Chapter 1
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?
A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness
6.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?
— A nice day, isn’t it?
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.
20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.
III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)
21.Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.
22.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences
based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.
23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.
24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________
theory.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
1. Design feature
2. Displacement
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
2.Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones
8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n] B. [m] C. [ b ] D. [p]
10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.
16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather
than the onset.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
23.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.
24.One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth.
A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.
25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.
28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.
29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.
30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the
________ coming from the lungs.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Sound assimilation
34. Distinctive features
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?
Chapter 3 Lexicon
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A. lexical words B. grammatical words
C. function words D. form words
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.
A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational
4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems
7.The word TB is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending
9.The stem of disagreements is __________.
A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
13.Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.
15.Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.
18.In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.
III.Fill in the blanks. (20%)
25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs,
adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.
30.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.
IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31.Blending
32.Allomorph
33.Closed-class word
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）
Chapter 4 Syntax
I.Choose the best answer. (20%)
1.The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear B. only hierarchical
C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical
9.The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.
A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate
II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%).
16.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb
phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
24.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is
grammatically called __________.
IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31.Syntax
32.IC analysis
V.Answer the following questions. (20%)
36.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis.
Chapter 5 Meaning
I.Choose the best answer. (20%)
5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis
6.“Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms
C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above
9.Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms B. polysemies C. hyponyms D. synonyms
II.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
12.Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the
reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
13.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
15.Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
17.The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21.__________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
24.Words that are close in meaning are called __________.
26.__________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
30.According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
IV.Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31.Entailment
32. Proposition
33.Componential analysis
34.Reference
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35.What are the sense relations between the following groups of words?
Dogs, cats, pets, parrots; trunk, branches, tree, roots
36.What are the three kinds of antonymy?
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37.For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the (a) words and the (b) words, and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (a) words and (b) words.
(1) a. bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, chief
b. bull, rooster, drake, ram
(2) a. table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car
b. milk, alcohol, rice, soup
(3) a. book, temple, mountain, road, tractor
b. idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear （青岛海洋大学，1999）
Chapter Six Psycholinguistics
Chapter 7 Language, Culture and Society
I.Choose the best answer. (20%)
1._______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
A. Psycholinguistics B. Sociolinguistics
C. Applied linguistics D. General linguistics
2.The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its __________.
A. use of words B. use of structures
C. accent D. morphemes
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
14. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its grammar and uses of vocabulary.
15. A person’s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
34. Sociolinguistics
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
Summarize the features of the female language
Chapter 8 Language in Use
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context
2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual
3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive
6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act
9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar D. Adjacency Principle
10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicatures
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
19. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.
20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.
23. The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.
25. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Conversational implicature
32. Performative
33. Locutionary act
34. Q-principle (Horn)
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. What is the function of context in communication? Try to explain the following utterances rather than just state facts.
(1) The room is messy.
(2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on.
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