
重点
1.language
2.creativity
3.arbitrariness
4.duality
5. features of human language
6.linguistics
7.sociolinguistics
8.psycholinguistics
9.applied linguistics
10.features of modern linguistics
难点
1.meta-function
2.ideational function
3.interpersonal function
4.textual function
练习
I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets.
1. The Swiss scholar, Ferdinand de Saussure, is the founder of Modern Linguistics.
2. The relationship between speech sounds and the meanings they present in the languages of the world is not arbitrary.
3. English is a tone language.
4. General linguistics is based on the view that language is a system which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure, and meaning.
5. Cultural transmission is one of the features of human language.
6. The focus of traditional linguistics is on synchronic study of language rather than on diachronic study of language.
7. the most frequent word orders found in languages of the world are SVO, SOV, and VSO.
8. A number of divisions of linguistics can be put into two categories: intra-disciplinary division and inter-disciplinary division.
9. Linguists attempt to discover the universals of human language.
10. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future because it has the feature of interchangeability.
II choose the best answer among a, b, c, d and put the letter you choose in the brackets.
1.Morphologically, Chinese is a ___ language.
a. analytic b. synthetic c.agglutinating d. infecting
2.___ hold that language is a product of evolutionary development of the human species.
a. the Yo-he-ho theory b. the Pooh-pooh theory
c .the evolution theory d. the Bow-wow theory
3.Syntactically, English is an example of __ language
a.SVO b. SOV c. VSO d. VOS
4.It is the ___ function of language, in a sense, that brings the world into our mind.
a. ideational b. interpersonal c. logical d. textual
5.The study of language in general is often termed___.
a. modern linguistics b. general linguistics
c. functional linguistics d. pragmatics.
6. The question of “How do people learn a foreign language?” is explored in ___.
a. applied linguistics b. sociolinguistics
c. psycholinguistics d. general linguistics
7. In modern linguistics___ language is regarded as premier.
a. written b. spoken c. standard d. formal
8. English belongs to ___ branch.
a. Latin b. Celtic c. Slavic d. Germanic
9. Natural languages that are used to break the barrier of communication between nations are called___
a. Lingua franca b. Esperanto
c. official language d. foreign language
10. When linguists write grammars or lexicographers compile dictionaries they must use___.
a. natural language b. artificial language
c. meta-language d. mother language
III Explain the following terms
1.language
2.linguistics
3.arbitrariness
4.meta-function
IV Answer the following questions briefly.
1.What features does human language have, which can not be found in animal communication system?
2.Why is spoken language given priority to written language in modern linguistics?
3.What are the features of modern linguistics?
练习答案
I.1-5 TFFTT 6-10 FTTTF
II.1-5 ACAAB 6-10 CBDAC
III.
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
2. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
3. Arbitrariness is one of the features of human language. Language contains two subsystems: sounds and meanings. Arbitrariness refers to the relationship between these two subsystems is arbitrary.
4. The general roles language plays are termed metafunctions. According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously. They are the ideational metafunction, the interpersonal metafunction and the textual metafunction.
IV.
1. Many philosophers and linguists believe that language is unique to man. Language is a human trait that sets us apart from other living creatures because it have the following features, which are not found in animal communication system such as creativity or productivity, duality, arbitrariness, displacement, cultural transmission, interchangeability and reflexivity.
2. Spoken language is given prior to written language in modern linguistics for a number of reasons:
(1) Speech is historically prior to writing in any culture where writing exists.
(2) Spoken language is used for a much wider range of purposes in communication
(3) Spoken language is structurally more complex than written language
(4) Spoken language is acquired earlier than written language
3. Modern linguistics has the following features, which is distinguished from the linguistics of previous:
(1) Priority is given to spoken language
(2) Focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language
(3) Modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature
(4) Modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguistics strives to construct theories of language that can account for language in general.
