
I. Words and Expressions
1. unparalleled: adj. having no parallel or equal; unmatched
With the soar of energy costs, this country is confronted with an economic crisis unparalleled in its history.
2. depression: n.
(1) being depressed; low spirits
他一时想不开, 自杀了。(=He committed suicide during a fit of depression.)
*Peter fell into a deep depression on hearing the news.
(2) a period when there is little economic activity, and high unemployment
*Lots of people were deprived of all these property in the Great Depression.
3. priority: n.
(1) (a) (state of) being more important (in rank)
*Japan enjoys priority over other countries in the field of microelectronics.
将改革法制列为工作的重点。(=The Government gave top priority to reforming the legal system.)
(2) the thing that is (regarded as) more important than others
(=You must decide what your priorities are.)
*Housework is low on her list of priorities.
4. breadline: n. a very low level of income which allows people to eat but not have any extra things
*For those people who exist near the breadline, this policy really crushes them.
Collocations: be/live on the breadline非常穷,勉强维持生活be near/below the breadline 接近/低于最低生活标准
5. banish: v.
(1) to send sb. away, especially out of the country, as a punishment
*She was convicted of heresy and banished from the kingdom.
*He was banished from his homeland for life.
(2) to drive (thoughts, etc) out (of the mind)
她从心里打消了过一个宁静假日的想法。(=She banished all thoughts of a restful holiday from her mind.)
6. pursuit: n.
(1) the action of pursuing
*The pursuit of profit was the main reason for the changes.
(=She devoted her life to the pursuit of pleasure.)
(2) an activity such as a sport or hobby, which you spend a lot of time doing
她一生献身于有意义的活动。(=She was engaged in worthwhile pursuits for her whole life.)
*The world-famous scientist immersed himself in academic pursuits.
Collocations:
in pursuit of 在追求……时
*I’m always amazed at the things people do in pursuit of authentic love.
in hot pursuit 穷追不舍
*The quarterback sprinted toward the end zone with Peter in hot pursuit.
7. intense: adj.
(1) (of sensations) having a very strong effect or felt very strongly
*The heat was intense.
(2) (of emotions, etc) very strong
*She can be so intense. It makes me exhausted.
这个年轻的女士十分嫉妒。(=This young lady was overcome by an intense feeling of jealousy.)
8. in the long run: later in the future, not immediately
(=The less you rely on painkillers now, the better it will be for your health in the long run.)
*We can’t sacrifice our ecosystem to immediate economic growth. As in the long run, this decision would be disastrous.
9. overall:
(1)adj. including everything, taking everything into account
(=There's been an overall improvement recently.)
*My overall impression of his work is good.
(2) adv. including everything; generally
*What will it cost, overall?
总的来说,价格仍在上升。(=Overall, the prices are stilling rising.)
10. in line with: in accordance to
养老金将会跟着通货膨胀的水平增长。) (=Pensions will be increased in line with inflation.)
*Income tax fluctuates in line with the change in one’s earning.
Collocations:
line of business专业, 行业drop sb. a line给人写短信(便条)on the right lines正确,对的in line with与……一致be in sb.’s line是某人的专长take a firm line on对某事采取坚定的态度
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the expressions above.
(1) I’m afraid cooking isn’t really ____________. (=in my line.)
(2) These new proposals are certainly _______________. (=on the right lines)
(3) _______ and let me know how you’re getting on. (=Drop me a line)
(4) What __________ is he in? (=line of business)
(5) We really should ___________ (=take a firm line) on drug abuse so as to eliminate such a prevailing phenomenon.
11. relative to: with regard to, concerning; in comparison with
*Before you resort to justice, you should accumulate enough evidence relative to this issue.
*People only feel better off if they move up relative to the average income.
12. counterproductive: adj. achieving the opposite result to the one that you want
(=Sending young offenders to prison can be counterproductive.)
*His comfort may be counterproductive as this little boy was overcome by hatred and jealousy.
NB: counter-是一个前缀,表达的意思是“相反的”。
例如:counterattack反击counteract抵消,对抗counterbalance 使……平衡countermeasure对策counterrevolution反counterpart两方面地位、职务相当的人
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above.
(1) She was banished from her own country because she was engaged in a ______________. (=counter-revolution)
(2) This medicine can ______________ the poison. (=counteract)
(3) His intelligence, to a large extent, _________ his quick temper. (=counterbalance)
(4) New ________________ against terrorism is badly needed. (=countermeasure)
(5) Chinese Premier is discussing this issue with his British _________. (=counterpart)
(6) The general decided on a swift ___________ as the enemy was totally mad about the former victory. (=counterattack)
13. incentive: n. sth. encouraging people to do sth., stimulus
*The chance of a higher salary and a quick promotion gives young people incentive to work harder.
(那么低的价格让农民没有动力再种植下去了。)(=With such a low price, there is little incentive for farmers to go on this practice in the following years.)
14. reinforce: v.
(1) to give more support to (sth.); emphasize
这个证据证实了我认为他是间谍的这一看法。(=This evidence reinforces my view that he is a spy.)
*Conclusions from the report have been reinforced by more recent studies.
(2) to increase the numbers or military strength of
*Our defenses must be reinforced against attack.
15. in terms of: as measured or indicated by; in units of; with reference to
这是一种低廉的娱乐,但就浪费的时间来说却极昂贵。(=This is a kind of cheap entertainment, but costly in terms of time wasted.)
(= In terms of customer satisfaction, the policy can’t be criticized.)
16. derive from: to get sth. from sth. or sb.
(得知自己不是唯一考试没过的人时,他得到了一些安慰。)(=He derived some comfort from the fact that he wasn’t the only one to fail the exam.)
*This dictator derived happiness from citizens’ miseries and sufferings.
17. rank:
(1) n. the position in a scale of responsibility, quality, social status, etc
*He is a painter of the top rank.
*To tackle such a social problem, people of all ranks should cooperate with each other.
(2) v. to hold a particular rank
(=This recession ranks as one of the worst in recent times.)
(她在班上总是排名第一。) (=She does always rank first in the class.)
CF: class, degree, grade & rank这些名词均有“级”、“等级”之意。
class含义广泛,指人或物按优劣划分的等级,也指学校中的年级或班级。
degree指不同的程度、范围。也可指形容词或副词的级。
grade指按地位或优劣划分的等级,既可指人又可指物。
rank指人在社会中的地位或等级,尤指中的。
(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above.
*We are in the same ______________ in math. (=class)
*Wilma has a lot of responsibility but she is still on a secretarial ___________. (=grade)
*There are different views about the ___________ to which unemployment is society’s fault. (=degree)
*Bates is very young to be promoted to the _______ of General. (=rank)
18. decrease:
(1) v. to (cause sth. to) become smaller or fewer; diminish
*Student numbers have decreased by 500.
人们对此项运动的兴趣已逐渐淡薄。(=People’s interest in the sport is decreasing gradually.)
(2) n. decreasing; reduction
*This month has witnessed a decrease of 3% in the rate of inflation.
*There has been a decrease in imports.
19. ensure: v.
(1) to make sure; to guarantee
(=The book ensured his success.)
*Please ensure that all the lights are switched off at night.
(2) to make (sb.) certain to get (sth.); assure
*These pills should ensure you a good night's sleep.
CF: ensure, insure, guarantee & pledge这些动词都有“保证”之意。
insure常与ensure换用,但前者多指经济方面的保证、保险。而ensure强调使人相信某事必将发生,还有“保证”、“获得”、“保证赋予”的意思。
guarantee 指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。
pledge 正式用词,指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。
*The UK government has _________ that the wishes of the minority community in Northern Ireland will be respected. (=pledged)
*I would advise you to _________ the painting for at least $100,000. (=insure)
*This oven is __________ for one year against failure. (=guaranteed)
*All security measures have been taken to _________ their safety. (=ensure)
20. hierarchy: n. a system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highest
*There is a hierarchy in the classification of all living creatures.
(重要的决策都在管理层中决定。)*(=Important decisions were made high up in the management hierarchy.)
21. inevitable: adj. certain to happen and impossible to avoid
*看来他们的败局是在所难免了。 (=It seems inevitable that they'll lose.)
*A further deterioration of environment now seems inevitable.
22. occupation: n.
(1) job; profession
(=Please state your name, address and occupation.)
(大学生正在为将来的职业积累足够的专业知识。)(=The college students are accumulating a great multitude of expertise for their future occupations.)
(2) an activity that occupies a person's time; pastime
*She has many occupations including gardening and wine-making.
*他的业余爱好是看书.(=His favorite occupation is reading.)
23. evaluate: v. to find out or form an idea of the amount or value of; assess
*I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.
*It’s hard to evaluate the success of that training scheme right now, as it is predicted to produce long-term effects.
24. in effect: in essence; to all purposes
*In effect, the testimony that in effect contradicted her earlier statement.
证词实际上与她以前的话相反。*In effect, our salary will fall by 2% due to the inflation.
25. fundamentally: adv. essentially, primarily
你我的宗教信仰根本不同。(=Your religious beliefs and mine are fundamentally different.)
*Her ideas are fundamentally sound, even if she says silly things sometimes.
26. intrinsic: adj. being part of the nature or character of sb. or sth.
*Except salary, I don’t see any intrinsic interest in this job.
*(=These serious problems are intrinsic to the worsening situation.)
27. deteriorate: v. to become worse in quality or condition
*The discussion deteriorated into a bitter quarrel.
*Leather can deteriorate in damp conditions.
28. collective:
(1) adj. joint; shared
*Only a collective government can make the best out of democracy.
*(=This is a collective decision on the part of the management.)
(2) n. a group of people who work together or to run sth. such as a business or a farm; the business or farm that is run by this type of people
*The worker’s collective decided to launch a campaign against overtime working.
29. outward: adj.
(1) going out or away from
*He got lost on the outward journey.
(2) of or on the outside
这座城市外表上有些变化,但实质上还是老样子。(=There were outward changes, but the city remained essentially the same.)
*She gives no outward sign of the sadness she must feel.
(=An outward show of confidence concealed his nervousness.)
30. everlasting: adj. never change; going on or lasting forever
*Nobody can enjoy an everlasting life.
*我厌倦了他没完没了的抱怨。(=I'm tired of his everlasting complaints.)
III. Useful Expressions
1. 史无前例的经济增长economic growth unparalleled in history
2. 为温饱发愁exist near the breadline
3. 物质上的匮乏material discomfort
4. 追求更高的收入in pursuit of higher income
5. 这个时代的人生哲学philosophy for our age
6. 极端的个人主义 intense individualism
7. 是……一样的in line with
8. 和平均水准相比有所上升move up relative to the norm
9. 当休闲与工作的天平偏向工作 balance between leisure and work shifted towards work
10. 以自己为参照物relative to itself
11. 来源于derive from
12. 得失平衡的游戏a zero-sum game
13. 永无止境的竞争rat race
14. 能力偏低的人people in the bottom half of the ability range
15. 自己没有获益at no gain to oneself
16. 事实上in effect
17. 内在的价值 intrinsic worth
18. 一个空前的个人主义的时代an age of unprecedented individualism
19. 在自身找到积极的力量find the positive force in oneself
20. 肤浅的快乐superficial pleasures
21. 我们的公益观 our concept of the common good
22. 一套清晰的理念a clear set of ideas
III. Proverbs and Quotations
1. Happiness held is the seed; happiness shared is the flower.
手上的幸福是种子, 分享的幸福是花朵。
2. Happiness takes no account of time.
欢娱不惜时光逝。
3. The best way to cheer yourself up is to try to cheer somebody else up. —Mark Twain, American Writer
让自己高兴的最好的办法是让别人高兴起来。——美国作家 马克•吐温
4. Pleasure is spread through the earth
In stray gifts to be claimed by whoever shall find. —William Wordsworth, British Poet
幸福就在散落于地球上的七零八落的礼物中, 任何人都可以拥有它。——英国诗人 威廉•华兹华斯
5. Happiness is like a butterfly which, when pursued, is always beyond our grasp, but, if you will sit down quietly, may alight upon you. —Nathaniel Hawthorne, American Writer
幸福就像蝴蝶,当你追赶它时,它已飞走。而当你静静坐着时,它却可能就落在你头上。---美国作家 纳桑尼尔·霍桑
6. My crown is called content, a crown that seldom kings enjoy. —William Shakespeare, English Writer and Poet
我的皇冠是自我满足,这个皇冠很少有国王拥有。——英国作家和诗人 威廉·莎士比亞
Unit 3
Checking your vocabulary
A.
1. purchase 2. temporary 3. inform 4. truthful 5. rewarding 6. scale 7. cultivate 8. conscience
B.
1. a fact of life 2. wear out 3. suggests 4. other than 5. has something to do with 6. working out 7. attractive 8. taken … pains
Working with words and expressions
A.
1. inform 2. evaluate 3. attractive 4. depression 5. leisure 6. Collective 7. decreased 8. spiritual 9. religious 10. temporary 11. scales 12. cultivate 13. suggests 14. purchase 15. inevitable 16. enable 17. reinforced 18. comparison 19. occupations 20. destructive
B.
1) work out 2) have a clear conscience 3) other than 4) fact of life 5) as a whole 6) relative to 7) point of view 8) in terms of 9) in part 10) took pains 11) in effect 12) serve as 13) Leave … with 14) wore out 15) better off 16) has a great deal to do with 17) from … derives
Increasing your word power
A.
1) ,反击 2) 反要求;反诉 3) 对策;对付措施 4) 对应的人(物),对手 5) 产生相反效果的 6) 抗癌的 7) 防冻剂 8) 防污染的 9) 反对吸烟的 10) 不合群的;的
B.
1) decrease2) ranking 3) concept 4) suggest 5) central, key 6) way, pattern 7) aim, goal, end 8) buy 9) seek 10) norm, criterion 11) position 12) total, amount 13) short-term 14) honest 15) sort 16) inevitable
C.
1. total 2. current 3. ideal 4. relatives 5. alternative 6. objectives 7. individual 8. maximum
Grammar review
A.
1. was the law 2. could he free himself from feelings of guilt 3. will he now 4. have I faced so difficult a choice 5. are visitors allowed to feed the animals in the zoo 6. had we started lunch when the doorbell rang 7. she told me did I realize the mistake I had made 8. can you buy shoes like that 9. did he protest 10. I known what was going to happen
B.
1. Your picture / painting is far / much more beautiful. 2. If only I could do half as well as you (have done)! 3. The publishing house has produced twice as many books as it did last year. 4. We had to do more work for less money. 5. While people are richer in material wealth, their spiritual life is poorer.
Cloze
(1) whole (2) However (3) part (4) In effect (5) derived (6) purchased (7) better off (8) take pains (9) necessarily (10) to do (11) comparison (12) relative (13) inevitable (14) serve (15) seek
Translation
A.
For thousands of years philosophers have taken pains to illustrate / explain / interpret the meaning of happiness from their own points of view.
2. When I first came to college, I suddenly found myself left with everything to deal with by myself. It was not until then did I realize that living with my parents was truly a happy experience.
3. You shouldn’t always make comparison with others; otherwise, you may be trapped in / fall into depression, for there are always many others who are better than you.
4. Today people are much better off and enjoy more leisure. Strangely enough, they find life boring / dull.
5. Life, in effect, is long but short of excitement. You are sure to suffer from inevitable disappointment if you expect everyday life to be as exciting as a drama.
6. A life that is too easy / smooth may also be destructive because it offers no opportunity for one to learn how to deal with / handle failures / frustrations / setbacks. That / This in part explains / accounts for the high rates of suicide among young people.
B.
Happiness must have much to do with money. After all, a hard life will wear out one’s sense of joy. However, happiness doesn’t derive from money alone. Today’s society as a whole has seen dramatic improvement in the standard of living, and the majority of people are decently fed and clothed. However, are people happier today? In fact, when the mass media and commercial advertisements are still reinforcing the notion that to be happy is to possess more, people find themselves longing more earnestly than ever for a happy and healthy spiritual life: being loved, respected, feeling safe and proud of realizing their self-value. As a wise man once pointed out, happiness lies in the positive attitude one holds towards life other than how much money one earns. Those millionaires who view life as boring and empty serve as good negative examples.
Theme-related writing
1. Man Does Not Live by Bread Alone
No one would doubt the truth that man’s existence relies essentially on material things. We need them to get fed, clothed and sheltered. Once we are living near the breadline, we’ll feel frustrated and miserable. However, our contentment does not merely lie in material things. This is especially the case in modern times. The fast-developing economy has noticeably improved our lives and fulfilled most of our material needs. Then there comes the need of spiritual satisfaction, which is derived from good health, close friends, a loving spouse, well-raised children, a home built on love, a clear conscience, a worthy goal and an enjoyable job. While material things may lose their charm over time, spiritual satisfaction will bring us lasting happiness. Therefore, to live a happy life, we should focus more on those things that meet our spiritual demands. After all, when our need for bread is met, happiness will not come unless we feel spiritually satisfied.
2. I Really Made It
I will never forget the awful feeling in my first Oral English class at college. I tried hard to listen to every word the teacher spoke, but what she was saying made no sense to me. Bitterly, I admitted that I was so poor at listening and speaking in English. I wept several times, cursing my middle school for failing to provide adequate listening and speaking practice. But finally I calmed down because the familiar words rang in my ears: There must be a way out. I had a rather solid foundation of English vocabulary and grammar. What was left for me to do was to increase my listening input and speaking output. I made it a rule that every morning I would do reading aloud by the campus lake for 40 minutes, and every evening I would stay in the language lab, listening to English for at least an hour. Then at the end of the second year came my happiest moment: I got the Scholarship for Academic Excellence. I wore a broad smile when the president granted me the award. I then came to realize that happiness can only be gained through hard work.
3-A. 追求以公众利益为宗旨的幸福
在过去的50年里,我们西方国家的经济获得了史无前例的增长。我们的家园、车辆、假期、工作、教育,尤其是健康,均得以改善。依据标准经济理论,这些改善原本应该使我们更加幸福,然而,调查显示并非如此。英国人和美国人接受幸福程度的调查时说,在过去的50年里,他们的幸福程度并没有得到改善。抑郁症患者人数上升,同时犯罪率大幅增长也说明了人们对生活的不满足。
2上述事实对我们个人以及社会优先考虑的诸多事情都提出了挑战。事实上,我们现在的处境是人类从未经历过的。当大多数人还在为温饱发愁时,物质条件的改善的确能令他们幸福一些。富庶国家(比如,人均年收入在两万美元以 上)的人民比贫穷国家的人民幸福一些;而贫穷国家的人 民,如果稍微富裕,也会幸福得多。然而,物质上的匮乏一旦消除,收入的增加便不如亲情、友情、邻里和睦等人际关系那么重要。但是,我们在追求更高的收入时牺牲了太多这样的关系,这很危险。
3渴望幸福是人类本性的核心。人人都渴望这样一个社 会:人们尽可能地幸福,每个人的幸福同等重要。这应当是我们这个时代的人生哲学,应当用来指导公共利益的维护准则和每个人的行为,应当逐渐取代无法使我们更加幸福的极端的个人主义。
4金钱的确是影响个人幸福的关键因素之一。但是,金钱本身能使我们最终获得幸福吗?在任何一个社会,富人往往比穷人幸福。然而,当一个西方国家越来越富有的时候,其人民的幸福程度在总体上并未得到改善。随着时间的推移,我们的标准和期望随着收入的增加而上升。盖洛普测验每年都向美国人提问:“一个四口之家至少需要多少钱才能在这个国家生活下去?”人们说出的数字上升的幅度与平均收入增加的幅度是一样的。因为人们总是拿自己的收入和他人的收入以及他们惯于拥有的收入相比较,只有当他们认为和平均水准相比有所上升时才感到幸福。
5这一过程反而达不到预期的目的。我努力工作、赚更多钱的动力是:这会使我更幸福一些。其他的社会成员也同样如此,他们也关注自己相对的生活标准。既然社会整体无法以自己为参照物而提高自己的地位,那么社会成员为使自己更加幸福所付出的努力可以说是一种浪费 —— 当休闲与工作的天平偏向工作时,工作是“没有效率”的。
6为了进一步证实这一论点,我从社会地位方面加以说 明。人的地位可能来源于所挣得的收入或所花费的金钱。人们工作,至少部分原因是为了提高自己的地位。然而,地位是一种等级体系:第一,第二,第三,等等,所以当一个人的地位提高了,其他人的地位就同等程度地下降。这是一种得失平衡的游戏:从整个社会看,为了提高地位而牺牲个人的生活,是一种浪费。因此,永无止境的竞争极具破坏性:我们在追求一种总体不变的东西时失去了家庭生活和平和的心境。
7在某种意义上,人们最渴望的是尊重。他们追求经济地位因为它可以赢来尊重。但是,我们可以重视也可以轻视经济地位。在一个竞争日益激烈的社会,如果我们不放宽尊重的标准,社会上能力偏低的人会感到生活更加艰辛。我们应该尊重那些同他人一起合作而自己没有获益的人,那些在各个阶层上施展才能、努力工作的人。因此,让每个人都能学会一种本领尤为重要。在英国,这意味着只要年轻人愿意,一定要确保他们每个人都学会手艺,使那些学业不成功的人也能在职业生涯中感到自豪,不会在长大成人时觉得自己是失败者。
8人与人之间难免产生比较,因为等级体系的存在是必要的,不可避免的。有些人得到晋升,而另一些人却没有。此外,职位得以晋升的人薪水也要提高,因为他们有才华,雇主也乐意招贤纳士。所以,在人们挑选工作和选择雇主的关键时刻,薪水作为一个重要因素影响着他们的决定。存在的问题是,大部分的职业没有客观的标准来衡量个人的业绩,所以事实上只能拿一个人同自己的同事作比较才能得到评 估。然而,这种等级评定的方法非常主观,从根本上改变了雇员与顾主、雇员与同事之间的合作关系。
9如果我们渴望一个更加幸福的社会,我们就应该着重强调人们所珍视的经历——首要的是亲情关系、工作关系和邻里关系,人们珍视这些经历并非因为别人拥有它们,而是因为这些经历拥有内在的价值。我们当前享受的充分的舒适和安逸,看来有可能使我们的生活幸福一些,可是人与人之间关系的恶化又有可能降低了我们的幸福程度。
10我们生活在一个空前的个人主义的时代。许多人都感到最重要的责任是充分发挥自己的才干,挖掘自己的潜力。这是一个可怕的、孤单的目标。当然,他们也感受到自己应该对他人承担的责任,但是在西方国家,这些责任缺乏一套清晰的理念。无论是古老的、虔诚的世界观,还是战后社会的团结精神和国家的凝聚意识,皆荡然无存。我们全然丧失了公共利益或集体意义的概念。
11我们要想幸福一些,必须在改变外在环境的同时改变我们内在的态度。我说的是一种永恒的人生哲学,它能使我们在自身找到积极的力量同时也能发现他人身上蕴涵的积极因素。这种对他人和自己怀有的同情心,是可以学会的,学校应该将这种同情心教给学生。每个城市都应该有这样的政 策:在年轻人中间推广更健康的人生哲学,帮助他们区别肤浅的快乐和真正的幸福。
12因此,我希望在这个新的世纪我们最终能够把人类的最大幸福当作我们的公益观。这可能有两个结果。这种人生观可以明确地指导的制定,但是更重要的是,在日常的生活中,它会激励我们因为别人幸福而感到更大的快乐,同时帮助他人获得更大的幸福。只有这样,我们才不会以自我为中心,才会更加幸福。
3-B. 物质财富与幸福生活
物质财富未必会带给你幸福。这是一个无可争辩的生活现实,但有时这一事实却难以理解,尤其在这个竭力向你灌输相反观念的社会里。
2通常,你会陷入这样一种思维模式:要是我拥有了X,我的生活就会完美无缺,幸福无比了。你非常想要的东西可能是一台新电视机、一辆新车或者是一双特别的鞋子等 等。尔后,你就购买了,几天都在因为得到了它而喜滋滋 的。可是,过了段时间,你感到厌烦了,或者东西给用旧 了。你会发觉这样一个模式在你自己的生活中不断地重复。比如在你小时候,你父母或祖父母可能花费了成千上万美元给你买玩具:自卸货车、芭比娃娃、电视游戏、电动汽车,等等等等。所有的那些玩具最终都会遭你厌倦、被你玩坏或因你长大而被搁置一边。它们带来了一阵子或者一星期的快乐,可时间一长,它们变得一文不值,你的兴趣转向了某个新玩意儿。
3这样一种模式自然让人们提出以下的问题:假如物质的东西带来的幸福只是昙花一现,那么这一切又意味着什么 呢?或许这就意味着,你得以一天一件的速度购置物品,才能维持住你因得到新东西而感受到的那种短暂的快感。循着这个思路,你可以接着考虑下面的这些问题: ●什么是幸福? ●感到幸福意味着什么? ●我这一生想做些什么?
4物质上的幸福和精神上的幸福是不同的。物质上的幸福基于生活所需一切必需品和奢侈品;精神上的幸福则基于生活必需品和奢侈品之外一切东西。我的一个朋友持有这样一个哲学观:
5你无论赚多少钱,你都想要更多的钱。假如你一年挣 25,000美元,你会认为要是挣到50,000美元,你就会感到幸福了。于是,你就开始挣50,000美元。等挣够了那个数目,你又会想,假如挣到100,000美元你就会感到幸福了,就这样周而复始,终其一生。无论你一年挣25,000美元还是 10,000,000美元,情况都是一样。因为你赚得越多,你的品味就越昂贵。依我看,不妨学会一年挣得25,000美元就感到满足,想出一个轻轻松松把它们赚到手的办法,然后用余下的时间去做你想做的事情。
6根据这个哲学观,要想令你的生活富有意义,你可以寻找除物质幸福以外的东西。
7衡量财富这东西,办法不止一种。传统上它是用金钱来衡量,但是还有很多其他的度量标准。在与金钱没有丝毫关系的方面,你照样可以腰缠万贯。例如: ●富有众多的朋友。一个与人为友、乐观待人的人可以拥有数以百计的好友,可以超乎其他人想象得富裕。 ●富有健康的体魄。一个愿意花时间合理进食、锻炼身体、消除压力的人可以身强体健。健康的体魄比起任何数目的金钱都要有价值得多。 ●富有充沛的精力。一个每天举哑铃、跑步、游泳的人能够精力充沛,身材迷人。 ●富有和睦的家庭。一个愿意把时间给配偶和孩子的人可以拥有一个稳定幸福的家庭,令他获益终身。 ●富有知识。一个爱好阅读和钻研的人可以学富五车。 ●富有技能。一个每天勤学苦练(某种技能、运动项目等 等)的人会在所操练的领域出类拔萃。出类拔萃,自有回 报。 ●富有人格魅力。一个在一切场合殚精竭虑地做到真实、坦诚的人会富有人格的魅力,受到众人的信任。
8有趣的是,上述源自不同领域的这些财富都用不着上 税。可你挣了钱是要缴纳所得税的,就是这么回事。没有什么(比如说)知识税。你可以分文不花地终身学习,获得丰厚才识的储备。没有人可以将其盗走、令其减少。知识很有可能就是那件你能够带入天堂的东西。
9虽然所有这些可选择的财富都有别于金钱,但都能够以各自独特的方式令人受惠。撇开电视给你提供信息不说,单就购买东西这一行为本身是不会给你带来人生最大的幸福。好朋友,爱你的配偶,健康成长的孩子,充满爱的家,无愧的良心,值得奋斗的目标,你真心喜爱的工作,所有这些给你带来的满足感天长地久,意味深长。头脑简单的青少年通常是不能领悟到的,但这些东西随着年轻人逐渐成熟会变得愈加重要。
10当你环顾周围的世界,明白什么对你才是至关重要的时候,你要将其铭记在心。考虑清楚你究竟心仪什么,什么才会给你真正幸福。审视一下你的发现。一番清楚的思考之 后,你会吃惊于自己的发现:金钱固然极其重要,因你需要它活命;但金钱不是你唯一需要的东西。对于多数人来说,金钱本身不会带来恒久的幸福。人不是只靠面包生活的。
