
英国文学
The old periods
450 —— 1066
The medieval periods
1066 —— mid-14th century
The renaissance periods
14th century —— mid-17th century
The neoclassical periods
1660 —— 17(the return of the Stuarts to the English to publishment of Lyrical Ballads)
The romantic periods
17 —— 1832(publishment of Lyrical Ballads to Sir Walter Scott’s death)
The victorian periods
1836 —— 1901
The modern periods
the second half of the 19th century —— the early of the 20thcentury
美国文学
The romantic periods
the end of the 18th century —— the outbreak of the Civil War(Washington Irving’s The Sketch to Whitman’s Leaves of Grass)
The realistic periods
1865 —— 1914
The modern periods
The twentieth century
Civil war: 1861——1865
World War Ⅰ: 1914——1918
World War Ⅱ: 1931——1945
英国文学— The old and medieval periods
1.Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式;Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。
Beowulf(贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗; 该史诗中的主角)), a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic (民族史诗) of the Anglo-Saxons. Literary position: The poem was originally in an oral form, it is written down in the 10th century. Thematically the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.
Romance (骑士抒情诗),a popular literary form in the medieval period) uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds, whose motifs(主题, 主旨) of the quest is for truth, beauty and kindness.
Chaucer(乔叟): whose masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》. The famous character of his works is the Wife of Bath. Chaucer employed the heroic coupletverse form (英雄双韵诗形式) with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature. He is the father of English poetry.
英国文学—The renaissance periods
1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory), 人物象征意义与主题.
The Faerie is an allegory.
The Red-crosse Knight stands for St.George, the patron saint of England, and he also represent Holiness.
A lovely Ladie, virgin Una, symbolizes the thruth or the true faith of religion.
A milke white lambe reprents the God.
Dragon and infernall feend refer the Satan
The theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic—“fiece warres and faithful loves”.
2. 斯宾塞的诗歌特点
The five main quailites of spenser’s poetry are:
1) a perfect melody;
2) a rare sense of beauty;
3) a splendid imagination;
4) a lofty purity and seriousness;
5) a dedicated idealism.
3.《浮士德》的主题
Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil. The play’s dominant moral is human than religious. It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.
4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题
The play has a double plot:
1) Bassanio——Portia
2) Antonio——Shylock
The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship betweem Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of greate beaulity, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Tody, many people tend to regard the play as a satire of the christians’ hypocrisy and their false standards of frindship and love, their cunning way of pursuing worldliness(俗心, 俗气) and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews.
5.Milton的三部作品
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes.
英国文学—The neoclassical periods
1.Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory),其主题及《名利场》的寓意
The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor — life as a journey — is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scence presented a typical English ones, but throughout the allegory a spiritual signifiance is added to the commonplace details.
The Vanity Fair symbolizes human world, for “All that cometh is vanity.” Everything and anything in this world is “vanity”, having no value and no meaning. The Vanity Fair, a “marcket selling nothingness” of all sorts, is a dirty place originally built up by devils, but, this town “lay” in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the tempatations there way through. So, the depiction of the “Fair” in selling things worldly and in attracting people bad, represents John Bunyan’s rejection of the worldly seekings and pious longing for the pure and charming “Celestial City” his Christian ideal.
2.鲁宾逊的意义
Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century Enlish middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in stuggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.
3.Gulliver’s Travel的四个部分
The book contains four parts.
The first part —— Lilliput
The second part —— Brobdingnag
The third part —— flying Island
The fourth part —— Houyhnhnm land, Yahoo
As a whole, the book is one of the most effcetive and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in then English and European life — socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.
4.Fielding的贡献
Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English Novel”.
He was first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and syle. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either the Episolary form or the picaresque form, but fielding adopted “the third-person narration,” in which the author become the “all-knowing God”.
英国文学—The romantic periods
1.Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较
The Song of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and suffering.
His Songs of Experiecnce paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with melancholy tone.
The two “Chimney Sweeper” poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor, and an ideological circumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making compiant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect(景色, 前景) of “illusory happiness;” the poem from the Songs of the Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor child.
2.拜伦式英雄
Buyron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burdens of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustilbe energies.
3.KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题
Ode on an grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transcience of human passion.
4.奥丝丁的三种婚姻观
Stories of love and marriage provide the major theme in all Jane Austen’s novels, in which female chatacters are always playing an active part. In their pursuit of a marriage, they ate usually categorize into three types according to their different attitudes: those who would marry for material wealth and social position, those who would marry just for beauty and passion, and those who would marry for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personal merit as well ad his economical and social status.
5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题
Pride and Prejudice mainly tells of the love story between a rich, pround young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizaeth Bennet. None of the daughters can inherit the estate of the family for it has been entailed upon the nearest male heir, Willian Collins, Collins intends to marry and he decides to shoose Elizabeth as a way of making amends for inheriting the family’s estate. Collins is a preposterous(荒谬的) suitor, and Elizabeth rejects the proposal. Another young man called Darcy proposes her, but she has prejudice against him because she thinks that he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, they are happily united. This book tells us a great deal about attitude toward marriage in Austen’s time.
Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels, Jane Austen tries to say that it is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without it.
as it is said in the book that it is a truth universally acknowledged that a singe man in possession of a good foutune must be in want of a wife.
英国文学—The victorian periods
1.Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。
The best-depicted character of the novelist can be classified into three types:
1) the innocent,pesecuted(受的),helpless child character such as Oliver Twist, Little Nell, David Copperfield, and Little Dorrit;
2) the horrible and grotesque character such ad Fagin, Bill Sikes and Qulip;
3) the humourous and comic figures like Mr. Micawber, Sam Weller, and Mrs. Gamp.
The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking, as in his ealy works, or to express a helpless indignant(愤怒的, 愤慨的) protest(主张, 断言, ), as in his later novel.
Oliver人物的背景
The novel is famous for its vivid descriptions of the workhouse and life of the under world in the nineteenth-century London. The author’s intimate knowledge of people of the lowest order and of the city itself apparently comes from his journalistic years. Here the novel also presents Oliver Twist as Dickens’s first child hero and Fagin the first gretesque figure.
2.简爱这个人物及社会意义
Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to be loved, a poor , plain, little governess who dares to love her master, a man supiror to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him , cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their bacic rights and equality as a human being.
3.《呼啸山庄》介绍的故事梗概及写作特点。
Wuthering Heihgts is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.
The Earnsshaw family — Mr. Earshaw, his wife, their son Hindley and their daugter Catherine.
The Linton family — Mr. Linton, his wife, their son Edar and their daughter Isabella.
An intruding stranger — Healthcliff,
The sory is told mainly by Nelly, Catherine’s old nurse, to Mr. Lockwodd, a temporary tenant at Gramge. The latter too gives an account of what he sees at Wuthering Heignts. And part of the story is told through Isabella’s letters to Nelly. While the central interest is maintained, the sequence of its development is constantly disordered of by flashbacks. This makes the story all the more enticing(引诱的, 迷人的) and genuine.
4.Eliot和夏洛特笔下妇女的特点比较
Charlote pay attention to those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being, such as Jane Eyre in Jane Eyre.
George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of Women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspirations, such as Dorothea in Middlemarch.
5.《苔丝》故事和社会意义
The novel is one of the best and most popular work by Hardy. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century. Tess, as a pure woman brought up with the traditional idea of womanly virtue, is acused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the the destructive force of the society. And the misery, the poverty and the heartfelt pain she suffers and her final tragedy give rise to a most bitter cry of protest and denunciation(谴责, 告发) of society. Of course, naturalistic tendency is also strong in the novel. In a way, Tess seems to be led to her final destruction step by step by Fate. Coincidence adds one “wrong” to another until she is caught up in a dead-end.
英国文学—The modern periods
1.现代时期的特征及主题
Modernism rose out of Skepticism and disillusion of capitalism.
The French symbolism heralded(预示;预报) modernism. After the First World War, all kinds of literary trends of modernism appeared: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consiousness. Towards the 1920s, these trends converged into a mightly torrent of modernism movement.
Modernism is, in many aspects, is reaction against realism, and it rejects rationalism.
Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes of the modernist literature are disordered, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.
2.萧伯纳的戏剧特点
As a realistic dramatist, he took modern social issues as his sujects. Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problem, and thus, can be termed as problem plays. His plays have one passion only, i.e. indignation, one against all the social evils;
In characterization, two devices of his are worthy of note: his vivid depiction of one character at the expense of another; and sharacters being representative of ideas of views;
Much of his drama is constructed around the inversion of conventional theatrical situation.
Shaw’s plays do not work by plots. It is the vitality of the long, unbroken talk that take primacy over mere story.
3.The Man of Property的人物关系及主题
The novel centers itself on the Soames-Irene-Bosinney triangle. Soames Forsyte, a typical Forsyte, represents the essence of the principle that the accumulation of wealth is the sole aim of life, for he considers everything in terms of one’s property. Irene, his young and beautiful wife, on the contrary, loves art and cherishes noble ideals of life. Because Soames never pays attention to her, she was not happy, In order to please his wife, Soames asks Bosinnery, a young architect, to build a country house for them. During the designing and building the house, Irene and Bosinney fall in love each other. Rumors arise and Soames wants his revenge, in the end, Bosinney died in a car accident and Irene left Soames.
The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsyte and its effects upon the personal relationships of the family with the underlying assumption that human relationships of the contemporary English society are merely an extension(延长, 扩充, 范围) of property relationships.
4. Yeats的创作生涯的三个阶段
As a young man in the last decades of the 19th century,Yeats began has poetic career in the romantic tradition. The major themes are usually Celtic legends, local folktales, or stories of the heroic age in Irish history. The overall style of his early poetry is very delicate with natural imagery, dream-like atmosphere and musical beauty.
The first two decades of the 20th century were a period of transition to Yeats, during which his attitude towards politics, life and poetry had experienced a great change. Yeats turned from the traditional poetry to a modernist one. He began to write with realistic and concrete themes on a variety of subjects, exploring the profound and complicated human problems, such as life, love, politics,and religion. His style is both simple and rich, colloquial and formal, with a quality of metaphysical wit and symbolic vision.
Yeats reached the last stage of his poetic creation when he was over fifty. He yearned to move away from the sensual(肉欲的, 色情的, 世俗的) world of growth and change, and to enter the timeless, eternal world of art and intellect. His concern has turned to the great subjects of dichotomy(两分, 二分法), such as, youth and age, love and war, vigor and wisdom, body and soul, and life and art. In this last period, Yeats has developed a tough, complex and symbolical style.
5.《荒园》的主题及意义
The Waste Land is 433 lines long and is divided into five sections.
Section 1, The Burial of the Dead
Section 2, A Game of Chess
Section 3, The Fire Sermon
Section 4, Death by Water
Section 5, What the Thunder Said
The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose. The poems has developed a whole set of historical, cultural and religious themes; but it is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people’s disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society.
7.Ulysses的人物、故事及意义
Ulusses gives an account of man’s life during one day in Dublin. The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedly Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the Protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The whole novel is divided into 18 eposides in correspondence with the 18 hours of the day.
Joyce’s Ulysses presents a realistic Picture of the modern wasteland in which modern men are portrayed as vulgar and trivial creatures with spliting personalities, disllusioned ideals, sordid minds and broken families, who are searching in vain for harmonious human relationships and spiritual sustenance in a decaying world.
美国文学—The romantic periods
1.爱默生的超经验主义思想和他的自然观
Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuition knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.
In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the Individual, and Nature.
He based his religion on an intuitive belief in an ultimate(最后的, 最终的, 根本的) unity, which he called the “over-soul”, and believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul an the universal “over-soul”.
Emerson is affirmatively(肯定的) about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himdelf to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be self-reliant man.
Emerson’s nature is emblematic(标记的) of the spiritual world, alive with God’s overwhelming presence; hence, it exercises(运用, 练习) a healthy(有益于健康的) and restorative (有助于复元的) influence on human mind. Nature mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. “Nature is the vehicle of thought”, and “particular natural facts are symbols if particular spiritual facts”,. In an word “Nature is the symbol of spirit”
By using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Howthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the conmmunity and people living in that community.
3.《草叶集》的结构、主题和语言特色
First of all, Whitman’s poetic style is marked by use the poetic “I”. Usually the relationship whitman is dramatizing is triangular one: “I” the poet, the subject in the poem, and “you” the reader. In such a mannner , Whitman invites us to participate in the process of sympathetic(共鸣的) identification(同一, 等同).
Secondly, Whitman radically innovative in term of form of his poetry, which is free verse, that is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.
A looser and more open-ended syntactical stucture is frequently favored.
Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by sice just as thing are, undisturbed and separate.
There are few compound sentences to draw obejcts and experience into a system of hierarchy.
Thirdly, Parallelism(对句法) and phonetic recurrence(复回, 重现) at the beginnin of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems.
In this giant work, openness, freedom, an dindividuslism are all that concerned him, he shows concern for not only the whole hard-woking people and the burgeoning life of cities, but also the pursuit of love and hapiness. Some of his poems are politicaly committed.
Whitman’s poety is relatively simple and ever rather crude, and his languge is tendency to use oral English.
4.《白鲸》的象征意义
Melville is a master of allegory and symbolism.
Different people on the board the ship are representation of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups.
The Peauod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth.
The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, and for Ahab, the whale represents only evil, as well as for reader and Ishmael, the marrator, Moby Dick is still mystery , an ultimate mystery of the universe, inscrutable(不能预测的) and ambivalent(矛盾的), and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a rearch of the truth.
美国文学—The realistic periods
1.现实主义与自然主义的倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映。
American Realism came as a reaction agianst the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. It turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering(表现, 描写) of the ordinary, a slice of life as it ia really lived. It expresses the concern of common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. Realist finds the drama and the tension beneath the ordinary surface of life. A realist writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths. The representtations of realist were Howell, Mark Twain and Henry James.
American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, Naturalist had been shaped by the war, by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age, and by the disturbing teaching of Daiwinism. America’s literary naturalist dismissed the validity of comforting moral truth. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting charaters of low social and economic classes who determined by their enviorment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predessors, the naturalists emphasized that world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the distiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The representation of naturalist was Deiser.
★三个现实主义小说家的比较: Howell, Mark Twain and Henry James.
Through the three prominent writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”
While Mark Teain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life” of the Americans, Henry James had apprently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world” of man.
Through Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American socielty, they had each of the different emphssis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they live, while twain preferred to have his own reigion and people at the forefront of his story.
2.哈克的性格分析及其社会的意义
Adentures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twain’s wonderful characterization of “Huck,” a typical American Boy whom its creator described as boy “a sound heart and a deformed conscience,” and reamrkable tor the raft’s journey down the Mississippi, which Twain used both reslistically and symbolically to shape his book into an organic whole. Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American social fully expose and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and expericence, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.
★马克吐温的写作特点
Mark Twain is known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits the local charaters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, the other peculiarities like the customs, dialects,costumes and so on.
Another fact that made Mark twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structure are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language. And Twain skillfully used the colloquialism to cast his protagonists in their everydany life.
Mark Twain’ humor is remarkable, too. it is fun to read Twain to begin with, for most of his work tend to be funny, containing some pratical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.
3.《苔瑟米勒》的主题和主要人物分析
Daisy Miller has become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated(著名的) cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World. However, innocence, the keynote of her character, turn out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash betweem of two different culture. In his book Jame’s sympathy for Daisy could be easily felt when we think of a tender flower crushed by the harsh winter in Rome.
4.狄金森诗歌的主题结构与艺术特色
Dickson’s poems are usually based on her own experinces, her sorrows and joys. But within her litlle lyrics Dickinson addressed those issues that concern the whole human bings which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.
Dickinson’s poety is unique and unconventional in its own way. In her poetry there is a particaular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musical device (草案, 图样,方法) to create adence (节奏, 韵律) and capital letter as a means of emphasis. The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymnms in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irrugular.
However her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness.
★Dreiser是最重要的自然主义的代表人物。自然主义的特点及自然主义文学的局限。
As a genre, naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shapeing individualized characters who were presented in speacial and detailed circumstance. In his word, man is a “victim of force over which he has no control”, life is“so sad, so strange,so mysterious and so inexplicable.” No wonder the characters in his books are often subject to the control of the natural forces——especially those of convironment and heredity.
Like all naturalist, Dreiser wae restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.
美国文学—The modern periods
1.意象派诗歌的艺术特色
Pound endorse the group’s three main principle, which include
Direct treatment of poetic subject;
Elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words;
Rhythmical(节奏的) composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome(节拍器).
2.弗罗斯特的自然诗
Robert Frost has long been well known as a poet who can hardly be classfied with the old or the new, he learned from the tradition and made the colloquial New England Speech into poetic expression.
Frost’s poetic world is of the rural world, the simple country life, the pastoral landscape.
By using simple spoken language and conversional rhythms(节奏, 韵律), Frost achieved an effortless grace in his style.
He combined traiditional verse forms — the sonnet, rhyming(押韵) couplets, blank verse — with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic(特殊的) diction and syntax(语法, 有秩序的排列, 句子构造).
In verse form he was assorted, he wrote in both the metrical(韵律的) forms and the free verse, and sometims he wrote in a form that borrows freely from the merits(优点, 价值) of both, in a form that might be called semi-free or semi-conventional.
3.《了不起的盖茨比》的主题意义和主要人物的性格分析
The loss of an ideal and the disillusionment that comes with the failure are exploited fully in the personal tragedy of a young man whose “incorruptible dream” is “smashed into pieces by the relentless(无情的) reality.” Catsby is mythical figure whose intensity (强烈, 剧烈) of dream partake(分担, 共享) of a state of mind the embodies America itself; Gatsby is the last of the romantic heroes, whose energy and sense of commitment takes him in search of his personal grail(长期以来梦寐以求的东西); Gatsby’s falure magnifies(夸大, 夸张) to a great extent the end of the American Dream. However, the affirmation(肯定) of hope and expectation is self-asserted in Fitzgerald’s artistic manipulation(操作,处理) of the central symbol in the novel, the green light.
4.海明威小说的艺术特色
Hemingway’s world is limited. He deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code, known as “grace under pressure.” Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway code heros.
Seeingly simple and natural, Hemingway’s style is actually polished and tightly controlled, but highly suggestive and connotative.
Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism intiated by Mark twain. His work has effect of clearness, terseness and great care with using of short, simple and conventional words and sentence.
Hemingway was highly praise by the Nobel Prize committee for “his powerful style forming mastery of the art” of creating modern fiction.
5.《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
As a descendent of the Southern aristocracy, Emily is typical of those in Faulkner’s Yoknapatwapha stories who are the symbol of the Old South but the prisoners of the past.
The range of narrative techniques used by Faulkner is remarkable. The modern stresm-of-consiousness technique was frequently and skillfullly exploited by Faulkner to emphasize the reactions and inner musing of the narrator. Morever, Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view, which gave the story a circular form. The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.
Faulkner was a master of his own particular style of writing. His prose, marked by long and embedded sentences, complex syntax, and vague reference pronouns on the one hand and a variety of the English language on the other, is difficult to read. In contrast, Faulkner could sound very casual or informal sometimes. He capture the dialects of the Mississippi characters, as well as more refined and educated narrators.
