分析: 美国核战略重新定义核威慑
美国新的核态势是奥巴马总统推动实现无核武世界的要素之一。
Stephen Kaufman
Staff Writer
奥巴马总统提出的新核武器战略具有双重用意:保持足够数目的核武器以防范任何针对美国本土的主要核打击,同时促成消除核武器的最终目标。
72页的《核态势评估报告》(NPR)系由国防部、、能源部及委员会(National Security Council)共同编写,报告中提出的核战略旨在应对据信在未来十年中可能性最大的威胁:恐怖主义者获得用于制造“脏弹”的核材料,更多国家拥有核武器,由此导致的进一步核扩散。众多国家获得核武能力将造成更令人担忧的局面,即永无休止的核扩散,从而破坏世界各地区的稳定。
《核态势评估报告》提出削减核武器在美国整个战略中的作用。作为一项具体步骤,美国和俄罗斯达成了新的《削减战略武器条约》(START),进一步削减其核库存。报告还提出继续保持长达近二十年的暂停核试验的承诺,并声明美国将不再生产核武器。
与此同时,对于遵守1970年《不扩散核武器条约》(NPT)并履行核不扩散义务的国家,美国承诺不对其使用核武器,以此来说服无核国家不要发展核武器。该战略也再次向美国的朋友和盟国保证,只要世界上还有核武器存在,美国就会保持足够强大的核威慑,因此他们将无须发展自己的核武器。
《核态势评估报告》明确指出:尽管冷战年代的国际安全环境已经改变,核攻击的风险反而增加了。
在长达数十年的美国与前苏联的对峙时期,“确保相互毁灭”的概念帮助约束了两国,使之不会动用其核武库,因为双方领导人十分清楚,任何核打击将招致一个全方位和毁灭性的报复。《核态势评估报告》认识到,美国和俄罗斯不是敌对关系,美俄两国及其他有核国家(包括中国)在21世纪所面临的威胁是核恐怖主义和不可持续的核扩散。
该报告指出,“基地组织(Al-Qaida)及其极端主义同伙正在寻求核武器,我们必须假设,他们一旦获得了此类武器就会使用这些武器”。另外,暴力极端主义分子热衷于以平民为攻击目标,当我们面对的敌手甘愿牺牲他们自己的生命来造成大量人员伤亡时,传统观念上的威慑便失去了效力。
因此,《核态势评估报告》认为,防止极端主义分子和非实体获得核材料、核设备与核技术极为重要。奥巴马总统将于4月12-13日在华盛顿主持召开核安全峰会,这次会议将寻求达成一项普遍的国际共识,在四年内对世界上所有的核材料采取安全保障措施。
其他主要核威胁来自和伊朗等国家,这些国家违反国际法,试图发展核武器与导弹运载能力,不仅在现有水平上增加了核武器部件与技术的数量,增大了散失风险,而且可能刺激其邻国去建立核威慑,从而导致更为严重的核扩散。
《核态势评估报告》说:“如果这些国家及其他一些国家继续不遵守防扩散规范,将严重削弱《不扩散核武器条约》,对美国和整个国际社会造成安全隐患。”
尽管美国保证不对遵守《不扩散核武器条约》并履行其义务的国家使用核武器,但《报告》也预见到美国的核武库会有助于威慑违约国家用常规武器、化学武器或生物武器发动袭击的“小范围意外情况”。
《核态势评估报告》补充说:“这并不意味着我们更有可能对新保证覆盖范围之外的国家使用核武器。事实上,美国希望着重指出:美国只会在极端情况下,为保卫美国或盟国和伙伴国的重大利益才会考虑使用核武器。”
正如拜登副总统在4月7日发表的文章中所说,这种对遵守与不遵守国际防扩散规范的国家区别对待的方式为继续遵守的行为提供更多的安全激励因素;与此同时,确保那些予以对抗的国家“将进一步受到孤立和更加不安全。”
国防部一位高级在4月6日的背景介绍会上向记者们表示,奥巴马总统认为《核态势评估报告》是本届制定的一份反映其思维与领导能力的奠基性文件。
这位高级认为,《核态势评估报告》为推动实现总统的无核武世界的议程提供了“一项具体、务实的工作计划”,它与《削减战略武器条约》(START)、核安全峰会以及即将于今年5月在纽约联合国总部召开的《不扩散核武器条约》审议大会等美国同期的和战略制定紧密结合。
美国国际信息局 http://www.america.gov/mgck
07 April 2010
Analysis: U.S. Nuclear Strategy Redefines Deterrence
The new U.S. nuclear posture is one of several elements in President Obama’s push for a world without nuclear weapons.
By Stephen Kaufman
Staff Writer
Washington — President Obama’s new nuclear arms strategy aims to retain nuclear weapons to deter any primary threat of a nuclear strike on the U.S. homeland, while also furthering his ultimate goal of making them obsolete.
The strategy, contained in a 72-page report — the Nuclear Posture Review Report (NPR) — produced jointly by the Defense, State and Energy departments and the National Security Council, addresses what is believed to be the mostly likely threats in the coming decade — terrorists obtaining nuclear materials for “dirty” bombs and an increase in global nuclear proliferation spawned by additional nuclear-armed states. States acquiring nuclear capabilities would provide the more alarming dilemma of an unending proliferation cycle that would destabilize whole regions of the world.
The NPR (PDF, 2.7MB) cites a reduction in the role of nuclear weapons in the overall U.S. national security strategy, and comes as the Obama administration reduces its nuclear stockpiles through the recently concluded new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), maintains the nearly 20-year U.S. moratorium on nuclear testing and says it will not build any additional nuclear weapons.
At the same time, it seeks to dissuade others from seeking their own nuclear arsenals by pledging not to use nuclear weapons on nations that are in compliance with the 1970 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and nuclear nonproliferation obligations. The strategy also reassures U.S. friends and allies that the American nuclear deterrent will remain only “as long as nuclear weapons exist,” and will be strong enough that they will have no need to develop their own.
Coming one year after President Obama’s April 5, 2009, speech in which he called for concrete steps to eradicate nuclear weapons from the world, the NPR is a clear statement that while the international security environment that existed during the Cold War years has changed, “the risk of nuclear attack has increased.”
During the decades-long standoff between the United States and the former Soviet Union, the concept of mutual assured destruction helped to dissuade both countries from using their nuclear arsenal, since the leaders of both countries were well aware that any nuclear strike would invite a full and debilitating retaliation. The NPR recognizes that the adversarial relationship between the United States and the Russian Federation has ended, and both countries, as well as other nuclear armed powers such as China, now face the common 21st-century threats of nuclear terrorism and unsustainable nuclear proliferation.
“Al-Qaida and their extremist allies are seeking nuclear weapons. We must assume they would use such weapons if they managed to obtain them,” the report states. Along with the willingness of violent extremists to target civilians, the traditional notion of deterrence loses its effectiveness when faced with adversaries who are willing to sacrifice their own lives to inflict massive casualties, it says.
Therefore, the NPR places high importance on preventing extremists and nonstate entities from obtaining nuclear materials, equipment and technologies. The president’s convening of the April 12–13 nuclear security summit in Washington is focused on obtaining wide international agreement on how to secure all of the world’s nuclear material within four years to prevent it from being stolen or seized.
The other principal nuclear weapons threat comes from states like North Korea and Iran, which by pursuing their own nuclear weapons programs and missile delivery capabilities in violation of international law, risk not only adding to the existing level of available weapons components and technology, but could provoke their neighbors into developing their own nuclear deterrent, and consequently even greater proliferation of nuclear weapons.
“Continued non-compliance with non-proliferation norms by these and other countries would seriously weaken the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), with adverse security implications for the United States and the international community at large,” the NPR states.
While the United States pledges not to use nuclear weapons against NPT-compliant states that are meeting their obligations, the report sees a “narrow range of contingencies” in which the U.S. nuclear arsenal can help deter a conventional, chemical or biological attack from states that are not compliant.
“That does not mean that our willingness to use nuclear weapons against countries not covered by the new assurance has in any way increased. Indeed, the United States wishes to stress that it would only consider the use of nuclear weapons in extreme circumstances to defend the vital interests of the United States or its allies and partners,” the NPR states.
As Vice President Biden said in an April 7 article, this separate approach toward states observing international nonproliferation norms versus those who are not provides additional security incentives for continued compliance, while ensuring that those in defiance “will be more isolated and less secure.”
A senior Defense Department official told reporters in an April 6 background briefing that the president considers the NPR “a foundational document of his administration” that reflects both his thinking and his leadership.
The NPR offers “a concrete, pragmatic work plan” for moving forward the president’s agenda of a world without nuclear weapons, the official said, and is closely integrated with concurrent U.S. policy and strategy developments, such as START, the nuclear security summit and the upcoming NPT Review Conference at the United Nations in New York in May.
(This is a product of the Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Web site: http://www.america.gov)