
What’s epic?
Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. It deals with noble characters and heroic deeds.
Basically, it is a story about hero, more significantly, it reflects national history.
The significance of Beowulf:
It sings of the exciting adventures of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, i.e. his resolution to serve his country and kind folk, his true courage, courteous conduct, and his love of honor. In the poem, Beowulf is strong, courageous, selfless, and ready to risk his life in order to rid his people evil monsters.
Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400
长诗:The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德
小说:Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作
(他是最早有人文主义思想的作家,现实主义文学的奠基人Father of English poetry & Founder of English realism)(Boccacio 薄伽丘 The Decameron十日谈)
The significance of The Canterbury Tales is as follows:
1.It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.
2.The dramatic structure of the poem has been highly commended by critics.
3.Chaucer’s humour: Humour is a characteristic feature of the English literature.
4.Chaucer’s contribution to the English language.
Heroic couplet英雄双行体
Part Two: The English Renaissance (1550-12)
Renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Florence and Venice.
Humanism
According to them it was against human nature to sacrifice the happiness of this life for an after life. They argued that man should be given full freedom to enrich their intellectual and emotional life.
In religion, the H thinking was a relation against the narrow mindedness of the Catholic Church; they demanded the information of the church.
In art and literature, instead of singing praise to God, they sang in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. H shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world” in front of him.
Edmund Spenser (1552?-1599) The Fearie Queene仙后
Christopher Marlowe (15-1593) They were predecessors to Shakespeare and were later called the University Wits(大学才子派).
Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 essayist 散文家 (the chief figure in English Prose in the first half of the 17th century and his essays began the long tradition of the English essay in the history of English literature.) Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum 新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集(Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self)
Of Studies purpose: This essay is intended to tell people how to be efficient and make their way in public life.
Language Appreciation:
Parallel structure; succinct(简明的) expression; long complex sentences side by side with short simple ones; classical diction(发音); good and clear logical reasoning, with examples and facts; objective impersonal, persuasive writing without “we”, “I”.
William Shakespeare莎士比亚15-1616
“He was not of an age, but for all time.”
The Tempest暴风雨 The Two Gentlemen of Veronaz维罗纳二绅士
The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人 Measure for Measure恶有恶报
The Comedy of Errors错中错 Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰
Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场 The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事
The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记 All’s Well That Ends Well如愿
The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 As You Like It皆大欢喜
Twelfth Night第十二夜 A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦
The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世
The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世(上、下);The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世(上、中、下);The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世;
Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达
The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯 Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安庄尼克斯
Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶 Timon of Athens雅典的泰门
The Life and Death of Julius Caesar 朱利阿斯•凯撒
Hamlet哈姆雷特 King Lear李尔王 Othello奥塞罗 Macbeth麦克白
Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉 Cymbeline辛白林
Pericles波里克利斯 Venus and Adonis维诺斯•阿都尼斯
Lucrece露克利斯 The Sonnets十四行诗
Shakespeare’s achievements:
1.Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.
2.Shakespeare’s humanism
3.Shakespeare’s characterization
4.Shakespeare’s originality
5.Shakespeare as a great poet
6.Shakespeare as master of the English language
Hamlet as a Character (Hamlet’s theme is revenge interrelated with theme of faithlessness, love and ambition.)
Soliloquy(自言自语,独白) is a dramatic speech delivered by on character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone. The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience, either direct address. It is also known as interior monologue.
“To be, or not to be.” The speech conveys a sense of world weariness as well as the author’s.
Sonnet
A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic(长短格,抑扬格,抑扬格诗) pentameter(五步格诗) with various rhyming schemes.
Part Three: Literature of Revolution Period (1603-1688)
Conceit(高傲,骄傲自大)
Conceit originally means “concept” or “idea” and later came to mean “fanciful idea”. A conceit is a metaphor or simile that is mad elaborate (far-fetched), often extravagant(奢侈的,夸张的). The difference between a conceit and a metaphor or simile is largely to degree. A metaphor or simile appeals mainly to the reader’s 5 senses and is easier to understand; a conceit may strike the reader as weird.
Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images; the most famous preacher of his time. (In the first stage he was Donne the courtier, the lover, and the soldier. In the second stage he was Dr. John Donne, Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral.)
John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608-1674 (He was the man of revolution enthusiasm. The military leader of the revolution, John Milton was the man of thought, and with his pen he defended the revolutionary cause.) L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas列西达斯;Areopagitica论出版自由;Pro Populo Anglicano Defense为英国人民声辩; Pro Populo Anglicano Defense Secunda再为英国人民声辩; Paradise Lost失乐园; Paradise Regained复乐园; Samson Agonistes力士参孙.
The blank verse 素体无韵诗, i.e., the unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter, is used throughout the epic and is characterized by its employment of long and involved sentences, which run on many lines with a variety of pauses, and achieving sometimes an oratorical and sometimes an elaborately logical effect.
John Bunyan班扬1628-1688
The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程(Vanity Fair名利场);
The Life and Death of Mr Badman培德曼先生的一生
Part Four: The Eighteenth Century and Neo-classicism (1688-1798)
What is Neo-classicism新古典主义?
Neo-classicism was a reaction against the intricacy and occasional obscurity, boldness and the extravagance of European literature of the late Renaissance, as seen for instance, in the works of the metaphysical. In favor of simplicity, charity restraint regularity and good sense.
The characteristics of neo-classicism can be summed up as follows:
1.People emphasized reason rather than emotion, form rather than content.
2.As reason was stressed, most of the writings of the age were didactic(迂腐的)and satirical.
3. As elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred;
the poet found closed couplet the only possible verse form for serious work.
4. It is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the “society” in great cities.
5.
It is entirely wanting in all those elements that are related with the “romantic”.
Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福1660-1731 (标志着近代英国小说的形成)
Hymn to the Pillory枷刑颂;Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记;Captain Singleton辛格顿船长;Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯;A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记
Jonathan Swift斯威夫特1667-1745 The Battle of Books书的战争;A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;The Drapier’s Letters布商的书信;A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议;Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记(A Voyage Lilliput/Brobdingnag/Laputa,Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glubbdubdriba and Japan/The Country of the Houyhnhnms小人国/大人国/拉普他等地/智马国游记)
The rise and growth of the realistic novel (Bourgeois in essence) is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. Gothic Novel 哥特式小说(早期恐怖小说)
Alexander Pope蒲柏1688-1744 Pastorals田园诗集;An Essay on Criticism批评论;Windsor Forest温莎林;The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记;The Duncial愚人志;Moral Essays道德论;An Essay on Man人论;Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot与阿布博士书
Samuel Johnson塞缪尔•约翰逊1709-1784 A Dictionary of the Engligh Language英语语言辞典;Lives of Poets诗人传;Vanity of Human Wishes人类欲望的虚幻;Rasselas拉塞勒斯
名文:Letter to Lord Chesterfield给吉士菲尔伯爵的信
Henry Fielding亨利•菲尔丁1707-1754 (英国现实主义小说的奠基者) 剧本:The Coffeehouse Politician咖啡屋政客;Don Quixote in England堂•吉诃德在英国;The Historical Register for the Year历史记事
长篇小说:The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,and of His Friend Mr Abraham Adams约瑟•安德鲁传;The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生•魏尔德传;The History of Tom Jones,a Foundling汤姆•琼斯;Amelia阿美利亚
Sentimentalism感伤主义
A trend of thought begins at the second half of 18th century during the age of Enlightenment in England. It gains its name from an English author Sterne’s “A Sentimental Journey”. It carefully depicts persons’ sympathy, reflecting the disdain towards the actual world and deep sympathy to the ordinary people. The authors usually like to use death, dark, loneliness, etc. as their subject. Their works are always melancholy, obscure, and full of pessimistic. The representative was Thomas Gray.
Graveyard Poetry:
A poet school, derived from English Sentimentalism, which began in the middle of 18th century.
Thomas Gray 1716-1771 classical scholar Elegy Written In a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌:歌颂的对象不仅仅为死者The Epitaph墓志铭
Pre- Romantic Poets:
Robert Burns彭斯1759-1796 (A celebrated Scottish poet, the national poet of Scotland, the greatest song writer in the world. His famous song: Auld Lang Syne whose English name “old long since”.)
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集
名诗:The Tree of Liberty自由村;Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;The Two Dogs两只狗;Holy Willie’s Prayer威利长老的祈祷;My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心呀在高原;A Red,Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰;John Anderson约翰•安德生,My Jo;A Man’s A Man for A’That不管身在何处都须保持尊严;Robert Bruce’s March to Bannockburn
William Blake布莱克1757-1827 Poetical Sketches素描诗集;Songs of Innocence天真之歌;Songs of Experience经验之歌The French Revolution法国;The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;America; Milton; Jerusalem
名诗:London; The Tiger
Part Five: The Age of Romanticism (1798-1832)
Romantic Movement: From the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 to the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832.
The essence of this new movement is:
1.the glorification of instinct(本能) and emotion;
2.a deep veneration(对自然的无限崇拜) of nature;
3.a flaming zeal to remake the world(改变世界的一种热情).
Characteristic features of the Romantic Movement:
1.Subjectivism(主观性): Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. The interest of the romantic poets is in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves. In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism. The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is distinctive for its high degree of imagination.
2.Spontaneity(自然流露)
3.Singularity(独创性)
4.Worship of nature(把自然看得神圣): The romantic poets are worshippers of nature, especially the sublime(伟大的,令人赞叹的) aspect of a natural scene.
5.Simplicity(简约)
| Neo-classicism | reason | reason | commercial | industrial | present | society | order& stability | decorative expression |
| Romanticism | passion | imagination | natural | pastoral | past | individual | freedom | simple and spontaneous expression |
7.It was an age of poetry by which the poets outpoured their feelings and emotions.
It should be known that the term “romanticism” was not known to the poets themselves in their lifetime. It was a term applied to them half a century later by literary historians. Contemporary critics treated them as independent individuals or grouped them into separate schools.
Poetry: The Age of (Romantic) Poetry
Lake Poets :( William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey were known as “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the Northwestern England, and knew one another in the last few years of 18th century.)
William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770-1850
An Evening Walk黄昏漫步
Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集(与柯勒律治合编);Lucy Poems露西组诗(She Dwett Among the Untrodden Ways; To the Cuckoo杜鹃颂; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我如一朵孤独的云(The theme: Through describing a scene of joyful daffodils 黄水仙花. In the poem, he sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself.);The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦人)
Ode on Intimations of Immorality不朽颂; Ode to Duty义务颂;
The Excursion远足; The Prelude序曲
What is poetry?
Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility(安静).(He is a man speaking to men.)
What is nature?
His love for nature is boundless(无限的). To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, lakes, and so on. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is for him the embodiment of the Divine Spirit(圣灵代表). He believes that God and universe are identical, that God is everything and everything is God. To Wordsworth nature is the greatest of all teachers, and those who are uncorrupted by urban society, especially those simple rustic(有农村或农民特色的,粗野的) people, can communicate directly with nature which gives them power, peace, and happiness.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 Lyrical Ballads; The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏; Kubla Khan忽必烈汗;Biographia Literaria文学传记
Satanic Poets :( These poets were romantic, rebellious and revolutionary.)
George Gordon Byron乔治•拜伦1788-1824 Hours of Idleness闲暇时光;
English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德•哈罗德游记;
Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;
Oriental Tales东方叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;
The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之围);Manfred曼弗雷德;
The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;Don Juan唐•璜
名诗:She Walks in Beauty; The Isles of Greece
“I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”
Feature: the heroes rebellious in character, defying conventional morality and even fate, but moody and sometimes misanthropic(令人憎恶的). Byronic hero拜伦式英雄
Percy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792-1822
Queen Mab麦布女王; Prometheus Unbound了的普罗米修斯;
Adonais阿东尼斯;The Cenci钦契;Song to the Men of England致英国人民;
England in 1819;The Masque of Anarchy魔王的化装;
Ode to the West Wind西风颂(If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?乐观);
Ode to a Skylark云雀颂; A Defence of Poetry诗辩
John Keats约翰•济兹1795-1821 Endymion恩底弥翁; Isabella伊莎贝拉;
The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;
Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;To Autumn秋颂;Hyperion赫披里昂(未完成)
Novel
Jane Austin简•奥斯丁1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;
Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;Emma爱玛;
Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;Persuasion好事多磨;Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺
New poetic features
1.language: simple everyday life speech, common vocabulary, accent dialect
2.form: lyric, narrative, sonnet, ode, ballad
3.subject: nature, beauty (the rural/pastoral, the past/historical, the alien/exotic, original, the supernatural/ mysterious-dreams or dreamlike, the personal, the common/low class, the revolutionary/justic主要体现于撒旦派, the patriotic)
4. purpose: emotional, confessional and visionary/ prophetic
5.principles: imagination
Charles Lamb查尔斯•兰姆1775-1834 Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;Alburn Verses诗集;Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集(Dream Children梦中儿女;A Dissertation unpon Roast Pig烤猪论;Old China古瓷;New Year’s Eve除夕;The Praise of Chimney Sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;The Superannuated Man领取养老金的人;A Bachelor’s Complaint of the Behavior of Married People单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)
Walter Scott瓦尔特•司各特1771-1832 (founder and great master of the historical novel; his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature)
诗:The Minstrlsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集;Marimion玛里恩;The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人
小说:Waverley威弗利;Guy Mannering盖•曼纳令;Rob Roy罗布罗伊;The Heart of Midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;Ivanhoe艾凡赫;Kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;Woodstock皇家猎馆;Queentin Durward昆廷•达沃
Part Six: English Critical Realism--Victorian Age (1832-1901)
The Origin of Species(1859),science came to the forefront in the debate against the church. The influence of Darwin was great, as his discovery conflicted with the Bible and was applied in social science.
The golden age of novel (97%people able to read by 1900) Reasons:
1.The growth of urban population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public.
2.With the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and besides regular books, there were serial publications
3.Writing had become a profession.
4.The ascendancy of the industrial capitalists.
Victorian novels are characterized by the common features below:
1.The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what it had been in previous novels.(以现实社会为依据)
2. The cause-effect(因果) sequence is much more striking than in previous novels.
3. Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment(连载), before they were fully published in a single book.
4. The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism(清教主义的印记,从不允许谈及sex)of the Victorian age.
5. The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose(道德教育).
Critical Realism批判现实主义
Critical realist novel reveal the social reality and criticize the injustice, poverty and religious hypocrisy.
Charles Dickens狄更斯1812-1870 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传;Oliver Twist雾都孤儿;American Notes美国札记;Martin Chuzzlewit马丁•朱述尔维特;The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店;Dombey and Son董贝父子;David Copperfield大卫•科波菲尔;Hard Times艰难时世;A Tale of Two Cities双城记;Great Expectation远大前程
William Makepeace Thackery萨克雷1811-1863 The Book of Snobs势利者集;Vanity Fair名利场;History of Pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;The History of Henry Esmond亨利•艾斯芒的历史;The Newcomes纽可谟一家;The Virginians弗吉尼亚人
Robert Browning 勃朗宁1812-18 (写作手段:dramatic monologue) Paracelsus巴拉塞尔士;Strafford斯特拉福;Pippa Passes比芭走过;Dramatic Lyrics戏剧抒情诗;Dramatic Romances and Lyrics戏剧传奇与抒情诗(Home Thoughts;From Abroad;Prospice向前看);Dramatic Personae登场人物;Men and Women男男女女
Charlote/Emily/Anne Bronte夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮•勃郎特1816-1855 (“The novel of the 19th century was female”, how the Bronte sisters became writers is a mystery to western scholars.) Jane Eyre简爱;Shirley雪丽/Wuthering Height呼啸山庄 /Agones Grey艾格尼斯•格雷
Part Seven: Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th century
Thomas Carlyle卡莱尔1795-1881 Sartor Resartus衣裳哲学/旧衣新裁;The Life of Schiller席勒传;The French Revolution;Heroes and Hero-worship论英雄与英雄崇拜
George Eliot爱略特1819-1880 Adam Bede亚当•贝德;The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊;Silas Marner织工马南;Middlemarch米德尔马契;Felix Holt,the Radical
Thomas Hardy哈代 1840-1928
(Novel of character and environment自然主义小说)
Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下; Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣;
The Return of the Native还乡;The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥;
Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;Jude the Obscure无名的裘德
诗集:Wessex Poems 威塞克斯诗集 史诗剧:The Dynasts统治者三部曲
Aestheticism唯美主义(1.Beauty is the purpose of art. 2.Art is independent of reality of life. 3.Art is above life. 4.Art is objective creation of subjective world.)
Oscar Wilde王尔德1856-1900 (who believed in “art for art sake”)
长篇小说:The Picture of Dorian Gray道丁的画像
童话:The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子
诗集:De Prafundis惨痛的呼声;The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌
剧作:Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;
A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女;An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;
The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性
Drama: George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳1856-1950
长篇小说:An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者 评论:Quintessence of Ibsenism
剧本:Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产;Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业
The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒;Man and Superman人与超人;
John Bull’s Other Island英国佬的另一个岛;Major Barbara巴巴拉少校;
Pygmalion劈克美梁;Heartbreak House伤心之家;The Apple Cart苹果车;
Too True to be Good毕露
Naturalist自然主义:深刻揭示社会的不公平现象。A high form of realism.
Emile Zola (1840-1902)鼻祖 Henry James (1843-1916)
现实主义文学观:People should give up the religious and remote world and to embrace the present, real world in which we lived.
Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature
British literature in 20th century can be defined as co-existence. The twentieth century was marked by the two World Wars which deprived hundred millions of their lives. The works are talked about the distorted, aliened and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man and man and his self.
1.Modernism
2.The Angry Young Men
3.The Theatre of the Absurd
Modernism: The characteristic of modernist writings:
1.Complexity and obscurity
2.The use of symbols
3.Allusion
4.Irony
Thomas Stearns Eliot艾略特1888-1965
诗集:Prufrock and Other Observation普鲁夫洛克及其他;The Waste Land荒原(a landmark and a model of 20th century modernist poetry. It established Eliot’s status in modern literature. For no one has been able to embrace so much material with such skill as Eliot did in writing this poem.);The Hollow Men空虚的人们;Ash Wednesday灰色星期三;Four Quarters
诗剧:Murder in the Cathedral大教堂里的谋杀案;The Family Reunion团圆
评论集:The Sacred Wood圣林;Homage to John Dryden向约翰•德莱顿致敬;For Lancelot Andrews纪念兰斯洛特•安德鲁斯
The Stream of Consciousness意识流
The stream of consciousness is a technique used to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. Another phrase for it is “interior monologue”.
James Joyce詹姆士乔伊斯1882-1941
Dubliner 都柏林人 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的自画像
Ulysses 尤利西斯 Finnegans Wake 为芬尼根守灵 短篇小说Eveline
Angry Young Men愤怒的青年: During the fifties there appeared a group of young writers who were fiercely critical of the established order. They were called “Angry Young Men”.
Most of them came from working class families and lower middle families. They wrote about the ugliness and sordidness of life and exposed the hypocrisy of the genteel class. They works were written in ordinary, sometimes dirty language.
The Theatre of the Absurd荒诞的戏剧: The Theatre of the Absurd is a term applied to a group of dramatists who were active in the 50’s.
The generation after the First World War regarded the world as a waste land, but the generation after the Second World War regarded the world as an irrational one.
The main theme of the plays of the schools: The absurdity of human conditions is the main theme of the plays of the school of the theatre of the absurd. In the plays the dramatists express that life has no pattern of meaning or ultimate significance and that no activity is more or less valuable than another.
Samuel Beckett Waiting For Godot等待戈多
William Golding戈尔丁1911- 长篇小说:Lord of the Flies蝇王;The Inheritors继承人;Pincher Martin平却•马丁;The Spire塔尖;The Pyramid金字塔
