)+拉丁语词根claudere(关闭)
preclude:挡住、排除 构成: pre(=before [前] +拉丁语词根claudere(关闭)→从前面关闭了引伸出阻挡的意思
recluse:隐士、隐居的 构成: re(=away[离开] +拉丁语词根claudere(关闭) →封闭的
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学生: 乍一看到这个词时,我还一时想不起concede的词根是什么。可能是因为它的词根cede有ced-和cess-两种拼写方式的缘故吧。对於这种词根拼写的差异,有什么好办法帮助记忆吗?
老师: 要掌握来源于拉丁语的词根与英语拼写的关系,就有必要了解拉丁词汇的变化形式。这当然不是指要深入研究,毕竟不是专业学习。因为拉丁词汇的变化还比较规则,记住以下两个例词就可以了。注意动词的拼写有时是s, 有时又是t。
例1 拉丁词 cedere(=go, proceed [去、进展] )的变化
现在时形式(第一人称): :cedo /原形:cedere/过去时:cessi/过去分词:cessum
例2 拉丁词 facere(=to make, do [做、成为]) 的变化
现在时形式(第一人称) :facio/原形:facere/过去时:feci/过去分词:factum
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学生: <词源词典>里并没有专门介绍前缀和后缀,但事实上他们往往又有很多意思。以-in为例,它有”…里面””朝…去”” 不…”等意思。那我们该如何判断什么时候是何种用法呢?
老师: 这个问题问得好。其实很多前缀都象-in一样有两种不同的意思。不过,大多也就只有两种意思,只要记住也就可以了。象前缀-in,如果接在表示向内进行的动作的词根前面就表示”里面” ,与形容词词根相连就表示否定的意思了。这样总结一下不就好记了吗?
学生: 可不可以顺便教教我拉丁语的发音呢?
老师: 拉丁语的发音与罗马字发音相近。譬如a、i、u、e、o 也就和咱们的拼音a、i、u、e、o一样,不过也有个别特殊的。譬如ch中k、h都要发音,v 的音变成了w (u)。
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学生: 我现在考虑买辆旧车。本田的雅各(accord)比较便宜,还蛮不错的。对了,雅各(accord) 的英文名与单词accord(一致) 的拼写一模一样,它的词源是什么呢?
老师: accord 的词源是拉丁语词汇"cor"(=the heart 心)。把accord拆开我们就可以发现它是由ac=ad(=to [朝着…])
+cor(心)组成,也就是”朝着对方的心考虑,使成一条心 (一致)” 的意思了。
学生: 原来如此,我越发喜欢雅各车了。顺便问一下,相近的词缀还有cord(线、绳) ,它的词源又是什么呢?
老师: 真的想知道吗? 这个词源可有点倒人胃口。
学生: 这么说我倒越发想知道了。
老师: 那好吧。cord(线、绳) 的词源是拉丁语单词chorda(=catgut [腸線、网球拍/弦楽器的弦])
学生: 是不是猫的肠子呀? 是挺恶心的。
老师: 和猫一点关系也没有。真正的原材料是羊肠。啊,和刚才的话题扯远了。咱们再回到"cor"(心)的话题,勇气(courage)由cor(心)+-age(名词后缀)组成,本意为” 心--情感的归宿” 。古人认为心(灵魂) 位於心脏,那你知道他们认为心底蕴藏的是什么情感吗?
学生: 心底蕴藏的情感,究竟是什么呀?
老师: 是勇气。courage(勇気)也来源于"cor",英语中的courage一词来源于拉丁文,所以拉丁语中勇气的拼写与英文中完全一样。
同根关联词
concord:一致、和睦 构成: con(=with [与…])+拉丁语词源 cor(=heart [心]) →同心同德
cordial:衷心的,发自内心的 构成: 拉丁语词源cor(=heart [心])+-ial(…的)
discord:不一致 构成: dis-(=off、apart [分離])+拉丁语词源 cor(=heart [心]) →离心
discourage:使…泄气 构成: dis-(=off、apart [分離])+courage(勇気)
encourage:鼓励、鼓舞 构成: en-(=in [放入…内])+courage(勇気)
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学生: 股份制公司英文是corporation吧?
老师: 是的。corporation词源是拉丁语词corpus(身体)。上一讲咱们讲到了词根心(cor)。这次咱们要讲的词根是corpus (身体),这个词来源于corporare(=form into body [成形]) 。corporation就是其字面意思”无心的组织”,所以需要往里面加入灵魂。
学生: 原来如此。(尸体) 的词源也是拉丁语词corpus(身体),是不是因为灵魂出壳了,就成了尸体呢?
老师: 非常正确,可以这么理解。根据古人的思维,与灵魂相对的是身体。没有灵魂的身体是corpse,从而产生了尸体之意。现在IT行业经常提到corpus,那是指用于编写辞典而收集了大量用例的数据库。那么它和”身体” 有何关系呢? 根据Webster英英字典的解释,它是指a collection or body of knowledge or evidence,也就是” 知识体”.
同根关联词
corporeal:物質的、身体有关的、肉体的 构成: 拉丁语词源 corpus(=body [身体])+-al(与…有关)
corpulent:肥胖的 构成: 拉丁语词源 corpus(=body [体])+-lent(…満的)
corpuscle:细胞、(医)血球 构成: 拉丁语词源 corpus(=body [体])+-cule(小)
incorporate:合并、使成法人組織
构成: in-(=into […内])+corporate=拉丁语词源 corporare(=form into body [成形])
21
学生: 整个社会越来越民主化了。民主(democracy) 的词源是什么呢?
老师: democracy的词源不是拉丁语而是希腊词。它跳过拉丁语,直接从希腊语进入英语里。法语单词的democratie(民主主義),其发音接近shi。咱们把democracy拆开就可看出它是由希腊词根demos(=people [民衆])+krateein(=to rule [统治])两部分构成的。
学生: 啊,这次是希腊词源。我知道还有类似的词,如aristocrat(贵族),我想它是由aristo+crat构成。这么说我想起来了,是不是有一种车,车名就是aristo?
老师: 不错,这么拆是对的。aristo是指best(最好的) ,所以,aristo(最上の)+crat(権力)合起来就有了”在社会上处於最高的地位”之意。当今社会像比尔. 盖茨这些成功的企业家们人就属於这种人啊。既然又出现了希腊词根,我想简单介绍一下英语中拉丁语词源与希腊词源的组合。一般说来,希腊词根只与来源于希腊语的前缀、后缀相结合,拉丁语词根也只与来源于拉丁语的前缀、后缀相结合。希腊词根绝不会与拉丁语的前缀或后缀相结合组成新的单词。
学生: 看来还真是物以类聚呀。对了,是不是有一款车的车名为altezza?
老师: 这是一个意大利词,意思为”高度” ,来源于拉丁语词altus(高)。
学生: 哇,老师真是无所不知啊。那Celsior呢?
老师: 来源于celsus(高),这是希腊词aristo的拉丁语版翻译,Celsior是celsus的比较级。它的最高级是celsissimus,我猜想大概因为最高级太长了,才选用了Celsior的吧。
学生: 那corolla呢?
老师: 这就不知道了,你还是饶了我吧。拉丁语辞典呢? 啊,有了,有了。corolla是小王冠的意思。这本拉丁语辞典就借给你了,余下的就自己查吧。
同根关联词
autocracy:(専制)政治
构成: 希腊词源auto(=self [自身的])+kratia(=power [権力])
plutocracy:金権政治 构成: 希腊词源 ploutos(=wealth [财富])+kratia(=power [権力])
theocrat:神権政治家 构成: 希腊词源theo(=god [神])+kratia(=power [権力])
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学生: 有了信用卡(credit card),现在买东西越来越方便,甚至网上也可以轻松购物了。真爽啊。老师,credit的词源是什么?
老师: 是拉丁语词credere(=to drust [信用], of money, to lend [借钱])。现在也是这个意思。credit(信用)在商业界运用得越来越广泛,与金钱有关的信用都用credit来表示。credible是可信的,而incredible则是不可信的。
学生: 原来是相信的意思啊。那表示” 难以置信的” 词有unbelievable和 incredible,这有什么区别吗?
老师: 问得好。believe是指心理上没有怀疑地接受,其否定形式就是unbelieve。credible与此不同,它和管理、金钱或工作作风等背景情况有关。
学生: 太棒了,通过词源这么一分析这两个词的差异就非常明白了。词源的学习真是很有帮助啊。老师,那believe的词源是什么呢?
老师: 它的词源既不是拉丁语,也不是希腊语,而是德语词 glauben (相信) 。这个词源自对神的相信,据说进入希腊语演变为gelefan,因为某种原因又变形为belefan,最后进入西班牙语后又演变成了believe。
● 同根关联词
accredit:相信、信任
构成: ac=ad(=to [朝着…])+拉丁语词根 credere(=believe [相信])
credence:信用
构成: 拉丁语词根 credere(=believe [信じる])
discredit:不信任、怀疑
构成: dis(=apart [離开])+拉丁语词根 credere(=believe [相信]) →远離信任
incredulous:难以置信的
构成: in-(不)+拉丁语词根 credere(=believe [相信じる])+-ous(形容詞后缀)
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学生: 计算机课上老师说在电脑CPU中心进行运算的部分叫做accumulator,这个词是不是有计算什么的意思?
老师: accumulator来源于拉丁语的cumulare(积累)。把accumulator我们就会发现它由ac=ad(=to[越来越] +cumulare(=to heap up[积累] 构成。我想你应该学过二进制吧。二进制里1+1=10。当然一加一等於二,二进制里2便用10来表示。以此类推,这种计算就称作accumulator。
学生: 学过了,我们还练习了16进制到二进制的替换呢。但古时候的cumulare是计算什么呢? 石头吗?
老师: 不错,想象古人生活中如何计算非常重要。你知道的alto-cumulus意思吗? 给你一点提示,这个词和云有关。
学生: alto是高的意思,既然把云高高堆积起来,那么应该是高积云。
老师: 非常正确。alto-cumulus是高积云。cumulare也就是堆积云朵。
学生: 为什么要堆积云朵呢?
老师: 因为在拉丁语中,这是一个气象用语。古时候这可是显示学术权威的方式。拉丁语中云的另外一种表达方式是stratus,它的意思是指”横幅很宽”。咱们再回到cumulare。为什么cumbersome (难以对付的、麻烦的)的词源与其他词迭加起来了呢? 虽然cumbersome在cumulus基础上迭加而成,但也因迭加产生了”难以对付的” 印象。就象搬家的时候如果几个纸箱一起抱的,就很难搬一样。
同根关联词
cumulate 积累 构成: 拉丁语词根cumulus(=heap 堆积)+-ate(動詞后缀)
cumulo-cirrus:積巻雲
构成: 拉丁语词根cumulus(=heap 堆积)+拉丁语词根cirrus(=curl [巻曲])
cumulo-nimbus:(导致降雨的)積乱雲
构成: 拉丁语词根cumulus(=heap 堆积)+拉丁语词根 nimbus(=rain, cloud [雨、云])
cumulus: 堆积、積雲 拉丁语词根cumulus(=heap 堆积)
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学生: accurate 和 exact 的意思都是” 正确的” ,他们之间究竟有什么区别呢? 如果知道单词的词源,是不是它们的意思也就可以明显区分出来了呢?
老师: 你这可想到点子上了。了解了单词得词源后,就可以象英美人一样把握单词的意象,并通过它的意象正确使用单词、了解单词的涵义。accurate (正确的) 由拉丁语前缀ac- (…地)+ 词根curare (照顾、注意) 构成,它的意象就是小心准确地输入,力求避免错误。而 exact 由ex- (完全地)+ agere (进行) 构成,它的意象是拨动天平秤砣,知道天平两边平衡,也就是测量得恰到好处的
意思。现在我们用的都是电子秤,自然也不需要移动秤砣使秤平衡了。
学生: 原来如此。我明白这两个词的微妙差异了。那么manicure (修指甲) 这个词,它由 mani+cure 构成,既然是cure” 照顾” 的意思。那 mani 是不是” 手指” 的意思呀?
老师: 非常正确,看来你已经掌握词源的精妙之处了。mani 在拉丁语中就是manus (手) 的意思。manufacture(製造)也就是
manu(用手)+fact(制作)(手工制作) ,即便现在的机械化作业也还是称作manufacture。拉丁语中 pedi 是” 脚” 的意思,你
知道 pedicure是什么意思吗?
学生: 什么意思?
老师: 问女孩子去吧!
●同根关连词
curate:(教区的)副牧師、(代理)牧師(在一旁帮忙的人) 词根: curare(照顾、注意)
curator:管理者、主事、館長、(着眼于大局的人)
构成: 拉丁语词根curare (照顾、注意)+-ator(做…的人)
cure:治療、治愈 拉丁语词根curare (照顾、注意)
cure-all:万能薬 构成: 拉丁语词根curare (照顾、注意)+all(所有的)
cureless:不治的、无药可治的
构成: 拉丁语词根curare (照顾、注意)+-less(不能…的)
procure:得到、調配、拉皮条
pro(=for [替代…])+拉丁语词根curare (照顾、注意) →代替…处理、行事
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学生: 最近我背了个单词currency (流通的货币) 。
老师: 它的词源拉丁语词汇currere (流动、跑) ,它的意象是” 气势蓬勃地流淌” 。表示” 川流” 的单词current也有” 流动的” 之意,现在的意象是” 哗” 地流向各处。商业界河新闻中经常用current来表示” 现在的” 之意。currency 是指current money, 也就是现在正在流通中的货币之意。
学生: 这么说来,我也是每日花钱流水一般啊。对了,occur (发生) 似乎也来源于currere,究竟是什么在流动呢? 字典上写的是它由拉丁语前缀.ob+currere(流动、跑)构成。
老师: 这里的前缀是oc=ob(=toward [朝着]),occur 中ob的意思是” 就是现在” 。一般河流的源头,往往有泉水喷出,从而形成大河。ob+currere 的意象就是马上开始流动。
学生: concur 由com+currere 构成,我查了字典,发现是com- 前缀,表示” 共同、一同” 的意思。
老师: 不错,concur 的意象就是一同随波逐流或统一流动的方向,从此引伸出” 一致” 的意思。
●同根关连词
concours:竞赛
构成: con-(=together [共同])+拉丁语词根 currere(=run [流动]) →从一同竞赛跑步引伸出竞赛之意
cursive:草体的
构成: 拉丁语词根 currere(=run [流动])+-ive(形容詞后缀)
excursion:遠足
构成: ex-(=out [外])+拉丁语词根 currere(=run [流动]) →外出旅游
incursion:襲击、攻击
构成: in-(…内)+拉丁语词根 currere(=run [流动]) →跑到外面…朝着目标奔去
succour:救助
构成: suc=sub(=under […下])+拉丁语词根 currere(=run [流动]) →朝下跑过去扶持
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学生: 英文中data是复数形式,它的单数是datum, 对吗?
老师: 不错,data的单数形式,现在也有使用one of the data的。单数形式datum, 来源于拉丁词 dare的过去分词形式。
data的意象就是数据的不断迭加。当今电脑的数据不是也在不断增加吗?
学生: 感觉这个词特别难,好痛苦啊。
老师: 拉丁词dare是个非常重要的词源,你就忍耐一下仔细听听吧。add(添加) 也来源于这个拉丁词。add这个词虽然短,但也可以分解成ad(更加)+dare(添加)两部分。
学生: 拉丁语的donare也是表示添加的意思,它和dare究竟有何不同呢?
老师: 这两个词意思基本一样。dare表示与人无关的增加、添加。donare与人有关,表示赠送礼物的意思。
学生: 英语中器官移植的捐赠者是donar吧? donare赠送礼物的意思我明白了。donation的意思也就可想而知了。这么看来,词源学还是很有用的呀。
老师: 你上过法语课吗? 法语中的给予(give)也是donner。对於学法语的人来说,donner可是个非常重要的词汇呢。
学生: 我没学过法语。早知道就该学法语了。
老师: 与来源于拉丁语的大部分英语单词相比,法语中与拉丁语词源意思、拼写方式相近的词也不少噢。
同源相关词:
donation:捐赠 构成: donare(给予)+tion
editor:出版者、編辑 构成: e-(外面)+dare(给予)
pardon:宽恕 构成: par(完全)+donare(给予)
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学生: 在提到今后十年或过去的十年时,英语中常常使用decade而不用ten years,这是为什么呢?
老师: 这个问题问得好。英美国家时间多使用60进制,物体使用十二进制。decade来源于拉丁语数字十(dec) 。希腊语中十的表达也是deka,dekad. 英语中decade是专门用来计算年数的词语,所以就是表示 “十年” 的意思。
学生: 那 deciliter为什么是100cc呢? dec既然是10的意思,那它就应该表示10cc才对呀。
老师: 这里的deci来源于decimus(十分之一)。所以,deciliter就是十分之一升,也就是100cc了。与小数点相比,英美人更喜欢使用分数。譬如工具的大小用四分之一英寸、八分之三英寸表示等等。甚至股票价格也用分数表示。我想你在电子显示屏上也看到过$16 7/16的价格吧?
学生: 那dozen为什么又是12的意思呢?
老师: dozen的词源是duo(2)+ decum(12) ,加起来不就是12了吗? 日本在十进制之前曾使用尺贯法,后来十进制传来日本又很顺利转换成十进制。结果,日本和印度一样,成了数学非常发达的国家之一。
学生: 为什么日本会这么快适应十进制呢?
老师: 我猜测大概是受英语中11和12的影响吧。如果把eleven,twelve改成oneteen, twoteen,应该可以较快适应十进制。我始终觉得eleven,twelve成了他们思维的障碍。
学生: 说到数字,今年是millenium, 到处都喜气洋洋的气氛。这个millenium是2000年的意思吗?
老师: millenium拆开便是拉丁语词根mille(1000)+ennium(年),这是1000年的意思。
同源相关词:
以下是英语中与米(meter) 有关的词及其词源。值得注意的是前面三个词源是希腊语词源,而小数点以下都是拉丁语词源。
kilometer:1000m 希腊语词源: khilioi(1000)
hectometer:100m 希腊语词源: hekaton(100)
decameter:10m 希腊语词源: deka(10)
meter:米 希腊语词源: metron(尺度)
decimeter:0.1m 拉丁语词源: decimus(10分之1)
centimeter:0.01m 拉丁语词源: centum(100或100分之1)
millimeter:0.001m 拉丁语词源: mille(1000或1000分之1)
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民主主义(democracy)与传染病(epidemic)
---表示”人民” 意象的词根希腊语"demos"
学生: 我第一次在选举中投了票。democracy(民主主義)可以拆开为demo和cracy两部分吧。我记得在第24讲中提到cracy的意思是统治。
老师: 很好,我很高兴你记得这么清楚。demo来源于demos(the people),也就是人民、国民的意思。所以,democracy的意思便是人民统治。我来问你,"demos"是拉丁语呢,还是希腊语?
学生: cracy是希腊语。我记得您曾说过构词的规则,希腊语和希腊语搭配,拉丁语则和拉丁语搭配,对吧?
老师: 答得好。epidemic中的epi也是希腊语。epi(=among[在…中间]),所以,epidemic的原意也就是在国民中扩散、流行的意思。这个词后来转变为名词,就成了传染病的意思了。
学生: 街头(demonstration)这个词也来源于(民众) 吧?
老师: 这次你可错了。demonstration的词源是拉丁语monstare(展示)。
学生: 看来不能望文生义啊。
同源关连词:
demagogue:煽动者、鼓动者 希腊语demos+agogos(leader)
endemic:地方病 希腊语en(=in [中])+ demos (民众) → endemic是指在狭小地域内的病。epidemic因为发生在广泛的地区,故又称作传染病。
29
牙医(dentist)与蒲公英 (dandelion) ---表示” 牙齿” 意象的词根" dent "
学生: 我刚去看了牙医回来。牙医在英语里是dentist,既然-ist表示”…的人”之意,那dent就是”牙齿”的意思吧?
老师: 不错,其实你可知dandelion也是来源于”牙齿与狮子”? den演变为den,指的是牙齿。你知道蒲公英、牙齿与狮子这三者之间有什么关系吗?
学生: 是不是因为蒲公英种子上的绒毛像狮子身上的长毛,种子就象牙齿的缘故呢?
老师: 很遗憾这次你猜错了。事实上,是因为蒲公英的叶子像狮子的牙齿。dandelion由dan de lion三个词组成,de-是of的意思,合起来就是the teeth of a lion之意。
学生: 为什么人们会产生这样的联想呢?
老师: 因为欧美人印象中的dent,是锯齿状的牙齿,参差不齐。你用word processor(文字处理器)吧? 那你就该知道indent键呀。
学生: 就是让文章下一行缩进的键吧?
老师: 这个也是从牙齿的意象引伸而来的。in在这儿起强调作用。欧美人觉得使用缩进功能后,文章的左边凹凸的部分就象狮子参差不齐的牙齿。
学生: 原来如此。英语单词的意象可真丰富啊。
同源关连词:
dental:牙齿的 dent (牙齿)+al(形容词后缀)
indent:使成锯齿状,使段落缩进 in(强调)+dent (牙齿)
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字典 (dictionary)与预言 (predict)
表示” 说” 意象的词根" dicere "与表示” 宣言” 意象的词根" dicare "
学生: 老师,今天可不可以讲解一下字典(dictionary)这个词的词源呢?
老师: dictionary可拆成diction+ary,-ary的意思是”与…有关的”, diction则是言辞、措辞的意思。diction来源于拉丁语的dicere(说) ,dictionary的意思就是”收集了各种言辞的东西”。后来dicere(说)从引伸出了很多词,你能举几个例子吗
学生: 也就是含有dict的单词了。我想到一个词 dictation(听写),但写和说可差得远呐?
老师: dictation也是从dicere引伸出的词汇。它的本意是将听到的东西写下来,这里强调的不是写,而是听。dictation另外还有个意思”口述”,这个意思就和词根dicere的意义相近了。
学生: 我越发觉得英语单词的意象丰富异常了。对了,dicare(宣言)和dicere(说)有什么区别呢?
老师: dedicate是来源于dicare(宣言)的一个词。是指大声呼叫,对着远处的人或很多人说。从dicare(宣言)或dicere(说)引伸出的英语单词,乍一看很难找出区别。这两个词根意义也相近,所以后人也就把这两词根合在一起了。我个人认为,如果记英语单词,没必要非得花大力气把这两词根区别开来。
同源关连词:
contradict:矛盾、不一致 contra (相反的)+dict (说)
indicate: 指出 in(对着)+ dicare(宣言) ,有一面用手指着、一面口头告诉大家之意。
predict:预言 pre(提前)+ dict(说)
31
王国(kingdom)和女士(madam)---表示「主人」意象的词根 "dicere"
学生:上个周末,我去迪斯尼乐园,听到广播里说到了magic kingom。我觉得这个词的发音很有力度,感觉很好。老师,kingdom中的king是拉丁语吗?
老师: 不是。king来源于古英语的cyning。kingdom的 "dom",来源于拉丁语的dominus(主人)。domain(領土)指的是 dominus(領主)的土地。kingdom的意思是大王统治的土地。
学生:東京dome中的 dome是不是也来源于此呢?
老师: 噢,你这么认为吗?
学生:怎么,我说错了吗?
老师: 这个嘛,dome其实来源于拉丁语的domus(=house [家])。dominus指的是「家的主人」。dome虽然来源于domus(=house [家]、但它的本意是大的教会。毕竟教会也是一个大家嘛。
学生:如果从"dom"的拼写上,一眼就能看出它的意象是「主人」还是「家」就好了。
老师: 那你就这样区分好了。dominate(统治)来源于「主人」、domestic(国内的)来源于「家」。有意思的是,madam和"dom"也有关系。
学生:是不是因为dam 与 "dom" 比较相似。madam拆开就是ma+dom,只是不知道这里的"dom" 指的是家还是主人的意思…。
老师: 分析得不错。dominus 的阴性形式domina(女主人)。dam 便是「女主人」的词源。你知道法语里ma dame 是什么意思吗?
学生:我可不懂法语呀。
老师: ma dame的意思是 my lady。所以madam的本意其实是my lady哟。
●同根关连词
domestic:国内的、家里的 domus(家)+tic(形容詞后缀)
dominate:统治 dominus(主人、统治)+ate(动词后缀)
32
介绍(introduce)与教育(education) - 表示”引导”意象的词根”ducere”
学生: 我朋友向我介绍了一个外国朋友。
老师: 那不是一个绝好的机会嘛。怎么样,自我介绍应该没问题吧?
学生: 我倒是说了Let me introduce myself,但一开始不知道该怎么说。introduce 的本意究竟是什么呢?
老师: introduce的词源是ducere (引导) ,intro是指”内向、朝里面”,所以introduce的本意就是”将大家向里引导”,后来就用于指人了。词根ducere (引导) 很多时候拼写演变成duct,就象通风管、水管等英文词的拼写一样。你不妨就记住duct好了。
学生: 管道?
老师: 对,管道最能形象地表达的duct意象,因为duct的本意就是引导物。现在咱们说的管道是那种很粗的管子,古罗马时代却是指aqueduct。你能想像出是什么样的吗? 提醒一下,拉丁语的是指水,也就是水中呼吸器(aqualung)中的aqua。
学生: 引导水的管道,莫非是”土管”?
老师: 如果到意大利或法国,你会发现河面上游很多古桥。这些都是石头砌成、象铁道大桥一样的拱形桥。古罗马时代,人们的生活用水就是通过石桥上的沟来运送的。aqueduct便是石桥的水沟。我们现代的aqueduct多是建筑物里用于换气或输送液体的管道。这个意象你可要牢牢把握。你知道education(教育)和 duct(引导)有什么关系吗?
学生: 喔,这次是引导什么? 答案吗?
老师: education(教育)拆开可为e-(外面)+duc(引导)+-ation(名詞后缀)。educate就是把头脑中原本具有的人的能力引导出来。所谓教育人员,就要把学生的干劲引导出来,所以必须对学生进行educate。死记硬背填鸭式教育、与education的本意却完全不一样了。
学生:原来如此,我完全明白education的意象了。这也是托词源学education的福啊。
●同根关联词
conductive:导体的、传导性的 构成: con(共同)+duce(引导)
produce:生产、创作 构成: pro(前面)+duce(引导)
reduce:減少 构成: re(后面)+duce(引导) →导回。
33
字典 (dictionary)与预言 (predict)
表示” 说” 意象的词根" dicere "与表示” 宣言” 意象的词根" dicare "
学生: 老师,今天可不可以讲解一下字典(dictionary)这个词的词源呢?
老师: dictionary可拆成diction+ary,-ary的意思是”与…有关的”, diction则是言辞、措辞的意思。diction来源于拉丁语的dicere(说) ,dictionary的意思就是”收集了各种言辞的东西”。后来dicere(说)从引伸出了很多词,你能举几个例子吗
学生: 也就是含有dict的单词了。我想到一个词 dictation(听写),但写和说可差得远呐?
老师: dictation也是从dicere引伸出的词汇。它的本意是将听到的东西写下来,这里强调的不是写,而是听。dictation另外还有个意思”口述”,这个意思就和词根dicere的意义相近了。
学生: 我越发觉得英语单词的意象丰富异常了。对了,dicare(宣言)和dicere(说)有什么区别呢?
老师: dedicate是来源于dicare(宣言)的一个词。是指大声呼叫,对着远处的人或很多人说。从dicare(宣言)或dicere(说)引伸出的英语单词,乍一看很难找出区别。这两个词根意义也相近,所以后人也就把这两词根合在一起了。我个人认为,如果记英语单词,没必要非得花大力气把这两词根区别开来。
同源关连词:
contradict:矛盾、不一致 contra (相反的)+dict (说)
indicate: 指出 in(对着)+ dicare(宣言) ,有一面用手指着、一面口头告诉大家之意。
predict:预言 pre(提前)+ dict(说)
34
王国(kingdom)和女士(madam)---表示「主人」意象的词根 "dicere"
学生:上个周末,我去迪斯尼乐园,听到广播里说到了magic kingom。我觉得这个词的发音很有力度,感觉很好。老师,kingdom中的king是拉丁语吗?
老师: 不是。king来源于古英语的cyning。kingdom的 "dom",来源于拉丁语的dominus(主人)。domain(領土)指的是 dominus(領主)的土地。kingdom的意思是大王统治的土地。
学生:東京dome中的 dome是不是也来源于此呢?
老师: 噢,你这么认为吗?
学生:怎么,我说错了吗?
老师: 这个嘛,dome其实来源于拉丁语的domus(=house [家])。dominus指的是「家的主人」。dome虽然来源于domus(=house [家]、但它的本意是大的教会。毕竟教会也是一个大家嘛。
学生:如果从"dom"的拼写上,一眼就能看出它的意象是「主人」还是「家」就好了。
老师: 那你就这样区分好了。dominate(统治)来源于「主人」、domestic(国内的)来源于「家」。有意思的是,madam和"dom"也有关系。
学生:是不是因为dam 与 "dom" 比较相似。madam拆开就是ma+dom,只是不知道这里的"dom" 指的是家还是主人的意思…。
老师: 分析得不错。dominus 的阴性形式domina(女主人)。dam 便是「女主人」的词源。你知道法语里ma dame 是什么意思吗?
学生:我可不懂法语呀。
老师: ma dame的意思是 my lady。所以madam的本意其实是my lady哟。
●同根关连词考试大(www.Examda。com)
domestic:国内的、家里的 domus(家)+tic(形容詞后缀)
dominate:统治 dominus(主人、统治)+ate(动词后缀)
35
介绍(introduce)与教育(education) - 表示”引导”意象的词根”ducere”
学生: 我朋友向我介绍了一个外国朋友。
老师: 那不是一个绝好的机会嘛。怎么样,自我介绍应该没问题吧?
学生: 我倒是说了Let me introduce myself,但一开始不知道该怎么说。introduce 的本意究竟是什么呢?
老师: introduce的词源是ducere (引导) ,intro是指”内向、朝里面”,所以introduce的本意就是”将大家向里引导”,后来就用于指人了。词根ducere (引导) 很多时候拼写演变成duct,就象通风管、水管等英文词的拼写一样。你不妨就记住duct好了。
学生: 管道?
老师: 对,管道最能形象地表达的duct意象,因为duct的本意就是引导物。现在咱们说的管道是那种很粗的管子,古罗马时代却是指aqueduct。你能想像出是什么样的吗? 提醒一下,拉丁语的是指水,也就是水中呼吸器(aqualung)中的aqua。
学生: 引导水的管道,莫非是”土管”?
老师: 如果到意大利或法国,你会发现河面上游很多古桥。这些都是石头砌成、象铁道大桥一样的拱形桥。古罗马时代,人们的生活用水就是通过石桥上的沟来运送的。aqueduct便是石桥的水沟。我们现代的aqueduct多是建筑物里用于换气或输送液体的管道。这个意象你可要牢牢把握。你知道education(教育)和 duct(引导)有什么关系吗?
学生: 喔,这次是引导什么? 答案吗?
老师: education(教育)拆开可为e-(外面)+duc(引导)+-ation(名詞后缀)。educate就是把头脑中原本具有的人的能力引导出来。所谓教育人员,就要把学生的干劲引导出来,所以必须对学生进行educate。死记硬背填鸭式教育、与education的本意却完全不一样了。
学生:原来如此,我完全明白education的意象了。这也是托词源学education的福啊。
●同根关联词
conductive:导体的、传导性的 构成: con(共同)+duce(引导)
produce:生产、创作 构成: pro(前面)+duce(引导)
reduce:減少 构成: re(后面)+duce(引导) →导回。
公共英语四级经典翻译
1) I was scared of leaving the protective bubble of this place for places unknown,during uncertain economic times.
在经济不稳定的年代,我害怕离开这里的保护罩到未知的地方去。
2) You are the only one who can answer that,But what I can offer as guidance,and reassurance,is a story:the story of one Stanford graduate's process of stumbling and searching to find a place in the world,oftentimes in the face of her fears.
你是仅仅一个可以回答这个问题的人,但是我能够讲一个故事为你提供引导使你放心:这是一位斯坦福大学毕业生在社会上摸爬滚打以争得一席之地的故事,尽管她一直面对恐惧。
3) The philosophics and ideologies themselves certainly left an impression on me.But the rigor of the distillation process,the exercise of refinement,that's where the real learning happened.
这些哲理和思想的确给我留下了深刻印象,但严谨的提炼过程和不断的改进加工才是我真正学习到的东西.
4)When you graduate from here,you exit with thousands of pages of personal text on which are inscribed beliefs and values shaped by years of education,family interactions,relationship,experience.
当你从这里毕业时,你会带着数千页的个人纪录走出校门,在这些记录上,是你多年来受教育,家庭,社会关系以及个人经历影响而形成的信念和价值观.
5)I had convinced myself that my analytic mind and my Stanford humanities degree were enough to guell the fear.
我已确信我善于分析的头脑和斯坦福大学的人文学科的学位足以平息我的恐惧.
6) We all know that normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16-17 hours' wakefulness and that,broadly speaking,the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.
我们都清楚正常人每天的活动周期是大约7-8个小时睡眠和16-17个小时清醒轮流相互交替,我么也知道,一般来说,睡眠常在夜间进行。
7) The case ,for example,with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines.
例如有种情况,自动化工厂要求持续24小时的机器运转,因此日夜颠倒上班成了一个越来越重要的问题。
8) This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another,so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
这说明他刚适应一种工作规律就又得转向另一种工作规律,因此在他大部分时间里,休息和工作的效率很低.
9) One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift,a month,or even three months.
一个解决的方法似乎是每次换班持续的时间长些,可以一个月甚至三个月换一次班.
10) The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays.
唯一能解决问题的方法是将夜班交给一些长期从事夜间工作的人,,他们在周末和假期依然会保持警醒状态.
11) The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire,although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter.
在人类文明发展的进程中,最初的两个阶段可能是原始武器的发明和火的发现,但没有人确切的知道,人类是在什么时候学会利用火的。
12) Animal have a few cries that serve as signals,but even the highest apes haven't been found able to pronounce words,even with the most intensive professional instructions.
动物会发出几种叫声作为信号,然而人们发现,即使是最高级的猿经过强化的专业训练也不能说出话来。
13) Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practised.
在农业繁荣的地区,农业的发展使当地人口的数量大幅度增长。
14) These inventions and discoveries---fire,speech,weapons,domestic animals,agriculture and writing---made the existence of civilized communities possible.
火,语言,武器,家禽,农业和文字的发明,使得文明社会有了存在的可能.
15) There was progress---there were even two inventions of great importance,namely gunpowder and the mariner's compass---but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.
进步是有的,有两项伟大发明,火药和航海指南针,但是,就其性而言,这两项发明都不能同语言,文字,和农业相比.
16) Growth in electronic commerce is not a straight line trend---it come slowly at first,then accelerates rapidly.
电子商务的发展并非一帆风顺,而是经历了缓慢起步才加速前进的。
17) Nonetheless,although it may take six years to reach sales of 1 trillion dollars,it won't take six more to reach 2 trillion,nor perhaps even two to expaned from 2 to 4 trillion dollars.
尽管可能需要六年时间才能使销售收入达到1万亿美元,但是从1万亿到2万亿美元则不会再用六年时间,而从2万亿到4万亿美元甚至用不了两年时间.
18) Electronic commence will turn the world into one giant shopping mall for products,services,and investments.
电子商务将会把世界变成一个集提供产品,服务与投资与一体的大型购物中心。
19) By 2005,more than half of the average employees' working hours in advanced countries(like the United States and the United Kingdom)will be spent at home.
到2005年,发达国家雇员的平均工作时间将有一半以上在家中度过。
20) Employees will be,figuratively speaking,in the driver's seat.
打个比方来说,雇员将会坐在驾驶座上,即取得主动权。
21) My friend's daughter,Sarah,stood by me waiting her turn.
我朋友的女儿莎拉站在我身边,等着轮到他。
22) I was the only adult present who prompted "What do you say?"When the clown handed Sarah her balloon.The clown beamed at us,grateful he had actually been acknowledged.
当小丑把球递给莎拉时,我提醒她说:"你该说什么?"我是在场大人中唯一一个这么做的人.小丑微笑着看着我们,很感激有人对他表示谢意.
23) And what they are seeing is a society focused solely on acquisition---be it another drink in a restaurant or a space on a crowded freeway---without ever stopping to thank the source.
他们所看到的社会是一个完全专注于索取的社会——不管是饭馆还提供的一杯饮料还是高速公路上的一块空地——没有人停下来说声谢谢。
24) Most people today feel proud to have built asociety that treats the races,sexes,and economic class more equally than ever before.And,yes,we have made real stride in these areas.
今天大部分人都建立了一个比过去任何时候都更平等地对待种族,性别,和经济阶层的社会而感到骄傲。是的,我们在这些领域确实取得了进步。
25) Are we really so pressured that we cannot stop to observe simple courtesy?
难道我们真的忙得不能停下来注意以下简单的礼节吗?
26) Since it is often used simultaneously by both family members as well as guests,the chicken requires not only a glamorous look but a practical one.
由于家庭成员和客人常常会同时使用厨房,所以厨房不仅要美观而且要实用。
27) This concern includes recycling of household materials, as well as energy efficient appliances and purity of both water and air.
家庭用具的再循环问题,厨房设备的节能问题以及水和空气的净化问题都受到重视.
28) The character of today's kitchen is very different from the way it was thirty years ago.There is more sophiscation in food preparation,and more technological help with cooking and cleaning up.
与30年前相比,现在的厨房的特点有了很大的不同,在食物制作方面更为尖端高级,再食物烹制和清洁方面也能提供更多的技术帮助.
29) Because many of today's kitchens consist of two or more cooks sharing in the meal preparation,there is a need for more counter space,sooktops and sinks.
由于许多当今的厨房都有两个或者更多的人一起准备饭菜。所以很有必要为厨房设计更大的台面,更多的厨具和洗涤槽等。
30) You can have a refrigerator in one place and a freezer in a separate area or two sets of cooktops:one on the counter next to the wall oven and one on an island.
你可以买一个电冰箱放在厨房里的一个地方,然后在买一个冰柜放在另一处,或者你可以拥有2套厨具,一套放在靠近墙面的台面上,另一套单独放置。
31) In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply seperated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent,notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.
在男女角色没有明显划分,家务事或多或少由双方共同承担的家庭中,男尊女卑的观点是很难维持的。
32) In such a home,the growing boy and girl learn to accept that equality more easily than their parents did and to prepare more fully participation in a world characterized by cooperation rather than by the "battle of the sexes".
在这种家庭长大的孩子比他们父母更容易接受平等的观念,并做好充分准备去加入一个合作的,而不是"性别大战"的社会.
33) There are signs that pshchologists and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should nor receive all the credit,nor all the blame.We have almost given up saying that a woman's place is in the home.
有一些迹象表明,有关家庭方面的心理学家和专家意识到男性在家庭中的作用,他们认为在涉及家庭方面的问题上不应该由女性承担所有的赞扬或指责。我们已经不再坚持认为女性就应该呆在家里。
34) We are beginning,however,to study a man's place in the home and to resist that he does have a place in it.Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.
相反的,我们开始研究男性在家庭中的地位,并坚持男性在家庭中占有一席之地的观点.男性在家庭中的地位与孩子的健康成长不无关联.
35) The family is a cooperative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules,because each family memberneeds to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.
家庭是一个合作的集体,很难制定通用的准则,因为每个家庭中的成员都需要找出自己问题的具体方法。
36) Scientists at Johns Hopkins have discovered :striking" differents between men and women in a part of the brain linked with ability to estimate time,judge speed,visualize things three-dimensionally and solve mathematical problems.
约翰,霍普金斯大学的科学家已发现在大脑中与估算时间,判断速度,想象三维事物以及解答数学题等能力有关的部位,在男女之间存在惊人的差别。
37) The differences,the researchers say,may underlie well-known trends that vary by sex,such as the fact that more men than women are architects,mathematicians and race-car drivers.
研究人员指出,这种差异可能会形成众所周知的男女有别的倾向,例如,事实上建筑师,数学家,和赛车手中男性就多于女性.
38) In women in the study,it is the right IPL that is somewhat larger,though the difference between the two sides of the brains is less obvious than in men,say Psychiatrist Godfrey Pearlson,M.D. ,who headed the project.
领导这项研究的精神病学家,医学博士皮尔逊说,研究表明,女性的右下顶叶略大一些,尽管女性大脑两边的这种差异没有男性那么明显.
39) It allows the brain to process information from senses such as vision and touch,and enable the sort of thinking involved in selective attention and perception.
下顶叶使大脑能够处理从诸如视觉和触觉等感官传来的信息,并使涉及有选择性注意和知觉之类的思维活动得以进行.
40)There are plenty of exceptions,but there is also a grain of truth,revealed throught the brain structure,that we think underlies some of the ways people characterize the sexes.
当然有很多意外,但也不乏从大脑结构中显露出的某些事实,我们认为这事实构成了人们在性别方面的某些特征.
41) Owning Norand also allowed Pioneer to explore high-technology markets outside agriculture.
拥有罗兰德,先锋国际就可以在农业外的高科技市场放手一搏了。
42) Pioneer always took a given percent of the annual profits to divide equally among all employees,so our profit-sharing checks were higher than if Pioneer had not purchased Norand.Additionally,my Pioneer stock was lower than it had been before the purchase of Norand.I was not pleased.
先锋国际的老规律是拿出一定比例的年利润平均分配给所有的雇员,所以我们分的的利润比收购罗兰德之前减少了,此外,先锋国际的股票也比收购前下跌了,我很不高兴。
43) The CEO of pioneer,Tom Urban,made annualformal visits to each of the Pioneer divisions to talk about the state of the business and to listen to employees' concerns.
先锋国际的CEO汤姆每年都到每个公司进行常规视察,向员工通报业务情况,听员工们所关心的事情。
44) As I sat listening to him,I knew I could trust him,and that he deserved every bit of loyalty I could give to him and to Pioneer.
当我坐在那里听他说话的时候,我知道我能够信任他,我知道他值得我为他和先锋国际奉献出自己的忠诚。
45) In the brief moment of silence before the questions started,I recalled thinking that I would follow him into any battle.
在提问开始之前,那一瞬间的沉默中,我重新坚定了自己的信念,我将跟随他在每一次战役中冲锋陷阵。
46) Man's preoccupation with time derives ultimately from his unique relationship to it.All animals are changed by it.But only human can manipulate it.
人们对时间的关注来源于他们与时间的特殊关系。所有的动物都随着时间的改变而改变,但是只有人类可以驾驭时间。
47) It can be argued that momeny and foresightedness are the essence of intelligence;that man's ability to manupulate time,to employ both past and future as guides to present action,is what makes him human.
可以证明的是,记忆力和预见能力是智力的重要部分,人类之所以是人类就在于他具有驾驭时间的能力,他能用过去和将来指导当前的行为.
48) But if the delay stretchs beyond 30 seconds.the animal is at a loss.It can no longer associate reward so far in the future with present action.
但是如果超出30秒,这种动物就会不知所措。它无法将当前的行为与未来的奖赏联想到一起。
49) But after that time interval ,the monkey's hunt for the food is no better than chances predicts.
但是过了这段时间间隔,猴子就只能靠自己找到食物了。
50) They can learn to stack four boxes,one atop the other,as a platform from which it can reach a hanging banana.They also carry their ability to cope with the present action by means of tools like human being.
他们会学着将4个盒子堆在一起,搭成一个台子去拿挂着的香蕉,他们还会像人类那样运用工具去解决当前的问题。
公共英语四级冲刺模拟题:阅读(1)
公共英语PETS四级考试由笔试和口试组成。笔试试卷(140分钟)分四部分:听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。口试试卷(12分钟)分三节考查考生的口语交际能力。笔试和口试都使用英文指导语。
Section III Reading Comprehension(45 points) 阅读理解
Text 1 No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demeaning to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of the whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a large, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual oneself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence.
Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in school, eliminates all envy and competition in a matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to wear the same clothing to forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of house, eat the same type of food. When this happens, all incentive to improve one’s life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had? Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly.
Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating, and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Salespersons would be superfluous as well: why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. Our entire information and entertainment industries would founder.
41、The author’s viewpoint on uniforms can best be described as __________.
A. practical
B. hysterical
C. radical
D. critical
42、Judged from its style, this passage might be found in __________.
A. a children’s comics book
B. an editorial in a paper
C. a sociology textbook
D. a political platform
43、It can be inferred that the author believes that __________.
A. individuals have no self-worth when they become part of an organization
B. individuals are more important than organizations
C. individuals are not so important as organizations
D. individuals are the same important as organizations
44、The author brings in the example of a parent striving to make life better for his children to make the point that __________.
A. parents have responsibilities for their children
B. uniforms would be less expensive than clothing for children
C. uniforms cause dissension between parents and children
D. individual motivation would be destroyed by uniforms
45、The last word of the passage "founder" probably means __________.
A. collapse
B. shrink
C. disappear
D. establish
CBBDA
公共英语四级冲刺模拟题:阅读(2)
公共英语PETS四级考试由笔试和口试组成。笔试试卷(140分钟)分四部分:听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。口试试卷(12分钟)分三节考查考生的口语交际能力。笔试和口试都使用英文指导语。
Section III Reading Comprehension(45 points) 阅读理解
Text 2 A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous and helpful most Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence.
Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world. The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality.
Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. It reflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn’t take in the stranger and take care of him, there was no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation. Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet, the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. "I was just traveling through, got talking with this American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner—amazing." Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly.
The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does not necessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to "translate" cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when an American uses the word "friend", the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those it has in the visitor’s language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on a bus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is a virtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.
46、In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ___________.
A. rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US
B. small-minded officials deserve a serious comment
C. Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors
D. most Americans are ready to offer help
47、It could be inferred from the last paragraph that ___________.
A. culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship
B. courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated
C. various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends
D. social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions
48、Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers ___________.
A. to improve their hard life
B. in view of their long-distance travel
C. to add some flavor to their own daily life
D. out of a charitable impulse
49、The tradition of hospitality to strangers ___________.
A. tends to be superficial and artificial
B. is generally well kept up in the united States
C. is always understood properly
D. has something to do with the busy tourist trails
50、What’s the author’s attitudes toward the American’s friendliness?
A. Favorable.
B. Unfavorable.
C. Indifferent.
D. Neutral.
DACBA
公共英语四级冲刺模拟题:阅读(3)
公共英语PETS四级考试由笔试和口试组成。笔试试卷(140分钟)分四部分:听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。口试试卷(12分钟)分三节考查考生的口语交际能力。笔试和口试都使用英文指导语。
Section III Reading Comprehension(45 points) 阅读理解
Text 3 Today, there are many avenues open to those who wish to continue their education. However, nearly all require some break in one’s career in order to attend school full time. Part-time education, that is, attending school at night or for one weekend a month, tends to drag the process out over time and puts the completion of a degree program out of reach of many people. Additionally, such programs require a fixed time commitment which can also impact negatively on one’s career and family time. Of the many approaches to teaching and learning, however, perhaps the most flexible and accommodating is that called distance learning.
Distance learning is an educational method, which allows the students the flexibility to study at his or her own pace to achieve the academic goals, which are so necessary in today’s world. The time required to study many be set aside at the student’s convenience with due regard to all life’s other requirements. Additionally, the student may enroll in distance learning courses from virtually any place in the world, while continuing to pursue their chosen career. Tutorial assistance may be available via regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, teleconferencing and over the Internet. Good distance learning programs are characterized by the inclusion of a subject evaluation tool with every subject. This precludes the requirement for a student to travel away from home to take a test.
Another characteristic of a good distance-learning program is the equivalence of the distance-learning course with the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus. The resultant diploma or degree should also be the same whether distance learning or on-campus study is employed. The individuality of the professor/student relationship is another characteristic of a good distance-learning program. In the final analysis, a good distance learning program has a place not only for the individual students but also the corporation or business that wants to work in partnership with their employees for the educational benefit, professional development, and business growth of the organization. Sponsoring distance learning programs for their employees gives the business the advantage of retaining career-minded people while contributing to their personal and professional growth through education.
51、According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of part-time education?
A. It requires some break in one’s career.
B. It tends to last too long for many people to complete a degree program.
C. It affects one’s career.
D. It gives the student less time to share with the family.
52、Which of the following is NOT an advantage of distance learning?
A. The students may choose his or her own pace.
B. The students may study at any time to his or her convenience.
C. They can pursue their chosen career while studying.
D. Their tutorial assistance comes through regular airmail, telephone, facsimile machine, etc.
53、What benefit will distance-learning program bring to a business?
A. Recruitment of more talented people.
B. Good image of the business.
C. Better cooperation with universities.
D. Further training of employees and business growth.
54、What benefit will distance learning bring to an employee of a business?
A. Professional growth.
B. Good relationship with the employer.
C. Good impression on the employer.
D. Higher salary.
55、Which is not the characteristic of distance learning?
A. It includes a subject evaluation tool with every subject.
B. Its course uses the same subject materials as those students taking the course on the home campus.
C. A distance-learning program has a place only for students.
D. The relationship of the professor/student is characterized by individuality.
ADDAC
公共英语四级冲刺模拟题:阅读(4)
公共英语PETS四级考试由笔试和口试组成。笔试试卷(140分钟)分四部分:听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。口试试卷(12分钟)分三节考查考生的口语交际能力。笔试和口试都使用英文指导语。
Section III Reading Comprehension(45 points) 阅读理解
Text 4 I remember the way the light touched her hair. She turned her head, and our eyes met, a momentary awareness in that raucous fifth grade classroom. I felt as though I’d been struck a blow under the heart. Thus began my first love affair. Her name was Rachel, and I mooned my way through the grade and high school, stricken at the mere sight of her, tongue-tied in her presence. Does anyone, anymore, linger in the shadows of evening, drawn by the pale light of a window—her window—like some hapless summer insect? That delirious swooning, asexual but urgent and obsessive, that made me awkward and my voice crack, is like some impossible dream now. I would catch sight of her, walking down an aisle of trees to or from school, and I’d become paralyzed.
She always seemed so poised, so self-possessed. At home, I’d relive each encounter, writhing at the thought of my inadequacies. We eventually got acquainted and socialized as we entered our adolescence, she knew I had a case on her, and I sensed her affectionate tolerance for me. "Going steady" implied a maturity we still lacked. Her Orthodox Jewish upbringing and my own Catholic scruples imposed an inhibited grace that made even kissing a distant prospect, however fervently desired. I managed to hold her once at a dance—chaperoned, of course. Our embrace made her giggle, a sound so trusting that I hated myself for what I’d been thinking. At any rate, my love for Rachel remained unrequited. We graduated from high school, she went on to college, and I joined the Army.
When World War II engulfed us, I was sent overseas. For a time we corresponded, and her letters were the highlight of those grinding endless years. Once she sent me a snapshot of herself in a bathing suit, which drove me to the wildest of fantasies. I mentioned the possibility of marriage in my nest letter, and almost immediately her replies became less frequent, less personal. Her Dear John letter finally caught up with me while I was awaiting discharge. She gently explained the impossibility of a marriage between us. Looking back on it, I must have recovered rather quickly, although for the first few months I believed I didn’t want to live. Like Rachel, I found someone else, whom I learned to love with a deep and permanent commitment that has lasted to this day.
56、According to the passage, how old was the author when his first love affair began?
A. Before he entered his teens.
B. In his early teens.
C. In his middle teens.
D. When he was just out of his teens.
A
57、How did the author behave as a boy in love?
A. His first love motivated him toward hard study.
B. His first love evoked sentimental memories.
C. He was overpowered by wild excitement and passion.
D. He fulfilled his expectations and desires.
C
58、According to the passage, what held them back from a loving kiss?
A. Her Jewish origin did not allow it.
B. His Catholic adherence forbade it.
C. They were not sure whether it was proper or ethical to kiss in line with their religious decorum.
D. Kissing was found to be inelegant or even distasteful.
C
59、According to the passage, what was Rachel’s response to the author’s tender affection before the war?
A. She recognized and accepted his love affectionately.
B. She thwarted his affection by flatly turning him down.
C. She fondly permitted him to adore her without losing her own heart to him.
D. She didn’t care for him at all and only took delight in playing with his feelings.
C
60、Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. Statement and example.
B. Cause and effect.
C. Order of importance.
D. Linear description.
ACCCD
公共英语四级全真模拟题:知识应用
公共英语PETS四级考试由笔试和口试组成。笔试试卷(140分钟)分四部分:听力、英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。口试试卷(12分钟)分三节考查考生的口语交际能力。笔试和口试都使用英文指导语。
Section II Use of English(10 points) 英语知识应用
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, D on ANSWER SHEET 1. The loudest outcry about poverty seemed to come in the wealthiest country by far in the world. According to most calculations, 21 most of the 1945-1970 period the United States had a standard of living well 22 Europe’s and many times above the world 23 . Yet 24 about grinding poverty, hunger, and dreadful need proceed more from the United States than from countries with one-fortieth of their living standard. An annual per capita income of eight dollars is 25 of much of Africa and Asia and not a little of South America.
It would seem strange to these people 26 they only aware of the fact that American radicals demand a 27 from an American 28 to the far corners of the globe so that the money thus saved can be spent raising the standard of living of 29 Americans. What this last point suggests is not so much that human 30 are never to be satisfied though this is doubtlessly true, and the American suburbanite 31 of his second car and his color TV suffers just as 32 as an African farmer in need of a second cow and a screen door. Rather, it suggests the 33 of contemporary breach of social 34 —the emancipation of the individual self.
People have learned to consider any 35 to personal fulfillment an 36 insult. They have greatly expanded the circle of self-awareness. They no longer accept sharp limitations on individual desires in the 37 of the group. The amount of potential human discontent has always been 38 — misery, failure, misfitting, bitterness, hatred, envy 39 telling. It has usually failed of 40 , and in the past it was accepted passively as being beyond help.
21、 A. until
B. through
C. in
D. onto
22、 A. over
B. above
C. against
D. below
23、 A. average
B. common
C. mean
D. ordinary
24、A. storms
B. rage
C. protests
D. fury
25、 A. now that
B. regardless
C. ignorant
D. typical
26、 A. was
B. being
C. were
D. to be
27、A. retreat
B. compromise
C. restraint
D. detachment
28、A. confinement
B. commitment
C. complement
D. concealment
29、A. underprivileged
B. misguided
C. underlined
D. overjoyed
30、 A. anticipations
B. shelters
C. shortages
D. wants
31、A. informed
B. deprived
C. ensured
D. relieved
32、A. acutely
B. abnormally
C. aggressively
D. initially
33、 A. margin
B. scope
C. range
D. extent
34、 A. liberties
B. norms
C. institutions
D. practices
35、A. access
B. exception
C. obstacle
D. approach
36.A. incomprehensible
B. uninterpretable
C. intolerable
D. negligible
37、 A. face
B. company
C. name
D. wake
38、 A. bulky
B. prompt
C. momentary
D. infinite
39、 A. at
B. beyond
C. on
D. with
40、A. utterance
B. admittance
C. compliance
D. importance
BBACD CABAD BADBC CCDBA
