
令人不快的事实
A discarded丢弃的 toilet bowl马桶 lies on a pile of rubble 碎石推in Tongzhou, a Beijing suburb which is busily remodelling itself as (重新塑造为)a “modern” and “international” city. On one side of the railway, a string of 一连串single-storey dwellings,平民房 built of brick and tile, 瓦砖have yet但是 to be demolished(马上将被抹平). Their occ upants居民 make the most of the surrounding debris,残片 loading装进 bent window frames onto the back of bicycles to be sold as scrap.废料 On the other side of the tracks轨道 tower(V. 矗立着) new blocks of flats, more than 20 storeys high, waiting for their first residents.
在北京的通州区,一个丢弃的马桶躺在一堆碎石上,这座城市正忙于打造成为一个集 现代和国际化为一体的大都市。在城市的一边,你会看到一片马上将被抹平的瓦砖平民房,这里的居民充分利用这些丢弃的残片,把丢弃的弯曲窗框放在车尾,然后当做废料卖出去。另一方面,你会看到一栋栋高达20层的公寓耸立在城市的另一端,似乎在等待着它的第一位主人入住。
Tongzhou’s new flats are one example of the property boom in China, where 1.87 billion square metres of living space 住房面积were under construction in the first quarter of this year, 36% more than a year earlier. The boom has resonated widely(引起广泛共振). Banks have expanded their mortgage-books briskly; local governments are filling their coffers by (靠卖地填满他们的小金库)selling land to developers or to the “urban investment vehicles” 投资工具they sponsor. Property and construction represent about 10% of China’s GDP, not counting the consumer goods日常消费品 that homebuying inspires, such as the quilts被褥 and curtain rails 窗帘导轨on sale 廉价售出in Tongzhou’s market.
中国的第一季度,有18.7亿的住房面积正在建造中,通州新耸立起来的公寓是中国房地产蓬勃发展的一个缩影。这种现象在社会已经引起广泛共振。如银行积极地开展信贷业务,当地靠卖地给开发商来填满他们的小金库,又或者是他们提倡的金融工具。房地产和基建对我国GDP贡献10%左右,这还没有算上由购房引起的日消品热销,在通州,大量的被褥和窗帘导轨被贱价抛售就是一个例子。
Home prices in 70 Chinese cities rose by 12.8% in the year to April, according to China’s National Bureau of Statistics. 国家统计局That was a record, and probably an understatement(保守的说法). The bureau also counts the total sales value销售价值 of homes房屋—384.6 billion yuan ($56.3 billion) in April—and the floorspace(楼面面积) sold (72.4m square metres). Dividing one by the other gives an alternative选择性的 gauge of prices(价格尺度), which increased by almost 18% nationally in the year to April and by over 95% in Beijing (see chart 1).
根据国家统计局颁布的数据,至今年四月,全国有70座城市的房价上涨了12.8%。这很可能只是比较保守的记录。国统局还计算出在四月份,房屋的总销售价值——3846亿元(即563亿美元),销售的楼面面积达7.24亿平方米。可供选择的房屋价格尺度,可以区分一项接着一项的数据,今年至四月我国的房产价格几乎增长了18%,北京则高达95%。
But China’s policymakers 决策者seem determined to disappoint fortune-hunters. 财产的猎取者In April they imposed new curbs on(颁布措施) housing speculation,投机行为 raising down-payment(分期付款首付) 首期付款requirements and mortgage rates. 贷款率In some property hotspots, 房产热点区out-of-towners外地人 cannot get a mortgage until they have paid local taxes 当地税for at least a year. Buyers must make at least a 50% down payment on a second home, even if it is their first mortgage. In Beijing they cannot buy a third home,第三套住房 even with their own money.
但国家的决策者似乎要让这些投机商失望。在四月,国家颁布了对房地产投机行为的措施,其中,提高了首期付款的门槛和贷款率。在一些房地产热点区,外地人一定要交够一年的当地税费,才被允许贷款。买房者如果想买第二套房子,首付率必须为50%以上,即使这是他们的首次贷款。北京(则更严格),即使是不用贷款,自己掏钱的买主也是不允许再买第三套房子的。
The measures seem to be working. Stephen Green of Standard Chartered 上海渣打银行的高级经济学家王志浩reckons估计 that prices of new homes fell by over 20% on average in the first week of May in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, although he cautions告诫 that this may reflect the mix of homes on offer(在售), as developers keep their best properties 性能off the market for now. In Tongzhou, prices have fallen by 13.4% since mid-April, according to the Beijing Times. 北京时报The worry now is that a bursting property财产 bubble激增的房地产泡沫 might do damage to China’s lenders, ruin local exchequers(地方财政) and cast a pall over(投下阴影) its economy—and the countries which sell to it.
决策者的措施似乎凑效了。上海渣打银行的高级经济学家王志浩估计五月 第一周, 北京、深圳和上海一手房的房价平均将跌至20%以下,尽管他告诫说,这也会混杂着在售的房屋,因为以现在的情形,开发商们尽量降低市场的最优性能。根据北京时报报道,自四月份以来,通州的房价已跌至13.4%。而现在的担忧是激增额房地产泡沫可能对我国的债权人和当地财政部产生不良后果,从而影响当地的经济,特别是销售方。
In China’s biggest cities, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou, prices did rise too far and too fast. To buy a 100-square-metre home in the capital, the average Beijing household must now spend 17 years’ income.
在中国一些大城市,比如北京、上海、深圳和通州,房价的确是上升的得快太过火了。首都的职工阶层想在当地买一套100平方米的住宅,平均得花上17年时间才能筹够资金。
Across the country as a whole, home prices are nine times the average income of urban households. But China’s property market does not yet serve the average household, as Tao Wang of UBS (United Bank of Switzerland)瑞士银行points out. Many city-dwellers城市居民 live in dormitories provided by their companies or flats obtained from their state-owned国有的 employers after a 1998 reform, which privatised私有化 much of the housing stock(住房总数). Since then, only 48m homes have been sold on the market, Ms Wang estimates, in a country with 215m urban households. If the first customers were also the richest, then China’s property market has so far served only the top 20-30% of households.
总的来说,全国的房价是城市家庭的平均收入的九倍,然而 正如瑞士银行的TaoWang指出,很多城市居民住在公司提供的宿舍,或者是住在自98年改革后,国家分配的房子,这就令大多数的住房私有化了。因此,王先生估计,自从实行改革以来,一个国家本有21500万城市居民,但在市场上销售的却只有4800万 套房子。如果第一个买主又是很富有的,那么,到目前为止,中国的房产行业只是为20%—30%的家庭服务。
China’s homebuyers also include a younger generation who missed out on the 1998 windfall (described by Andy Rothman of CLSA, a brokerage, as the “largest one-time 曾经,一度transfer of wealth in the history of the world”). But thanks to China’s “one-child” policy, a newly married couple can count on依靠 the undivided support(全力支持) of their parents to buy a new flat. That makes China’s home prices look more affordable.
中国的买房群体中,包括了新一代的年轻人,他们曾错过1998年的发横财的机会(法国里昂证券的Andy描述这是,在全世界范围内最大规模的一次财富转移)尽管如此,多亏中国实行的“只生一个”的,现在的新婚夫妇买房可以依靠他们的父母,获得他们的资金支持。这从另一方面,说明中国的房款支付比较有保证。
