
was among the most commercially successful producers and composers in all of popular music, lending his signature sweeping power ballad aesthetic to smash hits from Celine Dion, Chicago and Whitney Houston and in the process virtually defining the adult contemporary format. Born in Victoria, British Columbia, Foster began studying piano at the age of five, and just eight years later enrolled in the University of Washington's music program. At 16, he joined Chuck Berry's backing band, and in 1971 relocated to Los Angeles with his group Skylark, scoring a major hit the following year with the single "Wildflower." Foster also became a sought-after session keyboardist, appearing on recordings from superstars including John Lennon, Barbra Streisand, Diana Ross and Rod Stewart.
Foster's production career began when he helmed the 1976 eponymous debut from his group Attitudes; he soon turned to outside projects as well, writing and producing material for Hall & Oates, Deniece Williams, Carole Bayer Sager, Boz Scaggs and the Average White Band. In 1979, he earned his first Grammy Award for penning Earth, Wind and Fire's "After the Love Has Gone." From there Foster's career exploded, and he was soon writing and producing for artists including Kenny Rogers, the Tubes and Kenny Loggins. In 1982, he won a second Grammy for producing the original cast album to the Broadway hit Dreamgirls; he also composed and produced Chicago's hit "Hard to Say I'm Sorry," followed in 1983 by work on Lionel Richie's blockbuster Can't Slow Down. With 1984's Chicago 17, Foster scored his greatest success to date, with the smash single "Hard Habit to Break" earning him a Grammy for Producer of the Year.
A year later, Foster wrote and produced John Parr's hit "St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion)," and in 1986 reunited with Chicago, not only for their 18 LP, which launched the hit "Will You Still Love Me," but also with the group's singer, Peter Cetera, for whom he wrote the chart-topping "The Glory of Love." By now Foster was among the most successful producers in pop -- though reviled by critics, his work was enormously successful on the charts, with dozens of Top 40 hits. However, he was atypically quiet during the latter half of the 1980s, most notably teaming with Neil Diamond on his 1988 album The Best Years of Our Lives and working on a variety of film projects and one-off studio dates. In 1990 Foster began his collaboration with Celine Dion, writing and producing material for her Unison album and generating the hit "Have a Heart." A year later, he teamed with Natalie Cole for her mega-hit Unforgettable, winning three more Grammys: Record of the Year, Album of the Year, and Producer of the Year.
In 1992, Foster collaborated with Whitney Houston on the soundtrack to her hit film The Bodyguard, which netted him another Album of the Year Grammy at the following year's award ceremonies, with the blockbuster single "I Will Always Love You," also winning Record of the Year. Again, he took home Producer of the Year honors as well; additionally, "When I Fall in Love," the theme to Sleepless in Seattle performed by Celine Dion and Clive Griffin, garnered Foster another trophy as arranger. For Dion, he next produced 1993's The Colour of My Love, which spawned the smash "The Power of Love," and a year later, he helmed All-4-One's I Swear. With Dion's 1996 Falling Into You, Foster again took home the Album of the Year Grammy; the blockbuster Because You Loved Me, with the title track the main theme song from Up Close & Personal, was also a nominee in the Record of the Year category. A major hit from that same year was Toni Braxton's "Un-Break My Heart." The solo Love Lights the World followed in the spring of 2000. ~ Jason Ankeny, Rovi
Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson
Mel Columcille Gerard Gibson (born January 3 1956) is an Academy Award-winning American-born, Australian-raised actor, director, and producer. After establishing himself as a household name with the Mad Max and Lethal Weapon series, Gibson went on to direct and star in 1993's The Man Without a Face and 1995's Academy Award-winning Braveheart. Gibson's direction of Braveheart made him only the sixth actor-turned-filmmaker to garner an Oscar for Best Director. In 2004, he directed and produced The Passion of the Christ, a blockbuster movie that portrayed the last hours of Christ's life.
Film Career
Gibson graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney in 1977. Those who knew him as a student there describe him as someone who never took himself too seriously. His instructors at NIDA viewed him with contempt as a result.
His acting career began in Australia with appearances in television series, including The Sullivans, Cop Shop and Punishment.
He made his Australian film debut as the leather-clad post-apocalyptic survivor in George Miller's Mad Max, which later became a cult hit and launched two sequels. His international profile increased through Peter Weir's Gallipoli. Gibson's handsome boyish good looks made him a natural for leading male roles.
In 1984, he made his U.S. film debut as Fletcher Christian in The Bounty. Reportedly, Gibson and Anthony Hopkins, his costar on the film, did not get along during the shoot. At the time, Anthony Hopkins was a teetotaler, and Mel Gibson was struggling with alcoholism. Gibson frequently spent his evenings in local saloons and took to mixing two shots of Scotch with his beer. He dubbed the concoction "Liquid Violence". In one incident, Gibson's face was severely cut up in a bar room brawl and the film's shooting schedule had to be rearranged while he was flown to a hospital in Papeete.
Braveheart
Gibson stated that when the Braveheart script arrived and was recommended by his agents, he rejected it outright because he thought he was too old to play the part. After careful thought, he decided to not only act in the film, but to direct it as well.
Gibson received two Academy Awards, Best Director and Best Picture, for his 1995 direction of Braveheart. In the movie, Gibson starred as Sir William Wallace, a thirteenth-century Scottish freedom fighter.
He said in interviews that he was attempting to make a film similar to the epics he had loved as a child, such as Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus and The Big Country. The filming began in the Scottish Highlands. After learning that the intended filming locations were among the rainiest spots in Europe, the shooting was moved to Ireland, where members of the Irish Army Reserve worked as extras in the battle scenes.
Diane Keaton
Oscar-winner Diane Keaton plays the meddling mother to pop music star Mandy Moore in a relationship comedy about family, love and happiness. It arrives at American theaters timed to pick up the audience that might choose romance over the 'Super Bowl' pro football championship game this weekend. Alan Silverman has a look at "Because I Said So."
| Diane Keaton and Mandy Moore in Universal Pictures' "Because I Said So" |
Frustrated that Millie's relationships seem all-too brief and not headed for the altar, Daphne turns to an Internet dating service.
But the guy that mom thinks is perfect is not nearly as right for Millie as the guy the daughter finds on her own ...and it takes most of the movie for strong-willed Daphne to figure that out.
Diane Keaton says she knows the 'meddling mom' is a stock character in romantic comedies, but she believes that's because they really exist off-screen too. "I never imagined in my life that this would be something I would be playing. My mother wasn't like that at all, but I do remember some friends having meddling mothers and thinking 'how weird is that?' Apparently, they are all over the place in life and so now I've played one and it was fun because she was more wacky. This woman was wacky," she say.
She adds "When I was playing it I thought 'I'm sure I'm not like this as a mother,' but the more you think about you realize it's really hard for you to look at yourself and see who you are from your daughter's point of view ...or from your son's point of view, for that matter. Then I started to think 'well, maybe I am ...but just in a different way.' Being a parent is really a humbling experience, if you're willing to see who you are in that relationship. You know, the worry ...I worry all the time about my kids. I am consumed by them (and) when you do that you have a tendency to want to guide them too much."
As Millie, Mandy Moore says she tapped into that mixture of frustration and love that is a familiar part of many young adult relationships with parents. It also helped that Moore was inspired to become an actress by Keaton and her signature role, "Annie Hall." "I tried to harness a little of that adoration because I could use it for the character. I really think she is just so in love with her mother, so I tried to find the parallels and use them a little bit for the character. It's hard to get past working with someone like that ...(she is) such an icon who has had such longevity in this business. You can't really get away from it, so I tried to use it to my advantage," she says.
Director Michael Lehman, whose hits date back to the 1988 thriller "Heathers," says the mother-daughter relationship at the core of this film is something of a mystery to men. "One of the things in the script that was so interesting was the sort of openness of women talking about how they dress and what they do ...sort of being in the woman's world. That, as a man, to me was interesting, because we're n-o-t really allowed in there that way," he says.
So, does that make it a 'chick flick' intended mainly for women? "I definitely think this is a movie that is going to have direct appeal to women," he answers. "It's about a mother-daughter relationship. Generally in movies romance appeals more to women than to men. This is conventional wisdom. I don't think the conventional wisdom is wrong.
"Because I Said So" also features Lauren Graham and Piper Perabo as Daphne's married daughters. Tom Everett Scott and Gabriel Macht play the men vying for Millie's affection; and Stephen Collins rekindles a spark of romance in the mom's life.
Alexander Hamilton
He was one of the giants of American history: a hero in the American Revolution; the new nation's first Treasury secretary; architect of the nation's monetary system; an early and vociferous opponent of slavery. Yet recent history has often bypassed Alexander Hamilton's contributions to the formation of American society. Now, on the bicentennial of his death, a new multi-media exhibition aims to reassess the reputation of one the United States' founding fathers.
The New York Historical Society is calling its exhibition "Alexander Hamilton: The Man Who Made Modern America." Documentary filmmaker Ric Burns, a member of the Historical Society's board, says none of the founding fathers is less well-known or more relevant to the contemporary world than Hamilton.
"He was in many ways the first modern American. He was a bastard from the Caribbean and an immigrant, a man who believed in and thrived on flux and change and new New York was the capital of those things. He was the ultimate upstart in the ultimate upstart city. He was a man who came to epitomize the spirit of the society that was coming to teach itself that who you were and where you came from, mattered far less than what you could do and where you were going."
The New York Historical Society building is wrapped in a giant $10 bill, the denomination that carries Hamilton's portrait. Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin are the only two non-presidents depicted on American currency.
Richard Brookhiser, the author of a biography simply called Alexander Hamilton, American, served as curator historian for the exhibition. He says Hamilton's importance in developing the U.S. financial system cannot be overestimated.
"He was the first Treasury secretary. Most people know that. They know that he was the money guy, the guy that put America's finances on a firm footing. I do not think they understand how important that was or how difficult that was or how little it was understood by Hamilton's great peers. The founding fathers who understood the emerging world of modern finance could really be counted on one hand."
Display cases throughout the exhibit show artifacts tracing Hamilton's life, from his early years working as a clerk at a merchant house in the West Indies to his death at the age of 47 in duel with his bitter enemy, Vice President Aaron Burr.
Artifacts, videos and an audio guide also explain Hamilton's relationships with other founding fathers, including George Washington. During the Revolutionary War, he served as a top aide to General Washington. When Washington became the new nation's first president, he appointed Hamilton secretary of Treasury. After he left government, Hamilton remained a close confidante of Washington's and wrote much of his famous farewell address in 1796. The speech, which became a classic, warns against sectionalism and partisanship at home and permanent alliances abroad. A proof in Hamilton's handwriting is on display.
"The nation which indulges towards others an habitual hatred or an habitual fondness is a slave," (an audio guide explains)"It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and interest."
The exhibit's organizers leave no doubt that they believe Hamilton's reputation has suffered because he was ahead of his time. Ric Burns attributes the neglect partly to a general disillusionment with urban life during much of the 20th century and an idealized image of agrarian society. Now, Mr. Burns says, cities are recognized as great achievements.
"What I really hope takes place now is a recognition that we live in the world he made. When [Thomas] Jefferson was waxing philosophical and the planters were talking about the beauty of the American countryside, this guy was putting together the theory and the practical blueprint for creating an urban, commercial, democratic society. He thought on that kind of global scale. That was an astonishing genius."
Surprisingly, Hamilton's role as a leading opponent of slavery has also been largely forgotten. Richard Brookhiser comments.
"At the moment of independence, every one of the 13 states had slaves. The founders were aware of this as a problem. They knew that this was a contradiction to their own principles. What did they do about it? Jefferson agonized about it. Washington, in the last act of his life, frees all his slaves in his will. What Hamilton does is he joins other New Yorkers and he founds the New York Manumission Society to try to end slavery in his state."
Hamilton's legacy is still very much alive in institutions that he founded. The Bank of New York and The New York Post newspaper still exist. Among those attending the opening of the exhibition were 30 of Hamilton's descendants, including a fifth great grandson, Douglas Hamilton and his son, Alexander. Alex says his father is the family historian.
"He had me memorize Hamilton's biography by the time I was about five or six years old. So I have always grown up with an appreciation but to see this exhibit here, it is pretty unbelievable."
Letters exchanged between Hamilton and Aaron Burr can be seen in the exhibition along with the pistols used in the duel, which the historical society is showing for the first time. In addition, James Basker, the project director for the exhibition, says 280 previously unknown documents were discovered while preparing for the show.
"There is one in the exhibition, a letter from his sister-in-law, Angelica Church, written he day that Hamilton was shot in a duel. She has just heard about it. She is describing what has happened. It is very rushed. You can see the emotion in her handwriting."
After it closes in New York in February, the Alexander Hamilton multi-media exhibition will travel to 40 venues across the United States for three years.
Barbara Schoetzau, VOA news, New York.
注释:
vociferous 大声喊叫的,猛烈的
bicentennial 二百周年纪念
contemporary 同时代的
bastard 私生子
curator 馆长
confidante 红粉知己,知心女友
sectionalism 地方主义,地方偏见
disillusionment 觉醒
descendant 子孙,后代
venue 集合地点,展示地点
Albert Schweitzer
Albert Schweitzer (14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a Franco-German (Alsatian) theologian, organist, philosopher, and physician. He was born in Kaysersberg in the province of Alsace-Lorraine, in the German Empire. Schweitzer challenged both the secular view of Jesus as depicted by historical-critical methodology current at his time in certain academic circles, as well as the traditional Christian view, depicting a Jesus Christ who expected and predicted the imminent end of the world. He received the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize for his philosophy of "Reverence for Life",[1] expressed in many ways, but most famously in founding and sustaining the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Lambaréné, now in Gabon, west central Africa (then French Equatorial Africa). As a music scholar and organist, he studied the music of German composer Johann Sebastian Bach and influenced the Organ reform movement (Orgelbewegung).
Schweitzer's passionate quest was to discover a universal ethical philosophy, anchored in a universal reality, and make it directly available to all of humanity
Born in Kaysersberg, Schweitzer spent his childhood in the village of Gunsbach, Alsace (German: Günsbach), where his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor, taught him how to play music.[4] Long disputed, the predominantly German-speaking region of Alsace or Elsaß was annexed by Germany in 1871; after World War I, it was reintegrated into France. The tiny village is home to the Association Internationale Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).[5] The medieval parish church of Gunsbach was of a special Protestant-Catholic kind found in various places in Germany even today. It was shared by the two congregations, which held their prayers in different areas of the same church at different times on Sundays. This compromise arose after the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years War. Schweitzer, the pastor's son, grew up in this exceptional environment of religious tolerance, and developed the belief that true Christianity should always work towards a unity of faith and purpose.[6]
Schweitzer's home language was an Alsatian dialect of German and like most Alsatians even during German rule, he was familiar with French as well. At Mulhouse high school he got his "Abitur" (the certificate at the end of secondary education), in 13. He studied organ there from 1885-13 with Eugène Munch, organist of the Protestant Temple, who inspired Schweitzer with his profound enthusiasm for the music of German composer Richard Wagner.[7] In 13 he played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ-music contained a mystic sense of the eternal. Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to teach Schweitzer without fee, and a great and influential friendship was begun.[8]
From 13 he studied Protestant theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm Universität of Straßburg. There he also received instruction in piano and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely with Ernest Munch (the brother of his former teacher), organist of St William church, who was also a passionate admirer of J.S. Bach's music.[9] Schweitzer did his one year's obligitory military service in 14. Schweitzer saw many operas of Richard Wagner at Straßburg (under Otto Lohse), and in 16 he pulled together the funds to visit Bayreuth to see Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, and was deeply affected. Soon afterwards he visited the new organ in the Liederhalle at Stuttgart, and, appalled by its lack of clarity, experienced another great realization. In 18 he went back to Paris to write a Ph.D. dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant at the Sorbonne, and to study in earnest with Widor. Here he often met with the elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He also studied piano at that time with Marie Jaëll.[10] He completed his theology degree in 19 and published his Ph.D. at the University of Tübingen in 19
Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a musical scholar and organist, dedicated also to the rescue, restoration and study of historicpipe organs. With theological insight, he interpreted the use of pictorial and symbolical representation inJ. S. Bach's religious music. In 19 he astonished Widor by explaining figures and motifs in Bach's Chorale Preludes as painter-like tonal and rhythmic imagery illustrating themes from the words of the hymns on which they were based. They were works of devotional contemplation in which the musical design corresponded to literary ideas, conceived visually. (Widor had not grown up with knowledge of the oldLutheranhymns.)[12]The exposition of these ideas, encouraged by Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's next task, and appeared in the masterly studyJ. S. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written in French and published in 1905. During its preparation he became a friend ofCosima Wagner(then in Strasbourg), with whom he had many theological and musical conversations, exploring his view of Bach's descriptive music, and playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Temple Neuf.[13]There was a great demand for a German edition, but instead he rewrote it[14]in two volumes (J. S. Bach) in German, which were published in 1908, and in an English translation byErnest Newmanin 1911.[15]Schweitzer's interpretative approach greatly influenced the modern understanding of Bach's music. He became a welcome guest at the Wagner's home,Wahnfried.[16]
The Choir Organ atSt Thomas's Church, Strasbourg, designed in 1905 on principles defined by Albert Schweitzer.His pamphlet "The Art of Organ Building and Organ Playing in Germany and France" (1906,[17]republished with an appendix on the state of the organ-building industry in 1927) effectively launched the twentieth-centuryOrgelbewegung, which turned away from romantic extremes and rediscovered baroque principles—although this sweeping reform movement in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer himself had intended. In 1909 he addressed theThird Congress of the International Society of MusicatViennaon the subject. Having circulated a questionnaire among players and organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very considered report.[18]This provided the basis for theInternational Regulations for Organ Building. He envisaged instruments in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and German romanticreed pipes, and with the classical AlsaceSilbermannorgan resources and baroqueflue pipes, all in registers regulated (bystops) to access distinct voices infugueorcounterpointcapable of combination without loss of distinctness: different voices singing together in the same music.Schweitzer also studied piano underIsidor Philipp, head of the piano department at theParis Conservatory.In 1905 Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded theParis Bach Society, a choir dedicated to performing J.S. Bach's music, for whose concerts Schweitzer took the organ part regularly until 1913. He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts of the Orféo Català atBarcelonaand often travelled there for that purpose.[12]He and Widor collaborated on a new edition of Bach'sorgan works, with detailed analysis of each work in three languages (English, French, German). Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should show Bach's notation with no additional markings, wrote the commentaries for the Preludes and Fugues, and Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912-14. Three more, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were to be worked on in Africa: but these were never completed, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his evolving theological thought.[19]On departure for Lambaréné in 1913 he was presented with apedal piano, a piano with pedal attachments (to operate like an organ pedal-keyboard).[20]Built especially for the tropics, it was delivered by river in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in a zinc-lined case. At first he regarded his new life as a renunciation of his art, and fell out of practise: but after some time he resolved to study and learn by heart the works of Bach,Mendelssohn,Widor,César Franck, andMax Regersystematically.[21]It became his custom to play during the lunch hour and on Sunday afternoons. Schweitzer's pedal piano was still in use at Lambaréné in 1946.[22]SirDonald Toveydedicated his conjectural completion of Bach'sDie Kunst der Fuge(Art of the Fugue) to Schweitzer.Dr Schweitzer's recordings of organ-music, and his innovative recording technique, are described separately below.One of his notable pupils was conductor and composerHans Münch.
Controversy and criticism
[edit] Schweitzer's views
Schweitzer considered his work as a medical missionary in Africa to be his response to Jesus' call to become "fishers of men" but also as a small recompense for the historic guilt of European colonizers:[32]
"Who can describe the injustice and cruelties that in the course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered at the hands of Europeans? ... If a record could be compiled of all that has happened between the white and the coloured races, it would make a book containing numbers of pages which the reader would have to turn over unread because their contents would be too horrible.
Rather than being a supporter of colonialism, Schweitzer was one of its harshest critics. In a sermon that he preached on 6 January 1905, before he had told anyone of his plans to dedicate the rest of his life to work as a doctor in Africa, he said:[33]
"Our culture divides people into two classes: civilized men, a title bestowed on the persons who do the classifying; and others, who have only the human form, who may perish or go to the dogs for all the "civilized men" care.
"Oh, this "noble" culture of ours! It speaks so piously of human dignity and human rights and then disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions and treads them underfoot, only because they live overseas or because their skins are of different color or because they cannot help themselves. This culture does not know how hollow and miserable and full of glib talk it is, how common it looks to those who follow it across the seas and see what it has done there, and this culture has no right to speak of personal dignity and human rights...
"I will not enumerate all the crimes that have been committed under the pretext of justice. People robbed native inhabitants of their land, made slaves of them, let loose the scum of mankind upon them. Think of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon people made subservient to us, how systematically we have ruined them with our alcoholic "gifts", and everything else we have done...We decimate them, and then, by the stroke of a pen, we take their land so they have nothing left at all...
"If all this oppression and all this sin and shame are perpetrated under the eye of the German God, or the American God, or the British God, and if our states do not feel obliged first to lay aside their claim to be 'Christian'—then the name of Jesus is blasphemed and made a mockery. And the Christianity of our states is blasphemed and made a mockery before those poor people. The name of Jesus has become a curse, and our Christianity—yours and mine—has become a falsehood and a disgrace, if the crimes are not atoned for in the very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed an atrocity in Jesus' name, someone must step in to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; for everyone who cursed, someone must bless.
"And now, when you speak about missions, let this be your message: We must make atonement for all the terrible crimes we read of in the newspapers. We must make atonement for the still worse ones, which we do not read about in the papers, crimes that are shrouded in the silence of the jungle night..."
[edit] Criticism of Schweitzer
Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes accused of being paternalistic or colonialist in his attitude towards Africans, and in some ways his views did differ from that of many liberals and other critics of colonialism. For instance, he thought Gabonese independence came too early, without adequate education or accommodation to local circumstances. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer speaking these lines in 1960:[34]
"No society can go from the primeval directly to an industrial state without losing the leavening that time and an agricultural period allow."
Chinua Achebe has quoted Schweitzer as saying: "The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother,"[35] which Achebe criticized him for, though Achebe seems to acknowledge that Schweitzer's use of the word "brother" at all was, for a European of the early 20th century, an unusual expression of human solidarity between whites and blacks. Later in his life, Schweitzer was quoted as saying: "The time for speaking of older and younger brothers has passed."[36] It is also more likely that Schweitzer was speaking in terms of modern civilization than of class relationship of man; this would be consistent with his later statement that "the time for speaking of older and younger brothers is over", and his discussion of the modernization of "primeval" societies. Later in life he became more convinced that "modern civilization" was actually inferior or the same in morality than previous cultures.
The journalist James Cameron visited Lambaréné in 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws in the practices and attitudes of Schweitzer and his staff. The hospital suffered from squalor and was without modern amenities, and Schweitzer had little contact with the local people.[37] Cameron did not make public what he had seen at the time: according to a recent BBC dramatisation,[38] he made the unusual journalistic decision to withhold the story, and resisted the expressed wish of his employers to publish an exposé aimed at debunking Schweitzer.
American journalist John Gunther also visited Lambaréné in the 1950s and reported Schweitzer's patronizing attitude towards Africans. He also noted the lack of Africans trained to be skilled workers.[39] After three decades in Africa Schweitzer still depended on Europe for nurses. By comparison, his contemporary Sir Albert Cook in Uganda had been training nurses and midwives since the 1910s and had published a manual of midwifery in the local language of Luganda.[40]
Sayings
"Do something wonderful, people may imitate it."
"Therefore search and see if there is not some place where you may invest your humanity."
"There are two means of refuge from the miseries of life: music and cats."
"Constant kindness can accomplish much. As the sun makes ice melt, kindness causes misunderstanding, mistrust and hostility to evaporate."
"A man is truly ethical only when he obeys the compulsion to help all life which he is able to assist, and shrinks from injuring anything that lives."
"Example is not the main thing in influencing others. It is the only thing."
"In the hopes of reaching the moon men fail to see the flowers that blossom at their feet."
"The time will come when public opinion will no longer tolerate amusements based on the mistreatment and killing of animals."
"Until he extends the circle of his compassion to all living things, man will not himself find peace."
"Think occasionally of the suffering of which you spare yourself the sight."
Michelin
HistoryTwo brothers,Édouardand André Michelin, ran a rubber factory inClermont-Ferrand, France. One day, a cyclist whose pneumatic tyre needed repair turned up at the factory. The tyre was glued to the rim, and it took over three hours to remove and repair the tyre, which then needed to be left overnight to dry. The next day, Édouard Michelin took the repaired bicycle into the factory yard to test. After only a few hundred metres, the tyre failed. Despite the setback, Édouard was enthusiastic about the pneumatic tyre, and he and his brother worked on creating their own version, one which did not need to be glued to the rim.
Michelin tyre plant inWaterville, Nova ScotiaMichelin was incorporated on 28 May 1888. In 11, it took out its first patent for a removable pneumatic tyre which was used byCharles Terrontto win the world's first long distance cycle race, the 11Paris–Brest–Paris.Michelin has made a number of innovations to tyres, including in 1946 theradial tyre(then known as the "X" tyre).[3]It was developed with the front-wheel-driveCitroën Traction AvantandCitroën 2CVin mind. Michelin had bought the then bankrupt Citroën in the 1930s. As of August 2008, this tyre is still available for the 2CV.In the 1920s and 1930s, Michelin operated large rubber plantations in Vietnam. The Vietnamese workers were exploited pitilessly and brutally, which led to the famous labor movementPhu Rieng Do.[4]In 1988, Michelin acquired the tyre and rubber manufacturing divisions of the AmericanB.F. Goodrich Companyfounded in 1870. Two years later, it bought Uniroyal, Inc., founded in 12 as theUnited States Rubber Company. Uniroyal Australia had already been bought by Bridgestone in 1980.Michelin also controls 90% of Taurus Tire in Hungary, as well as Kormoran, a Polish brand.As of 1 September 2008, Michelin is again the world's largest tyre manufacturer after spending two years as number two behind Bridgestone.[5]Michelin produces tyres in France, Germany, USA, United Kingdom, Canada, Brazil, Thailand, Japan, Italy and several other countries. On 15 January 2010, Michelin announced closing of its Ota, Japan plant, which employes 380 workers and makes the Michelin X-Ice tyre. Production of the X-Ice will be moved to Europe, Asia, and North America.[6]
