
【考点扫描】
中考对定语从句的考查主要集中在以下几个方面:
1、定语从句的功用和结构
2、关系代词和关系副词的功用
3、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
考查的主要形式是单项填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。阅读理解和书面表达肯定也要用到定语从句。
【知识概要】
一。关系代词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分
例1:This is the detective who came from London.
例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
性定语从句:关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none, few等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which.例如:All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级、序数词以及first, last, any, only, the same, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which, who,或whom.例如:Shanghai is the biggest city (that) I have ever seen. This is the only book (that) I want to borrow. It's the third time (that) I have been here. This is the same book that you bought yesterday.
(3)先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词應该用that.例如:The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.非性定语从句非性定语从句中往往有逗号,不能用关系代词that,只能用which(物)或who(人),作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如:There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom are well educated. which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在這种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
"介词+关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构
(1) "介词+关系代词"可以引导性定语从句,也可以引导非性定语从句。"介词+关系代词"结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that . This room where /in which I have lived faces the south. This room at which/where I stand lived an old man. He built a telescope through where /which he could study the skies. This is the man whom / for whom we are looking.
(2) from where为"介词+关系副词"结构,但也可以引导定语从句。例如:We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town……
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如:This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二。关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分別表示时间。地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where 充当地点状语,why充当原因状语。
2. that可引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间。地点或原因,在 that引导的這种定语从句中,that也可以省去。
三。性定语从句与非性定语从句
1.二者差异比较定语从句紧跟先行词,同先行词這间一般不加逗号,仅修饰先行词,可以由关系代词。关系副词或that来引导。非性定语从句仅作补充或说明,用逗号与主句隔开,既可修饰先行词,又可修饰整个主句,不可用that引导。
2.关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的應选用关系副词(when, where),作主语。宾语或表语的可选用关系代词(that, who, which, whom)。
3. 先行词与定语从句隔离定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之後,但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入別的成分,构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。
例如:
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about……
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
四。As在定语从句中的用法
1. 引导性定语从句和非性定语从句
(1)as多与such 或the same連用,可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
(2)as 也可单独使用,引导非性定语从句,作用相当于which.例如:The elephant's nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
(3)the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2.As引导的非性定语从句的位置as引导的非性定语从句位置较灵活,可以位于主句前面。中间或後面,一般用逗号与主句隔开,但which所引导的非性定语从句只能放在主句之後。
例如:
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
【历年考点例析】
【考点1】考查关系代词与关系副词的用法。
【典型题例】
—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. —Is that the reason ___ you had a few days off?
A.why B.when C.what D.where
【简析】根据题意可知,上句是下句“请假”的原因,所以应该选择表示原因的关系副词why来修饰the reason,故A项正确。
【考点归纳】定语从句中常见的关系代词有who(whom),whose,that和which,它们的用法分别为:
① who用来代人(即它的先行词必须是人),在从句中可担任主语和宾语。但who的前面不能有介词,如果带介词,则必须用宾格的whom :介词+whom。如:
He is the boy with whom I went there.他就是和我一起去那儿的男孩。
另外,当关系代词that用来代人时,关系代词who和that在许多情况下可以通用。但有时须用who,而不用that:
a.先行词是one,ones,anyone和those时,须用who。如:
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
b.在there be开头的句子中。如:
There is an old man who wants to see you.有位老人要见你。
c.一个句子带有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个须用 who。如:
The girl that you met last week is the monitor who studies very hard.
上周你遇到的那位女孩是位学习非常努力的班长。
② whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。当whose代物时,它相当于… of which。如:
Please show me the book whose cover is black.
=Please show me the book,the cover of which is black. 把封面是黑色的书拿给我看看。
③ 当that和which在限定性定语从句中代物时,which常可以和that通用,但有时只宜用which,不用that:
a.关系代词前有介词。如:
This is the room in which you will stay.这将是你住的房间。
b.如果两个定语从句,其中一句的关系词是that,另一句宜用which。如:
Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library,which was newly open to us.
让我给你看看我从重新开放的图书馆借来的书。
另外,非限定性定语从句中,只宜用 which,不能用that。
关系副词where,when和why用来引导定语从句时,它和关系代词一样,具有多种作用:
a.在定语从句中代替先行词。
b.在从句中担任成分——状语,在从句中起副词和介词短语作用。
c.起连接作用,它把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句。如:
This is the house where I was born.这是我出生的那间房子。
We'll never forget the day when we joined the League.我们永远难忘入团的那一天。
The reason why I am calling you is to invite you to my birthday party.
我给你打电话是因为想邀请你参加我的生日聚会。
【解题技巧】由上可见,选择关系代词与关系副词的关键取决于关系词在从句中所担当的成分:如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时,只能用关系代词;如果关系词在从句中作状语(时间、地点、原因)则用关系副词。
【考点2】考查that引导的定语从句。
【典型题例】
This is the best way ______ has been used against pollution.
A.where B.why C.which D.that
【简析】指事物的先行词前有“形容词最高级”修饰时,只能用关系代词that。故本题的正确答案是D项。
【考点小结】如有下列情形之一者,只能用that引导定语从句。
a.先行词为all,everything,anything, nothing,few,little,much,any,the one等时。
b.先行词既有人又有物时。
c.指事物的先行词前面有“形容词最高级”、“序数词”或no,the only,the very,the last修饰时。
d.以who,which引出的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。
【考点3】考查which在非限定性定语从句中的应用。
【典型题例】
The result of the experiment was very good,______ we hadn't expected(预料).
A.when B.that C.which D.it
【简析】该题中所提供的四个选项中,it不可引导从句,that不能引导非限定性定语从句,when不合题意,故正确答案只能是C项。
【考点小结】
① 限定性定语从句用于修饰和限定先行词,与先行词之间的关系非常密切。它所修饰的词代表一个(些)或一类特定的人或东西。如果删去,则剩下的部分意思就会含糊不清。如:
This is the man who gave me the money.这就是给我钱的那个人。
上句如删去从句who gave me the money,则成了This is the man.(这是那个人。)完全失去了整个句子的意思,因而不能删掉。
② 非限定性定语从句,在意义上,它是先行词的一个附加修饰语,是对先行词的进一步说明。如果删去它,不影响整个句子的基本意思。如:
Wang Dong,who is in the room,wants to ask you some questions.
王东,他在房间里,想问你几个问题。
上述主句是Wang Dong wants to ask you some questions,如果删去从句(who is in the room),并不影响整个句子基本意思的表达。
③在意思上,有时限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别还是较大的。如:
In their class,there are fifteen students who can speak English well.(限定性定语从句)在他们班上有十五位英语说得好的学生。(可以看出他们班学生要多于十五位)
In their class,there are fifteen students, who can speak English well.(非限定性定语从句)他们班上有十五位学生,他们英语说得很好。(可以看出他们班上共有十五名学生,他们英语口语都好。)
【考点4】综合考查引导宾语从句的连词和引导定语从句的代词的用法。
【典型题例】
He said _____ the man ______ had robbed the bank had long hair.
A.who;who B.who;that C.that;who D.that;which
【简析】该题为:他说那个抢劫银行的男人留着长发。通过审题可发现在该复合句中,既包含了宾语从句,也包含了定语从句,根据宾语从句和定语从句的相关知识,可知正确答案应是C项。
【考点5】考查把简单句转换为含有定语从句的复合句。
【典型题例】
I like Chinese tea with nothing in it.(同义句) I like Chinese tea ______ nothing in it.
【简析】原句意为“我喜欢中国清茶”。通过观察下句可知应用定语从句来修饰“tea 。故正确答案为:that/which has。
【解题技巧】定语从句常用来修饰名词或代词,来表达所修饰的名词或代词的特征。所以中考在该题型上常考查:
a.关系代词或关系副词的选用。
b.主谓一致。
试对比:I bought a book yesterday.It was very interesting.
=The book which I bought yesterday was very interesting.
I bought some books yesterday.They were very interesting.
=The books which I bought yesterday were very interesting.
【考点6】考查“将含有定语从句的复合句转换为简单句”。
【典型题例】
The girl who is wearing the red coat is very clever.(同义句The girl __ the red coat is very clever.
【简析】读题后可知:上句含义是“穿红上衣的女孩非常聪明”,对应下句时,可知空格处应填“穿”,故in是正确答案。
【解题技巧】in,with连接短语或词组来修饰名词,表明名词的形态和特征。这类简单句可以转换为定语从句。如:
The strange thing with three legs was used for drinking long before.
=The strange thing which/that has three legs was used for drinking long before.
【考点7】考查定语从句中动词的时态。
【典型题例】
Miyoko was looking at the photos that she ______ in Beijing.
A.was taking B.takes C.has taken D.had taken
【简析】该题中主句是过去进行时,因此首先排除B、C两项。再根据常识,又可排除A项。故只有D项为正确答案。
【解题技巧】语境型时态题在近年各地中考试题中频频出现,在定语从句中考查动词的时态,使考生更难准确判断动词的时态。解该类题时,同学们一定要领会语境,然后再根据主、从句中动词的先后顺序来确定动词的时态。
