Contents:
文化定义
I. 文化背景上的不同
II. 风俗上的不同
III. 联想上的不同
IV. 制度、信仰和世界观不同
V. 社交礼节上的不同
VI. 翻译方法
文化定义
The New World Encyclopedia
“It is the totality of the spiritual,intellectual,and artistic attitudes shared by a group,including its tradition, habits, social customs,morals,laws,and social relations. Sociologically,every society,on every level, has its culture;the term has no implications of high development.”
Culture
(注解:这一定义显然排除了物质文明发展水平的高低,而是指人类的精神文明或精神成果的总和,包括艺术、传统、习惯、社会风俗、道德伦理、法的观念和社会关系等。)
"……翻译者必须是一个真正意义的文化人。人们全说:他必须掌握两种语言,确实如此;但是,不了解语言当中的社会文化,谁也无法真正掌握语言。"
—— 王佐良 《翻译中的文化比较》, 1984.1.《翻译通讯》
"翻译中对原文意思的理解,远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分,它受着文化的影响和制约。……在翻译过程中,译者对某段文字理解的正确与否,在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。……对于译者来说,没有两种文化的对比知识,就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。"
———— 谭载喜
只要进行一下翻译实践或看一下翻译论著,就会发现这些话是千真万确的。这就是英语中所说 "Learning a language is a kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken."
I.文化背景上的不同
骨瘦如柴 be as lean as a rake
对牛弹琴 cast pearls before swine
滚石不生苔 a rolling stone gathers no mass
众人拾柴火焰高 many hands make light work.
竹篮打水一场空 drawing water in a bamboo basket means drawing nothing.
中国以农立国,因此农谚居多英国人喜欢航海,因此许多用语源于航海事业
Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. 好风快扬帆
Still waters run deep. 静水流深
In a calm sea, every man is a pilot. 海面平静,人人都可当舵手。
A small leak will sink a great ship. 小洞不堵要沉大船。
天生有福
人:“穿着衬衣生下来的”
英国人:“生来嘴里就含着一把银勺”(born with a silver spoon in one’s mouth)
德国人:“梳好了头才出世的”
“一箭双雕”或 “一举两得”
法语:“一块石头打两处”
英文:“一石打死二鸟”(to kill two birds with one stone)
俄语:“一打死两只免子”
德语:“一个拍子打两只苍蝇”
II. 风俗上的不同
You are a lucky dog.
你是一个幸运儿。
Every dog has his day.
凡人皆有得意日。
Old dog will not learn new tricks.
老人学不了新东西。
sick as a dog
dog-tired
III. 联想上的不同
Mr White is a very white man.
He was looking rather green the other day.
He has been feeling blue today.
When I saw him, he was in a brown mood.
I hope he'll soon be in the pink again.
布朗先生是个非常忠实可靠的人。那天,他脸上颇有病容。近来他闷闷不乐,我看到他时他在沉思之中。希望他早日恢复健康。
山中无老虎,猴子称霸王
如鱼得水
多如牛毛
一箭之遥
水中捞月
石沉大海
半瓶子醋
蠢得象猪
In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
like a duck to water
as stupid as a goose
as plentiful as blackberries
at stone’s throw
to fish in the air
remain a dead letter
half-baked
守口如瓶
挥金如土
画蛇添足
烂醉如泥
热锅上的蚂蚁
湿得像落汤鸡
dumb as an oyster
to spend money like water
gild the lily
drunk as a sailor
like a cat on a hot tin roof
as wet as a drowned rat
瘦得象猴子
吹牛
如履薄冰
棋逢对手
挂羊头卖狗肉
as thin as a shadow
talk horse
to tread upon eggs
diamond cut diamond
cry up wine and sell vinegar
IV. 制度、信仰和世界观不同
关于颜色词语的理解
世界各民族语言表达颜色的词语多寡不一,分类各异。英语和汉语对基本颜色词的分类差别不大。汉语中有赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫,英语中有red(红), white(白),black(黑),green(绿),yellow(黄),blue(蓝),purple(紫),gray(灰),brown(棕)。受地理环境、民情风俗、思维方式、宗教信仰、民族心理等因素的影响,各种颜色对于不同民族的人而言,在视觉和心理上所引发的联想和象征意义也不尽相同,翻译时应该特别注意其中的差异。
红色
1. 在英语和汉语中,红色有时可以完全对应,有时却大相径庭:
红旗 red flag
红糖 brown sugar
红茶 black tea
红榜 honor roll
红豆 love pea
红运 good luck
红利 dividend
红事 wedding
red wine 红酒
red ruin 火灾
red battle 血战
red sky 彩霞
2. 红色对中国人和英美人而言,会产生不同的理解和联想。
在翻译古典小说《红楼梦》时,英国翻译家David Hawkes认为书中的“红色”对汉语文化的人而言,表示喜庆、幸福、吉祥,但在英语国家的人眼中,绿色和金黄色具有类似的联想意义,而红色则意味着流血、危险或暴力。因此,他在翻译时涉及红色的词语时作了一定的变通处理:例如
Jiao Baoyu visits the Land of Illusion;
And the fairy Disenchantment performs the Dream of Golden Days.
贾宝玉神游太虚境,警幻仙曲演红楼梦。
贾宝玉品茶栊翠庵,刘姥姥醉卧怡红院。
Jia Baoyu tastes some superior tea at Green Bower Hermitage;
And Grannie Liu samples the sleeping accommodation at Green Delights.
注解:译者在翻译原文中的“红楼梦”和“怡红院”时没有选用red一词,而是分别译为Golden 和Green这两个虽然不同色彩,但对译语读者来说具有相近意义的颜色词。当然,这样的处理方法是否合适,是否有利于原文文化在译语中的再现,另当别论。不过,我们可以从中看出颜色词的延伸涵义对语言和翻译的影响。
1. green在英语中可以表示“嫉妒、眼红”,如:
绿色
green with envy,green as jealousy,green-eyed monster都是指“十分嫉妒”的意思。汉语中的“眼红”,应该翻译为green-eyed而不能翻译为red-eyed。
2. green在美国也指代“钱财、钞票、有经济实力”等,如:
3. 绿色还表示没有经验、缺乏训练、知识浅薄等意思,如:
In American political elections the candidates that win are usually the ones who have green power backing them.
在美国政治竞选中获胜的候选人通常都是些有财团支持的人物。
The new typist is green at her job.
刚来的打字员是个生手。
1. 黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。在英语中,yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思,例如:
a yellow dog 可鄙的人,卑鄙的人
a yellow livered 胆小鬼
He is too yellow to stand up and fight.他太软弱,不敢起来斗争。
黄色
例如,美国有些城市的出租车上标有“yellow”(而不是“taxi”)的字样,代表出租车,因为那里的出租车为黄颜色。如:
Yellow Pages 黄页 (电话号码簿,用黄纸印刷)
Yellow Book 黄皮书 (法国等国家的报告,用黄封面装帧)
yellow boy (俗)金币
2. 英语中黄色还用来作为事物的特定颜色
3. 汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思
pornographic(色情的)、vulgar(庸俗下流的)、obscene(猥亵的)等。然而,英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思,如blue jokes(下流的玩笑), blue films(黄色电影)等。
1. 蓝色(blue)在汉语中的引申意义较少,而在英语中blue是一个含义十分丰富的颜色词,常用来喻指人的“情绪低落”、“心情沮丧”、“忧愁苦闷”,如:
They felt rather blue after the failure in the football match.
蓝色
球赛踢输了,他们感到有些沮丧。
——She looks blue today. What’s the matter with her?
——She is in holiday blue.
她今天显得闷闷不乐,出了什么事情?
她得了假期忧郁症。
注解:holiday blue 相当于winter holiday depression,指冬季假期时,人困在家里,感到无聊寂寞时的心情或情绪。另一个同低落的情绪有关的词组是:a blue Monday(倒霉的星期一),指度过快乐的周末后,星期一又要上学或上班,所以情绪不好。
2. blue有时用来指“黄色的”、“下流的”意思,如:
blue talk 下流的言论
blue video 黄色录像
3. 有时blue又有社会地位高、出身名门的意义,如
blue blood(贵族血统)
4. 此外,blue在英语中与其它词汇搭配,还有另外的含义,如:
out of blue 意想不到
once in a blue 千载难逢
drink till all’s blue 一醉方休
白色(white)在汉语和英语的联想意义中都有纯洁和清白的意思,但也有一些含义上的不同。例如,汉民族文化中,白色与死亡、丧事相联系,如“红白喜事”中的“白”指丧事(funeral),表示哀悼。但在英语文化中,white表示幸福和纯洁,如新娘在婚礼上穿白色礼服,代表爱情的纯洁和婚姻的贞洁。
白色
1.英语中的white有时表达的含义,与汉语中的“白色”没有什么关系,如:
a white lie 善意的谎言
the white coffee 牛奶咖啡
white man 善良的人,有教养的人
white-livered 怯懦的
white elephant 昂贵又无用之物
2. 汉语中有些与“白”字搭配的词组,与英语white没有什么联系,而是表达另外的含义:
plain boiled water
Chinese cabbage
wrongly written or mispronounced character
no use
all in vain
白开水
白菜
白字
白搭
白费事
黑色(black)在英语和汉语两种语言文化中的联系意义大致相同。例如,黑色是悲哀的颜色,英美人在葬礼上穿黑色服装,中国人在葬礼上戴黑纱。英语中的Black Friday 指耶稣在复活节前受难的星期五,是悲哀的日子。
黑色
黑心 evil mind
backstage manipulator黑幕
black sheep 害群之马
black day 凶日
black future 暗淡的前途
1. black在英语中还象征气愤和恼怒
如: black in the face 脸色铁青
to look black at someone 怒目而视
2. 黑色在汉语和英语中都有“阴险”、“”的含义,不过翻译时不一定用“黑”或“black” 的字眼,例如:
除上面所提到的各种联想意义外,颜色词还与历史、社会、经济等现象有关系,表现出一定的社会属性,例如:
历史方面:
to raise to the purple 升为红衣主教
to be born in the purple 生于帝王之家
to marry into the purple 与皇室或贵族联姻
社会方面:
blue-collar workers 蓝领阶层,指普通体力劳动者
grey-collar workers 灰领阶层,指服务行业的职员
white-collar workers 白领阶层,指接受过专门技术教育的脑力劳动者
pink-collar workers 粉领阶层,指职业妇女群体
golden-collar personnel 金领阶层,指既有专业技能又懂管理和营销的人才
经济方面:
red ink 赤字
in the black 盈利
white goods 白色货物,指冰箱、洗衣机等外壳为白色的家电产品
brown goods 棕色货物,指电视、录音机、音响等外壳为棕色的电子产品
V. 社交礼节上的不同
你辛苦了
You must have had a tiring journey. You must be tired from a long trip?长途旅行之后
Well done! That was a hard job. You’ve got a hard job.刚刚完成一项艰难的任务
关于“吃”的文化
英语民族的人不论在乡村还是在城市,见面时喜欢谈天气,说“Lovely weather, isn‘t it”之类的话,汉译成“你好哇!”也末尝不可,因为根据英美习惯,这无非是一句最方便、最不得罪人的见面语。
在我国早有"民以食为天''这一吃饭问题最大的思想,因而吃饭问题也就成了人们经常挂在口头的话题。人们见面时爱说"吃过了吗?""吃饭了吗?",河南农民在村头田边远远看见路过的陌生人爱说"吸烟吧""喝茶吧"之类的话。在多数情况下,说话人并不十分关心别人是不是吃了饭或喝不喝茶,而只是一种招呼罢了。中国人听到这些问话也只是回答说"吃了"或"不啦,不啦",实际上是个应酬,表示谢谢问话人的关怀或热情。
这样的对话如果译成英文只说“A: How do you do? B: How do you do?”或“A: Hi! B: Hi!"就行了。如果将A的问话改译成"Have you had you meal?"如果被问者B是英语民族的人,他心理上首先的反应是:"Yes, I have."或"No, l haven't"或"Do you mean to invite me to dinner?"由于这种文化上的差异,汉语中所出现的许多围绕"吃饭"问题所形成的词语,在英语中就很难找到字面对应的表达法,
饭桶 good- for-nothing
吃不开 be unpopular
吃不了兜着走 land oneself in serious trouble
吃不消 be unable to stand
吃不住 be unable to bear or support
吃老本 live off one's past gains
吃软不吃硬 be open to persuasion but not to coercion
吃闲饭 lead an idle life
吃香 be very popular
Translation Strategy of Cultural Transposition
In both Chinese and English, especially in idioms, proverbs, slang and dialects, there are a number of culture-specific terms or culture-loaded words with rich cultural connotation and meaning. The translation of these words should follow the basic principles:
Try to render the cultural traits of the original words as much as possible;
Try to take the target culture and the target readers’ acceptability into account.
VI. 翻译方法
A. Transplantation (移植法)
On translating the culture-loaded words and sentences, we’d better adopt the transplantation to retain their figurative features if possible.
Teach a pig to play on a flute
直译:教猪吹笛
意译:对牛弹琴
Flog a dead horse
直译:鞭打死马
意译:做无用功
“Why not? ‘Beauty lies in the lover’s eyes,’ as the saying goes,” Mr. Taft answered with a gentle smile.
塔夫先生温和地笑道:“有啥大惊小怪的?俗话说得好:‘情人眼里出西施’。”
试比较翻译:情人眼里出美人。
I am glad for my own sake, that he is not as black as he is painted.
我为自己感到高兴,他并不像画的那么黑。
(The English idiom: not so black as one is painted/不像传说的那么坏)
他并不像人们所说的那么坏/心那么黑。
Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers, who feuded bitterly over control of the family business, Charles Krug Winery.
(The English idiom: Blood is thicker than water)
译文1:查尔斯·库勒格酿酒厂使蒙特维兄弟忘了手足之情, 他们为争夺这份家业而结怨成仇。
译文2:对于蒙特维兄弟来说,酒浓于血,他们为了争夺查尔斯·库勒格酿酒厂这份家业,而斗得不可开交。
B. Borrowing (借用法)
Borrowing means that the ready idioms in the target language are borrowed to render the idioms in the source language.
(a). Render the idioms in the source language with the same or similar idioms in the target language.
a bolt from the blue / 晴天霹雳
castle in the air / 空中楼阁
like father, like son / 有其父必有其子
Walls have ears / 隔墙有耳
Habit is second nature / 习惯成自然
(b). Render the idioms in the source language with the idioms in the target language which are the same in meaning but not the same in form as the former.
have an axe to grind / 别有用心
leave no stone unturned / 千方百计,想方设法
Great minds think alike / 英雄所见略同
The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak / 心有余而力不足
The instances of Chinese idioms and English idioms with similarity in form but difference in meaning:
pull one’s leg / 拖后腿 / 取笑某人
eat one’s words / 食言/ 收回前言,承认错误
Self do, self take /自作自受/ 自己做事,自己承担
C. Alteration (改动法)
Due to the disparity between English and Chinese languages and cultures, some of the culture-loaded English expressions can only be altered to convey the original message to the target reader, mostly through free translation or paraphrase.
He is a frugal man; the furnishings of his home are truly Spartan.
他非常俭朴,家中的陈设也像斯巴达人那样简陋。
他非常俭朴,家中的陈设真实简陋。
Translation of the words “狗” and “龙”:
Ex.1: 走狗 / a running dog / a flunky or lackey
Ex.2: 望子成龙/ long to see one’s son succeed in life (i.e.,win success
in the world)/ long to see one’s son
become a dragon
Ex.3 The dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone.
你说别人坏话,他也会说你的坏活 (注解:在译成汉语时,其中的字面形象 dog、bone都不 能直译,只能舍弃它的字面意义和形象意义,译出隐含意义。)
Ex.4 We still love each other very much ,but we fight like cat and dog.
我们常吵吵闹闹,但仍很相爱。
Translation of greeting words:
Ex.1: English greeting: “Lovely weather,isn’t it?”
Chinese translation: “你好啊!”
Ex.2: Chinese greetings: “吃了吗?!”/ “抽烟吧?!”/ “家 里坐会儿?”/ “带钱了
吗?”/ “一块吃吧?!”
English translation: How do you do?! / Hi!
Case Study:
Translation of Advertisement
It is also true that advertising plays a determining part in spreading and consolidating cultural habits.
(1) Learn about foreign culture and foreigners’
aesthetic psychology
Ex.1: 口红商标 “芳芳” / 翻译: “Fangfang”
中文联想:花容月貌的女子
英文联想:张牙舞爪的恶狗和毒蛇
The word “fang” means:
a. a long, sharp tooth of a dog
b. a snake’s poison-tooth
Ex.2: 电池商标“白象”/ 翻译:“White Elephant”
The English phrase “a white elephant” means a burdensome possession or something useless
Ex.3: 香皂商标“蜜蜂”/翻译 “Bees”
Most English people are sensitive to the villus on the bee’s body, so they would feel it uncomfortable to see the brand of the soap.
Ex.4: 闹钟商标“金鸡牌”/翻译“Golden Cock”
It is easy for Westerners to associate it with something sexual. So it is better to translate the brand as “Rooster”.
(2) It is necessary sometimes to make alterations in translation so as to truthfully convey the original message to the target reader
Ex.1: 商标 “玉兔” 英译:Jade Rabbit / Moon Rabbit
Ex.2: 杭州藕粉 英译:Lotus Root Starch / Powder / Pudding
Ex.3: 轻身减肥片 英译:Obesity(肥胖)-reducing Tablets/ Slimming Pills
VI. 翻译方法
1. 直译
Easy come, easy go. 来得容易,去得快.
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁.
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧.
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马.
雪中送炭 to offer fuel in snowy weather
一人得道,鸡犬 even the dog swaggers when its master win favor
瓜田李下 Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch,nor your hat under a plum tree。
2. 意译
有些习语由于文化因素的影响,在翻译时无法保留原语的字面意义和形象意义,可将原文的形象更换成另一个译文读者所熟悉的形象,从而转达出原文的语用目的。
When in Rome,do as the Romans do.
入乡随俗; 到什么山,唱什么歌.
望子成龙 to expect one’s son to become an outstanding personage
a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁
天有不测风云 Something unexpected may happen any time.
(注解:若把它的字面意义和形象意义毫不保留地译成英语,会使英文读者不知所云,因为汉语中“风云”的文化含义一般的西方人很难理解,若把它的隐含意义译出,就会一目了然) Achilles’heel若直译为“阿克勒斯的脚后跟”并不能让大多数人理解,而译出它的隐含意义“唯一致命的弱点”更恰当。)
The dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone.你说别人坏话,他也会说你的坏活
(注解:在译成汉语时,其中的字面形象dog、bone都不能直译,只能舍弃它的字面意义和形象意义,译出隐含意义。)
We still love each other very much ,but we fight like cat and dog. 我们常吵吵闹闹,但仍很相爱。
Exercises:
1. Bright red costumes, with hats, shoes and stockings to match, are to be all the craze in the Spring. Smart women will have to be careful not to yawn in the streets in case some short-sighted person is on his way to post a letter.
鲜红的衣服,配上红色帽子、鞋子和袜子,今春流行一身红艳的打扮。时髦女郎可要小心点罗,别在大街上打哈欠,万一碰上某近视者正好要去邮局寄信。
2. 中国做父母的一般都有望子成龙或望女成凤之心。
A. Parents in China would long to see their sons become dragons or their daughters become phoenixes. *
B. Parents in China, almost as a rule, would long to see their children succeed in life./ … win success in the world.
3. 我们结束了吃大锅饭的日子。
A. Gone are the days when we ate from the same big pot.
B. Workers and employees can no longer get the same pay as they used to----- “eating from the same big pot”* ( *It is a misguided kind of economic equalitarianism. Under this equalitarianism, among units or individuals, those who work hard and those who loaf are treated similarly, as are those who do a good job and those who do a poor job.)
4. 夏练三伏,冬练三九。
A. Do training in three fu in summer and in three jiu in winter.
B. Carry on training in the hottest and coldest parts of the year.
C. In summer keep exercising during the hottest days; in winter do the same during the coldest weather.
5. …两块胛骨高高突出,印出一个阳文八字。—— 鲁迅 《药》
…and his shoulder blades stuck out so sharply, and an inverted V seemed stamped there.
Practice:
Translate the following passage:
弹指十年
十年以前同学见面,大家说进步,学习进步;十年以后同学见面,大家说发财,恭喜发财。
十年以前我的生活至少会有10种可能;十年以后我知道我的生活只有2种可能——晚上回家吃饭和晚上不回家吃饭。
十年以前一个写诗的学长与我促膝谈心,告诉我文学是一个好东西;十年以后做了老板的他又与我促膝谈心,告诉我钱是好东西。
Key:
The Difference A Decade Makes
Ten years ago when we former schoolmates met, we’d wish each other progress in studies. Now we will say, “Wish you prosperity” or “Wish you success in making money.”
A decade ago, I had at least ten different ways of living my life. Now I know of only two different possibilities---- going back in the evening and eating at home, or not doing so.
A decade ago one of my very respectable former schoolmates, a poet, had a heart-to-heart talk with me and told me that literature was a very wonderful thing. Now, a boss, he tells me in a tete-a-tete that money is a good thing.