By Ron Kline
The use of animals for medical research is a highly emotional topic for many people. Animal-rights activists condemn research on animals, claiming that many medical experiments are not only inhumane but actually unnecessary. Alternatives to animal experimentation exist, they argue, if only medical researchers were willing to make use of them. A physician and medical researcher, Ron Kline addresses the claims of the activists and, in the process, makes some compelling claims of his own.
I am the enemy! One of those vilified, inhumane physician-Scientists involved in animal research. How strange, for I have never thought of myself as an evil person. I became a pediatrician because of my love for children and my desire to keep them healthy. During medical school and residency, however, I saw many children die of leukemia, prematurity and traumatic injury—circumstances against which medicine has made tremendous progress, but still has far to go. More important, I also saw children, alive and healthy, thanks to advances in medical science such as infant respirators, powerful antibiotics, new surgical techniques and the entire field of organ transplantation. My desire to tip the scales in favor of the healthy, happy children drew me to medical research.
My accusers claim that I impose torture on animals for the sole purpose of career advancement. My experiments supposedly have no relevance to medicine and are easily replaced by computer simulation. Meanwhile, an indifferent public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance, and publicity-conscious politicians increasingly give way to the demands of the activists.
We in medical research have also been inexcusably indifferent. We have allowed the most extreme animal-rights protesters to seize the initiative and frame the issue as one of “animal deception.” We have been complacent in our belief that a knowledgeable public would sense the importance of animal research to the public health. Perhaps we have been mistaken in not responding to the emotional tone of the argument created by those sad posters of animals by waving equally sad posters of children dying of leukemia or cystic fibrosis.
Much is made of the pain imposed on these animals in the name of medical science. The animal-rights activists maintain that this is evidence of our malevolent and sadistic nature. A more reasonable argument, however, can be advanced in our defense. Life is often cruel, both to animals and human beings. Teenagers get thrown from the back of a pickup truck and suffer severe head injuries. Toddlers, barely able to walk, find themselves at the bottom of a swimming pool while a parent checks the mail. Physicians hoping to relieve the pain and suffering these tragedies cause have but three choices: create an animal model of the injury or disease and use that model to understand the process and test new therapies; experiment on human beings—some experiments will succeed, most will fail—or finally, leave medical knowledge static, hoping that accidental discoveries will lead us to the advances.
Some animal-rights activists would suggest a fourth choice, claiming that computer models can simulate animal experiments, thus making the actual experiments unnecessary. Computers can simulate, reasonably well, the effects of well-understood principles on complicated systems, as in the application of the laws of physics to airplane and automobile design. However, when the principles themselves are in question, as is the case with the complicated biological systems under study, computer modeling alone is of little value.
One of the terrifying effects of the effort to restrict the use of animals in medical research is that the impact will not be felt for years and decades: drugs that might have been discovered will not be; surgical techniques that might have been developed will not be; and fundamental biological processes that might have been understood will remain mysteries. There is the danger that politically expedient solutions will be found to placate a vocal minority, while the consequences of those decisions will not be apparent until long after the decisions are made and the decision-makers forgotten.
Fortunately, most of us enjoy good health, and the trauma of watching one’s child die has become a rare experience. Yet our good fortune should not make us unappreciative of the health we enjoy or the advances that make it possible. Vaccines, antibiotics, insulin’ and drugs to treat heart disease, hypertension and stroke are all based on animal research. Most complex surgical procedures, such as coronary-artery bypass and organ transplantation are initially developed in animals. Presently undergoing animal studies are techniques to insert genes in humans in order to replace the defective ones found to be the cause of so much disease. These studies will effectively end if animal research is severely restricted.
In America today, death has become an event isolated from our daily existence—out of the sight and thoughts of most of us. As a doctor who has watched many children die, and their parents grieve I am particularly angered by people capable of so much compassion for a dog or a cat, but with seemingly so little for a dying human being. These people seem so isolated from the reality of human life and death and what it means.
Make no mistake, however: I am not advocating the needlessly cruel treatment of animals. To the extent that the animal-rights movement has made us more aware of the needs of these animals and made us search harder for suitable alternatives, they have made a significant contribution. But if the more radical members of this movement are successful in limiting further research, their efforts will bring about a tragedy that will cost many lives. The real question is whether an indifferent majority can be aroused to protect its future against a vocal, but misdirected, minority.
Different point of view:
Many doctors or medical researchers take it for granted that animal experimentation will certainly benefit humans and should be encouraged and supported. They should not be considered cruel for they are doctors and medical researchers. Saving lives and doing experiments are their jobs. But let’s step out of the circle of medicine. Lawyers should not be condemned for defending criminals for they are lawyers who offer equal chance to any one in our society; capitalists should not be criticized for causing the unemployment and poverty of other people, for they are capitalists who are contributing to the economic progress of the world. But very often lawyers are criticized for being immoral in such cases and capitalists condemned for being greedy. Why shouldn’t medical researchers be reproached for being cruel in slaying healthy animals? Just because they are saving human lives? Does it matter? Can the so-called medical advance stop or even slow the emergence of new diseases? Suppose one day they can really eradicate death from our life, but where shall we live with so large a population? By then we will probably be the only animal species on the planet (I doubt if we can survive the other species’ extinction.) if we ignore the fact that we belong to the interrelated parts of nature. It is dangerous to keep cherishing the arrogant idea: humans are the center of the creatures, top of all, which seems as ridiculous as the view held by most people in the Middle Ages that the earth is the center of the universe.
In life, everyone will die, sooner or later. Is it proper for us to save the dying at any cost? Maybe modern medical research has gone so far that the cost is too heavy, both morally and economically. There is no end of scientific advance and each step forward seems exciting and encouraging to scientists. But are all the advances really positive and beneficial? What about the invention of refrigerators that have contributed to the ozone depletion. What about nuclear technology that may bring ruin to our planet at any moment? Just like capitalists striving to gain profits, human beings are so greedy in pursuing the advance of science and technology that some of the advance has gone far beyond their own control! Similar to anti-nuclear movement, animal-right movement may be a limit which can prevent the medical research from going too far.