音频
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a news report to your campus newspaper on a volunteer activity organized by your Student Union to assist elderly people in the neighborhood. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
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Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.
1. A) He set a record by swimming to and from an island.
B) He celebrated the ninth birthday on a small island.
C) He visited a prison located on a faraway island.
D) He swam around an island near San Francisco.
2. A) He doubled the reward.
B) He cheered him on all the way.
C) He set him an example.
D) He had the event covered on TV.
Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.
3. A) To end the one-child policy.
B) To encourage late marriage.
C) To increase working efficiency.
D) To give people more time to travel.
4. A) They will not be welcomed by young people.
B) They will help to popularize early marriage.
C) They will boost China’s economic growth.
D) They will not come into immediate effect.
Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.
5. A) Cleaning service in great demand all over the world.
B) Two ladies giving up well-paid jobs to do cleaning.
C) A new company to clean up the mess after parties.
D) Cleaners gainfully employed at nights and weekends.
6. A) It takes a lot of time to prepare.
B) It leaves the house in a mess.
C) It makes party goers exhausted.
D) It creates noise and misconduct.
7. A) Hire an Australian lawyer.
B) Visit the US and Canada.
C) Settle a legal dispute.
D) Expand their business.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.
Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
8. A) He had a driving lesson.
B) He got his driver’s license.
C) He took the driver’s theory exam.
D) He passed the driver’s road test.
9. A) He was not well prepared.
B) He did not get to the exam in time.
C) He was not used to the test format.
D) He did not follow the test procedure.
10. A) They are tough.
B) They are costly.
C) They are helpful.
D) They are too short.
11. A) Pass his road test the first time.
B) Test-drive a few times on highways.
C) Find an experienced driving instructor.
D) Earn enough money for driving lessons.
Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
12. A) Where the woman studies.
B) The acceptance rate at Leeds.
C) Leeds’ tuition for international students.
D) How to apply for studies at a university.
13. A) Apply to an American university.
B) Do research on higher education.
C) Perform in a famous musical.
D) Pursue postgraduate studies.
14. A) His favorable recommendations.
B) His outstanding musical talent.
C) His academic excellence.
D) His unique experience.
15. A) Do a master’s degree.
B) Settle down in England.
C) Travel widely.
D) Teach overseas.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) They help farmers keep diseases in check.
B) Many species remain unknown to scientists.
C) Only a few species cause trouble to humans.
D) They live in incredibly well-organized colonies.
17. A) They are larger than many other species.
B) They can cause damage to people’s homes.
C) They can survive a long time without water.
D) They like to form colonies in electrical units.
18. A) Deny them access to any food.
B) Keep doors and windows shut.
C) Destroy their colonies close by.
D) Refrain from eating sugary food.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19. A) The function of the human immune system.
B) The cause of various auto-immune diseases.
C) The viruses that may infect the human immune system.
D) The change in people’s immune system as they get older.
20. A) Report their illnesses.
B) Offer blood samples.
C) Act as research assistants.
D) Help to interview patients.
21. A) Strengthening people’s immunity to infection.
B) Better understanding patients’ immune system.
C) Helping improve old people’s health conditions.
D) Further reducing old patients’ medical expenses.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22. A) His students had trouble getting on with each other.
B) A lot of kids stayed at school to do their homework.
C) His students were struggling to follow his lessons.
D) A group of kids were playing chess after school.
23. A) Visit a chess team in Nashville.
B) Join the school’s chess team.
C) Participate in a national chess competition.
D) Receive training for a chess competition.
24. A) Most of them come from low-income families.
B) Many have become national chess champions.
C) A couple of them have got involved in crimes.
D) Many became chess coaches after graduation.
25. A) Actions speak louder than words.
B) Think twice before taking action.
C) Translate their words into action.
D) Take action before it gets too late.
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has 26from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming to life.
In a 27 to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced 28 that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road.
“Michigan’s 29 in auto research and development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to 30 our leadership in transportation. We can’t let that happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead 31 of four bills recently introduced.
If all four bills pass as written, they would 32 a substantial update of Michigan’s 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturers would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set up on-demand 33 of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building.
Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In 34, California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more 35 rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and ban commercial use of self-driving technology.
A) bid
B) contrast
C) deputy
D) dominance
E) fleets
F) knots
G) legislation
H) migrated
I) replace
J) represent
K) restrictive
L) reward
M) significant
N) sponsor
O) transmitted
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How Work Will Change When Most of Us Live to 100
A) Today in the United States there are 72,000 centenarians(百岁老人). Worldwide, probably 450,000. If current trends continue, then by 2050 there will be more than a million in the US alone. According to the work of Professor James Vaupel and his co-researchers, 50% of babies born in the US in 2007 have a life expectancy of 104 or more. Broadly the same holds for the UK, Germany, France, Italy and Canada, and for Japan 50% of 2007 babies can expect to live to 107.
B) Understandably, there are concerns about what this means for public finances given the associated health and pension challenges. These challenges are real, and society urgently needs to address them. But it is also important to look at the wider picture of what happens when so many people live for 100 years. It is a mistake to simply equate longevity(长寿) with issues of old age. Longer lives have implications for all of life, not just the end of it.
C) Our view is that if many people are living for longer, and are healthier for longer, then this will result in an inevitable redesign of work and life. When people live longer, they are not only older for longer, but also younger for longer. There is some truth in the saying that “70 is the new 60” or “40 the new 30.” If you age more slowly over a longer time period, then you are in some sense younger for longer.
D) But the changes go further than that. Take, for instance, the age at which people make commitments such as buying a house, getting married, having children, or starting a career. These are all fundamental commitments that are now occurring later in life. In 1962, 50% of Americans were married by age 21. By 2014, that milestone(里程碑) had shifted to age 29.
E) While there are numerous factors behind these shifts, one factor is surely a growing realization for the young that they are going to live longer. Options are more valuable the longer they can be held. So if you believe you will live longer, then options become more valuable, and early commitment becomes less attractive. The result is that the commitments that previously characterized the beginning of adulthood are now being delayed, and new patterns of behavior and a new stage of life are emerging for those in their twenties.
F) Longevity also pushes back the age of retirement, and not only for financial reasons. Yes, unless people are prepared to save a lot more, our calculations suggest that if you are now in your mid-40s, then you are likely to work until your early 70s; and if you are in your early 20s, there is a real chance you will need to work until your late 70s or possibly even into your 80s. But even if people are able to economically support a retirement at 65, over thirty years of potential inactivity is harmful to cognitive(认知的) and emotional vitality. Many people may simply not want to do it.
G) And yet that does not mean that simply extending our careers is appealing. Just lengthening that second stage of full-time work may secure the financial assets needed for a 100-year life, but such persistent work will inevitably exhaust precious intangible assets such as productive skills, vitality, happiness, and friendship.
H) The same is true for education. It is impossible that a single shot of education, administered in childhood and early adulthood, will be able to support a sustained, 60-year career. If you factor in the projected rates of technological change, either your skills will become unnecessary, or your industry outdated. That means that everyone will, at some point in their life, have to make a number of major reinvestments in their skills.
I) It seems likely, then, that the traditional three-stage life will evolve into multiple stages containing two, three, or oven more different careers. Each of these stages could potentially be different. In one the focus could be on building financial success and personal achievement, in another on creating a better work/life balance, still another on exploring and understanding options more fully, or becoming an independent producer, yet another on making a social contribution. These stages will span sectors, take people to different cities, and provide a foundation for building a wide variety of skills.
J) Transitions between stages could be marked with sabbaticals(休假) as people find time to rest and recharge their health, re-invest in their relationships, or improve their skills. At times, these breaks and transitions will be self-determined, at others they will be forced as existing roles, firms, or industries cease to exist.
K) A multi-stage life will have profound changes not just in how you manage your career, but also in your approach to life. An increasingly important skill will be your ability to deal with change and even welcome it. A three-stage life has few transitions, while a multi-stage life has many. That is why being self-aware, investing in broader networks of friends, and being open to new ideas will become even more crucial skills.
L) These multi-stage lives will create extraordinary variety across groups of people simply because there are so many ways of sequencing the stages. More stages mean more possible sequences.
M) With this variety will come the end of the close association of age and stage. In a three-stage life, people leave university at the same time and the same age, they tend to start their careers and family at the same age, they proceed through middle management all roughly the same time, and then move into retirement within a few years of each other. In a multi-stage life, you could be an undergraduate at 20, 40, or 60; a manager at 30, 50, or 70; and become an independent producer at any age.
N) Current life structures, career paths, educational choices, and social norms are out of tune with the emerging reality of longer lifespans. The three-stage life of full-time education, followed by continuous work, and then complete retirement may have worked for our parents or even grandparents, but it is not relevant today. We believe that to focus on longevity as primarily an issue of aging is to miss its full implications. Longevity is not necessarily about being older for longer. It is about living longer, being older later, and being younger longer.
36. An extended lifespan in the future will allow people to have more careers than now.
37. Just extending one’s career may have both positive and negative effects.
38. Nowadays, many Americans have on average delayed their marriage by some eight years.
39. Because of their longer lifespan, young people today no longer follow the pattern of life of their parents or grandparents.
40. Many more people will be expected to live over 100 by the mid-21st century.
41. A longer life will cause radical changes in people’s approach to life.
42. Fast technological change makes it necessary for one to constantly upgrade their skills.
43. Many people may not want to retire early because it would do harm to their mental and emotional well-being.
44. The close link between age and stage may cease to exist in a multi-stage life.
45. People living a longer and healthier life will have to rearrange their work and life.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
In the classic marriage vow(誓约), couples promise to stay together in sickness and in health. But a new study finds that the risk of divorce among older couples rises when the wife—not the husband—becomes seriously ill.
“Married women diagnosed with a serious health condition may find themselves struggling with the impact of their disease while also experiencing the stress of divorce,” said researcher Amelia Karraker.
Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham analyzed 20 years of data on 2,717 marriages from a study conducted by Indiana University since 1992. At the time of the first interview, at least one of the partners was over the age of 50.
The researchers examined how the onset(发生) of four serious physical illnesses affected marriages. They found that, overall, 31% of marriages ended in divorce over the period studied. The incidence of new chronic(慢性的) illness onset increased over time as well, with more husbands than wives developing serious health problems.
“We found that women are doubly vulnerable to marital break-up in the face of illness,” Karraker said. “They’re more likely to be widowed, and if they’re the ones who become ill, they’re more likely to get divorced.”
While the study didn’t assess why divorce is more likely when wives but not husbands become seriously ill, Karraker offers a few possible reasons. “Gender norms and social expectations about caregiving may make it more difficult for men to provide care to sick spouses,” Karraker said. “And because of the imbalance in marriage markets, especially in older ages, divorced men have more choices among prospective partners than divorced women.”
Given the increasing concern about health care costs for the aging population, Karraker believes policymakers should be aware of the relationship between disease and risk of divorce.
“Offering support services to spouses caring for their other halves may reduce marital stress and prevent divorce at older ages,” she said. “But it’s also important to recognize that the pressure to divorce may be health-related and that sick ex-wives may need additional care and services to prevent worsening health and increased health costs.”
46. What can we learn about marriage vows from the passage?
A) They may not guarantee a lasting marriage.
B) They are as binding as they used to be.
C) They are not taken seriously any more.
D) They may help couples tide over hard times.
47. What did Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find about elderly husbands?
A) They are generally not good at taking care of themselves.
B) They can become increasingly vulnerable to serious illnesses.
C) They can develop different kinds of illnesses just like their wives.
D) They are more likely to contract serious illnesses than their wives.
48. What does Karraker say about women who fall ill?
A) They are more likely to be widowed.
B) They are more likely to get divorced.
C) They are less likely to receive good care.
D) They are less likely to bother their spouses.
49. Why is it more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses according to Karraker?
A) They are more accustomed to receiving care.
B) They find it more important to make money for the family.
C) They think it more urgent to fulfill their social obligations.
D) They expect society to do more of the job.
50. What does Karraker think is also important?
A) Reducing marital stress on wives.
B) Stabilizing old couples’ relations.
C) Providing extra care for divorced women.
D) Making men pay for their wives’ health costs.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
If you were like most children, you probably got upset when your mother called you by a sibling’s(兄弟姐妹的) name. How could she not know you? Did it mean she loved you less?
Probably not. According to the first research to tackle this topic head-on, misnaming the most familiar people in our life is a common cognitive(认知的) error that has to do with how our memories classify and store familiar names.
The study, published online in April in the journal Memory and Cognition, found that the “wrong” name is not random but is invariably fished out from the same relationship pond: children, siblings, friends. The study did not examine the possibility of deep psychological significance to the mistake, says psychologist David Rubin, “but it does tell us who’s in and who’s out of the group.”
The study also found that within that group, misnamings occurred where the names shared initial or internal sounds, like Jimmy and Joanie or John and Bob. Physical resemblance between people was not a factor. Nor was gender.
The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than 1,700 people. Some of the surveys included only college students; others were done with a mixed-age population. Some asked subjects about incidents where someone close to them—family or friend—had called them by another person’s name. The other surveys asked about times when subjects had themselves called someone close to them by the wrong name. All the surveys found that people mixed up names within relationship groups such as grandchildren, friends and siblings but hardly ever crossed these boundaries.
In general, the study found that undergraduates were almost as likely as old people to make this mistake and men as likely as women. Older people and women made the mistake slightly more often, but that may be because grandparents have more grandchildren to mix up than parents have children. Also, mothers may call on their children more often than fathers, given traditional gender norms. There was no evidence that errors occurred more when the misnamer was frustrated, tired or angry.
51. How might people often feel when they were misnamed?
A) Unwanted.
B) Unhappy.
C) Confused.
D) Indifferent.
52. What did David Rubin’s research find about misnaming?
A) It is related to the way our memories work.
B) It is a possible indicator of a faulty memory.
C) It occurs mostly between kids and their friends.
D) It often causes misunderstandings among people.
53. What is most likely the cause of misnaming?
A) Similar personality traits.
B) Similar spellings of names.
C) Similar physical appearance.
D) Similar pronunciation of names.
54. What did the surveys of more than 1,700 subjects find about misnaming?
A) It more often than not hurts relationships.
B) It hardly occurs across gender boundaries.
C) It is most frequently found in extended families.
D) It most often occurs within a relationship group.
55. Why do mothers misname their children more often than fathers?
A) They suffer more frustrations.
B) They become worn out more often.
C) They communicate more with their children.
D) They generally take on more work at home.
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
灯笼起源于东汉,最初主要用于照明。在唐代,人们用红灯笼来庆祝安定的生活。从那时起,灯笼在中国的许多地方流行起来。灯笼通常用色彩鲜艳的薄纸制作,形状和尺寸各异。在中国传统文化中,红灯笼象征生活美满和生意兴隆,通常在春节、元宵节和国庆节等节日期间悬挂。如今,世界上许多其他地方也能看到红灯笼。
2019年6月大学英语四级考试真题精解(第一套)
Part I Writing
【范文评注】
On June 15, to enrich students’ extracurricular life and show their caring to the elderly, the Student Union organized a volunteer activity to assist elderly people in the neighborhood, and dozens of students in various majors attended the activity.1
Here are more details about this activity.2With the help of the staff in the neighborhood committee, we got in touch with the elderly in the neighborhood when we got there at about 2:00 p.m. Every two volunteers took care of one elderly man, chatting with them and cleaning their rooms. After getting quite familiar with each other, we gave them enjoyable performances, including singing, dancing and crosstalks, all receiving a big applause from the elderly. At last, we took photos with them for good memories. In the late afternoon, we left for our university.3
The visit left a special and profound impression on each participant.4 Within just three hours of volunteering, students felt a stronger sense of responsibility to care about the elderly and the significance of respecting them.5
1. 在英文中,新闻报道一般采用“倒三角”的写作模式,也称“倒金字塔结构”,开篇往往用一句话介绍完新闻主题(常常包括人物、时间、地点、事件),用以吸引读者或听众的兴趣,其余段落介绍相关细节。
2. 过渡性语句,用以承上启下,开始向读者介绍新闻的具体细节。
3. 按照时间顺序和志愿者活动安排的顺序介绍照顾老人的具体细节。
4. 对此次志愿者活动进行总结。
5. 进一步揭示此次活动的意义。
【译文】
6月15日,为了丰富学生们的课余生活,表达他们对老人的关爱,我校学生会组织了一次志愿者活动,帮助附近的老人,有数十位来自不同专业的学生参加了这次活动。
下面是关于这次活动的更多细节。下午两点左右到达之后,在居委会工作人员的帮助下,我们与附近的老人取得了联系。每两位志愿者照顾一位老人,与他们交谈,帮助他们清扫屋子。在双方熟悉起来之后,我们给他们表演了有趣的节目,包括唱歌、跳舞和说相声,所有节目都赢得了老人的热烈掌声。最后,我们与老人合影留念。在下午晚些时候,我们离开返回学校。
这次拜访给每位参与者都留下了特别而又深刻的印象。在短短三个小时的志愿者活动中,学生们有了更强烈的关爱老人的责任感,更深刻地感受到尊敬老人的意义。
【要点用法】
enrich 使丰富
dozens of 数十个
good memory 美好回忆
extracurricular life 课余生活
with the help of 在……的帮助下
leave for 前往
caring 关爱
take care of 照顾,照料
leave an impression on 给……留下印象
the elderly 老年人
get familiar with 与……变得熟悉
volunteer 志愿者
enjoyable 令人愉快的,有乐趣的
profound 深刻的
assist 帮助,协助
crosstalk 相声
sense of responsibility 责任感
in the neighborhood 附近,周围
receive a big applause 赢得热烈掌声
significance 意义
【句法点评】
1. The visit left a special and profound impression on each participant.
句中采用了一个固定结构,即leave an impression on...意为“给……留下印象”,impression前面常常用profound、big、deep、strong等修饰,以增强语气,on后面一般接“某人”,该句型常用来对某项活动进行总结和点评,是此类新闻报道的常用句型之一。
2. Within just three hours of volunteering, students felt a stronger sense of responsibility to care about the elderly and the significance of respecting them.
句中使用了一个常用搭配,即felt a stronger sense of responsibility,意为“感受到了更强烈的责任感”,to care about...为不定式短语,充当responsibility的后置定语。
Part II Listening Comprehension
Section A
News Report One
【听力原文】
[1] A nine-year-old central California boy braved strong currents and cold water to swim from San Francisco to Alcatraz Island and back. A California television station in Fresno reported Tuesday that James Savage set a record as the youngest swimmer to make the journey to the former prison. The TV station reported that by completing the swim the fourth-grade student from Los Banos broke a record previously held by a ten-year-old boy. James said that waves in the San Francisco Bay hitting him in the face 30 minutes into his swim made him want to give up. His father said he had offered his son 100 dollars as a reward. [2] To encourage his struggling son he doubled it to 200 dollars. James pushed forward, making it to Alcatraz Island and back in a little more than two hours. Alcatraz is over a mile from the mainland.
1.What did the boy from central California do according to the report?
2.What did the father do to encourage his son?
【听前预测】
利用播放答题导语的时间,快速浏览每道题的四个选项。由选项关键词set a record、swimming、island、San Francisco等可知,本则新闻很可能是关于创造游泳纪录的,且涉及岛屿和旧金山地区,听音时应侧重这些方面。
1. A
【做题提示】四个选项都是以he做主语的陈述句。四个选项都包含island,其中两项跟游泳有关(swimming to and from、swam around)。听到问题后立刻回忆所听新闻内容,确定he的指代对象,结合选项作答。
【解析】一位来自加利福尼亚中部地区的9岁男孩勇敢地面对湍急的水流和冰冷的海水,在旧金山和阿尔卡特拉斯岛之间游了一个来回。由此可知,选项A符合报道所述,为正确答案。选项D的描述不符合新闻内容,男孩是在旧金山和阿尔卡特拉斯岛之间游了一个来回,而非绕着旧金山附近一座小岛游。
2. A
【做题提示】四个选项都是以he做主语的陈述句,其中两项包含两个不同的“他”(he、him),可判断本题可能涉及两个人之间的活动。听到问题后立刻回忆所听新闻内容,确定he和him的指代对象及相互间的关系,结合选项作答。
【解析】新闻后面提到,为了鼓励努力坚持游完全程的儿子,他把奖励提高了一倍,增加到了200美元。因此,选项A符合新闻内容,为正确答案。选项D无中生有,新闻中只提到电视台报道了男孩游泳创造纪录一事,但未说是男孩父亲让电视台报道了这一事件,故可排除。
News Report Two
【听力原文】
On the first of January, new regulations will come into effect which eliminate an annual leave bonus for people who put off marrying until the age of 23 for women and 25 for men, the South China Morning Post reports. [3] The holiday bonus was designed to encourage young people to delay getting married in line with China’s one-child policy. But with that policy now being abolished, this holiday incentive is no longer necessary, the government says.
In Shanghai, a young couple at a marriage registration office told the paper that they decided to register their marriage as soon as possible to take advantage of the existing policy because an extra holiday was a big deal for them. In Beijing, one registration office had about 300 couples seeking to get married the day after the changes were announced, rather than the usual number of between 70 and 80. [4] But one lawyer tells the paper that the changes still have to be adopted by local governments and these procedures take time. So people who are rushing to register for marriage can relax.
3.What was the purpose of the annual leave bonus in China?
4.What do we learn about the new regulations?
【听前预测】
利用播放答题导语的时间,快速浏览每道题的四个选项。由选项关键词one-child policy、late marriage、early marriage等可知,本则新闻很可能是关于变化的,且涉及结婚早晚,听音时应侧重这些方面。
3. B
【做题提示】四项都是不定式短语,可推断本题提问某件事的目的。注意四项关键词分别为one-child policy、late marriage、working efficiency、more time to travel。听到问题后立刻回忆所听新闻内容,结合选项作答。
【解析】新闻开头首先说晚婚假将会被取消,实行新法规。然后新闻接着说这种假期福利旨在鼓励年轻人晚婚,以契合中国的独生子女。因此,选项B符合新闻内容,为正确答案。
4. D
【做题提示】四个选项都是以they做主语的一般将来时陈述句,可推断本题考查事物的未来状态或趋势。听到问题后立刻回忆所听新闻内容,结合选项作答。
【解析】新闻最后说,新一宣布,很多人涌向婚姻登记处登记,以争取即将被废除的晚婚假。不过,律师表示,这一变化有待地方实施,实施过程还需要时间,所以那些着急登记结婚的人们可以放松下来。因此,选项D为正确答案。
News Report Three
【听力原文】
[6] Everyone loves a good house party, but the cleaning-up the next morning isn’t as enjoyable. Now, however, a New Zealand-based startup company aims to bring messy homes—and even splitting headaches—back to normal. The properly-named startup “Morning-After Maids”, was launched about a month ago in Auckland by roommates Rebecca Foley and Catherine Arthurs. Aside from cleaning-up, the two will also cook breakfast, and even get coffee and painkillers for recovering merrymakers. Although they are both gainfully employed, they fit cleaning jobs into their nights and weekends, which is when their service is in most demand any way. Besides being flooded with requests from across the country, Foley and Arthurs have also received the requests from the U.S. and Canada to provide services there. [7] They are reportedly meeting with lawyers to see how best to take the business forward.
5.What is the news report mainly about?
6.What is a common problem with a house party?
7.What are Rebecca Foley and Catherine Arthurs planning to do?
【听前预测】
利用播放答题导语的时间,快速浏览每道题的四个选项。由选项频繁出现的关键词clean(cleaning、clean up、cleaners)以及其他关键词service、new company、parties等可知,本则新闻很可能是关于派对后清洁服务的,且涉及一家新公司,听音时应侧重这些方面。
5. C
【做题提示】四个选项都是名词性短语,四项都跟clean有关(cleaning service、do cleaning、clean up the mess,cleaners)。听到问题后立刻回忆所听新闻内容,结合选项作答。
【解析】本篇新闻主要讲述一家创业公司成立的初衷就是帮助那些举办派对后的家庭恢复原状,也就是帮助做清洁工作。新闻还讲述了这家公司的创始人、业务范围及服务地区等信息。因此,选项C可以高度概括新闻主旨,为正确答案。
6. B
【做题提示】四个选项都是以it做主语的一般现在时陈述句。四项描述了四种不同的负面现象,可推测本题可能考查某件事的负面作用或问题。听到问题后立刻回忆所听新闻内容,结合选项作答。
【解析】新闻开头就提到,人人都喜欢好的家庭派对,但是第二天早上的清理工作却不那么令人愉快,接下来介绍了一家新公司专门帮助家里处理派对之后的清洁工作。因此,家庭派对常见的问题便是它会让家变得凌乱不堪,因此选项B为正确答案。
7. D
【做题提示】四个选项都是动词短语,应注意四项中的关键词。听到问题后立刻回忆所听新闻内容,结合选项作答。
【解析】新闻结尾提到,瑞贝卡·弗雷和凯瑟琳·阿瑟斯正在跟律师会面,商讨如何更好地推进她们的业务。选项D与新闻内容相符,故为正确答案。
Section B
Conversation One
W: [8] Kyle, how did your driver’s theory exam go? It was yesterday, right?
M: Yes, I prepared it as much as I could, but I was so nervous since it was my second try. The people who worked at the test center were very kind, though. We had a little conversation which calmed me down a bit, and that was just what I needed. Then, after the exam, they printed out my result, but I was afraid to open it until I was outside. It was such a relief to pass.
W: Congratulations! I knew you could do it! [9] I guess you underestimated how difficult it would be the first time, didn’t you? I hear a lot of people make that mistake and go in underprepared. But good job in passing the second time. I’m so proud of you. Now all you have to do next is your road test. Have you had any lessons yet?
M: Yes, thanks. I’m so happy to be actually on the road now. I’ve only had two driving lessons so far, and my instructor is very understanding. [10] So, I’m really enjoying it and I can’t wait for my next session, although the lessons are rather expensive. Twenty pounds an hour, and the instructor says I’ll need about 30 to 40 lessons in total. That’s what—six to eight hundred pounds! [11] So this time I’ll need to make a lot more effort and hopefully will be successful the first time.
W: Well, good luck!
8.What did the man do yesterday?
9.Why did he fail the exam the first time?
10.What does the man say about his driving lessons?
11.What does the man hope to do next?
8. C
【听前预测】四个选项都以he开头,其后的动词用的都是过去时态,而且四个选项中都出现了与驾驶考试有关的词汇。
结论:本题很有可能考查对话中的男士在过去的某个时间做了什么与驾驶考试有关的事情。
【解析】本题考查的是男士在昨天干了什么事情。对话一开始女士就询问男士昨天驾驶员理论考试考得怎么样。因此可以确定正确答案为选项C。
9. A
【听前预测】四个选项都以he开头,其后的动词用的是过去时态,而且都是表示否定的动作,且与考试失败有关。
结论:本题很有可能考查男士驾驶考试失败的原因。听音时应该多关注对话中的相关陈述。
【解析】本题考查男士第一次没有通过考试的原因。对话中并没有出现男士直接陈述其考试失败原因的句子,但是在对话中,女士提到她的猜测,即男士第一次考试的时候低估了它的难度,准备得不够充分,而男士并未否认这一点,可见是默认了女士的说法,故选项A为正确答案。而且,选项B、C、D的内容在对话中没有任何体现,均可排除。
10. B
【听前预测】四个选项均以they为主语,且均为系表结构的句子。
结论:根据四个选项中的形容词tough、costly、helpful和short可知,本题很有可能考查某事物的特征。听音时首先要弄清楚they指代的对象,然后在录音中辨别关于其特征的信息。
【解析】本题考查男士对他的驾驶课程的看法。在对话结尾,男士用好几句话强调了驾驶课程的价格非常高,故选项B为正确答案。
11. A
【听前预测】四个选项均为动词原形短语,且四个选项都与驾驶考试有关,而且A项还提到了his。
结论:本题很可能考查男士将要做什么事情。听音时应多关注对话中的相关陈述,辨别出四个行为动作中哪一个是正确的。
【解析】本题考查了这位男士希望接下来做什么。在对话末尾,男士提到他将付出更大的努力,希望第一次就能通过路考,所以答案是A项。B选项在对话中未提及;C、D两项干扰性较大。虽然文中提到了教练,但是男士对教练持赞许态度,即他认为自己的教练非常善解人意;虽然男士在对话末尾一直强调驾驶课程非常昂贵,但是并没有提到他希望自己可以赚足够多的钱上驾驶课,所以D项错误。
Conversation Two
M: Emma, I got accepted to the University of Leeds. [12] Since you’re going to university in England, do you know how much it is for international students to study there?
W: Congratulations! Yes, I believe for international students, you’ll have to pay around 13,000 pounds a year. It’s just a bit more than the local students.
M: OK, so that’s about 17,000 dollars for the tuition and fees. [13] Anyway, I’m only going to be there for a year, doing my masters, so it’s pretty good. If I stayed in the U.S., it’d take two years and cost at least 50,000 dollars in tuition alone. [14] Also, I’ve a good chance of winning a scholarship at Leeds, which will be pretty awesome, the benefits of being a music genius.
W: [14] Yeah, I heard you’re a talented piano player. So you’re doing a post-graduate degree now? I’m still in my last year, graduating next June. Finally I’ll be done with my studies and can go on to earn in loads of money.
M: Are you still planning on being a teacher? No money in that job then.
W: You’d be surprised. [15] I’m still going to be a teacher. But the plan is to work at an international school overseas after I get a year or so of experience in England. It’s better paid and I get to travel, which reminds me I’m late for my class and I’ve got some documents I need to print out first. I’d better run.
12.What does the man want to know?
13.What is the man going to do?
14.What might qualify the man for a scholarship at Leeds University?
15.What is the woman planning to do after graduation?
12. C
【听前预测】四个选项的关键信息为:学习的地方、利兹大学的录取率、利兹大学国际学生的学费和申请大学的流程。
结论:本题很可能考查男士询问女士关于利兹大学的事情。
【解析】本题考查的是男士想知道什么事情。对话一开始提到,这位男士询问女士是否知道国际学生在利兹大学学习需要多少钱,所以C项正确。其他三个选项的内容对话中都未提及,故均排除。
13. D
【听前预测】四个选项都是动宾短语,且动词是原形形式。
结论:本题很有可能考查对话中某个谈话者将要做的事情。听音时首先要听清楚题目问的是哪个谈话者的计划,然后重点听与选项相关的信息。
【解析】本题考查男士将要做的事情。对话中,男士提到他要在利兹大学读一年研究生,所以此题选择D项。选项A为干扰项,对话开头男士提到,他已被利兹大学录取,且后文提到如果男士留在美国,需花两年时间读研,且学费更贵,这是为了衬托出男士在利兹大学学费更少,且仅需一年读研,故排除A项。B项、C项文中并未提及,故均排除。
14. B
【听前预测】四个选项均为以his开头的名词短语,且favorable、outstanding、talent、excellence都是具有正面感情色彩的词。
结论:本题很有可能考查使男士获得成功或者赞誉的某项优势或做过的事情。
【解析】本题考查的是或许能使这位男士获得利兹大学奖学金的才能是什么。在对话中,男士首先说自己是音乐天才,在利兹大学获得奖学金的几率很大,然后女士说她听说男士是一位才华横溢的钢琴演奏家,因此此题应选B项。
15. D
【听前预测】四个选项都是动宾短语,且动词为原形形式。
结论:本题很有可能考查对话中某个谈话者将要做的事情。听音时首先听清楚问题中询问的是哪个谈话者的计划,然后结合选项侧重听相关内容。
【解析】本题考查的是这位女士毕业后的计划。在对话结尾,女士提到,她计划在英国积累一年左右的工作经验后,去一家海外的国际学校工作。所以此题选择D项。
Section C
Passage One
【听力原文】
Scientists have identified thousands of known ant species around the world—and only a few of them bug humans. Most ants live in the woods or out in nature. There, they keep other creatures in check, distribute seeds and clean dead and decaying materials from the ground. [16] A very small percentage of ants do harm to humans. But those are incredibly challenging to control. They’re small enough to easily slip inside your house, live in colonies that number in the tens of thousands to the hundreds of thousands, and reproduce quickly. That makes them good at getting in, and hard to kick out. Once they settle in, these insects start affecting your home. In addition to biting ants, other species can cause different kinds of damage. [17] Some, like carpenter ants, can undermine a home’s structure, while others interfere with electrical units. Unfortunately, our homes are very attractive to ants because they provide everything the colony needs to survive, such as food, water and shelter. So how can we prevent ants from getting into our homes? [18] Most important of all, avoid giving ants any access to food, particularly sugary food because ants have a sweet tooth. We also need to clean up spills as soon as they occur and store food in airtight containers. Even garbage attracts ants, so empty your trash as often as possible, and store your outside garbage in a lidded can, well away from doors and windows.
16.What does the passage say about ants?
17.What do we learn from the passage about carpenter ants?
18.What can we do to prevent ants from getting into our homes?
【整体预测】
快速浏览本部分的所有选项可知,由选项中的关键信息species、cause trouble to humans、cause damage to people’s homes、eating sugary food等可大致推测,这篇听力短文是关于某种生物的,而且这种生物具有一定的危害性,可能会给人类家庭带来破坏,听音时应重点关注与此相关的信息。
16. C
【解题思路】四个选项均为描述性句子,浏览选项大致可推测问题应该是和得出某种结论相关的内容。
结论:四个选项中的重点短语是keep diseases、remain unknown、cause trouble和well-organized colonies,因此在听录音的时候,应注意与之相关的细节信息。
【解析】讲话中提到,很少一部分蚂蚁对人类有害,但那些蚂蚁都很难控制,它们小到可以轻松溜进你的房屋,在里面群居,数量可达数万到数十万只,且繁殖速度很快。由此可知C项符合原文内容,为正确答案。选项D描述不准确,因为讲话者只是说蚂蚁是群居生活,并没有说它们的群居生活多么井然有序。选项A和选项B在讲话中未提及,可排除。
17. B
【解题思路】四个选项均为以they开头的句子,可推知题目应该问的是对they所指代的事物的描述。
结论:首先要弄清楚they指代什么,听问题时要听清they的指代对象。选项中的关键信息分别是larger than、cause damage to、survive a long time和form colonies in electrical units,听录音时应重点关注they具体做了什么事情,与四个选项的关键信息进行匹配。
【解析】讲话中提到,有些蚂蚁,比如木蚁,会破坏房屋结构,而另一些则会弄坏电器。因此,选项B为正确答案。选项D和讲话者所说的内容不符,讲话者只是说这些木蚁会弄坏电器,并没有提到它们在电器里群居,故可排除。选项A、C在讲话中均未提到,可排除。
18. A
【解题思路】四个选项都是以动词原形开头的祈使句,是针对某件事情采取的一些具体举措,由此可推知,本题应该问的是应对某件事要采取的措施。
结论:四个选项的关键信息分别是deny...access to food、keep...shut、destroy colonies 和refrain...sugary food,这些也是听录音时可能会听到的关键词,本题考查的是考生获取和分辨信息的能力。因此,听录音时需留意与各个选项关键词相关的内容,把握重点信息。
【解析】讲话中提到,最重要的是,不要给蚂蚁任何机会接触到食物,尤其是甜食,因为蚂蚁喜欢吃甜食。因此选项A正确,选项D错误,因为讲话者说的是不要让蚂蚁接触到含糖的食物,而不是人们不要吃甜食。选项B和选项C在讲话中均未提到,可排除。
Passage Two
【听力原文】
[19] My research focus is on what happens to our immune system as we age. So the job of the immune system is to fight infections. It also protects us from viruses, and from auto-immune diseases. We know that as we get older, it’s easier for us to get infections, so older adults have more chances of falling ill. This is evidence that our immune system really doesn’t function so well when we age. In most of our work, when we’re looking at older adults who’ve got an illness, we always have to have health controls. So we work very closely with a great group of volunteers called the One Thousand Elders. These volunteers are all 65 or over, but in good health. [20] They come to the university to provide us with blood samples, to be interviewed, and to help us carry out a whole range of research.[21] The real impact of our research is going to be on health in old age. At the moment, we’re living much longer. Life expectancy is increasing at two years for every decade. That means an extra five hours a day. I want to make sure that older adults are still able to enjoy their old age, and that they’re not spending time in hospital with infections, feeling unwell and being generally weak. [21] We want people to be healthy, even when they are old.
19.What is the focus of the speaker’s research?
20.What are the volunteers asked to do in the research?
21.What does the speaker say will be the impact of his research?
【整体预测】
快速浏览本部分的所有选项,由频繁出现的关键信息immune system可知这篇文章和免疫系统有关,听音时应侧重听与选项关键信息相关的内容。
19. D
【解题思路】四个选项都是以the开头的名词性短语或结构,强调的是某个因素。因此,问题可能具体涉及某种事物。
结论:该题可能考查某个话题或者某项研究的重点内容。四个选项分别强调的是function、cause、viruses和change。因此,在听录音时需要留意与这几个词汇相关的内容,把握重点信息。
【解析】讲话者开门见山地提到,我的研究重点是,随着年龄的增长,我们的免疫系统会发生什么样的变化。选项D是一个概括句且与讲话中表述的含义一致,是正确选项。选项A是选项D的一部分,不是总结性句子,所以并不是重点内容。选项B、C在讲话中均未提到,可排除。
20. B
【解题思路】四个选项都是以动词原形开头的祈使句,是针对某件事情所采取的具体措施。
结论:四个选项中的关键信息分别是report illnesses、offer blood samples、research assistants和interview patients,这些也是考生在听录音时可能会听到的关键词,本题考查的是考生获取和分辨信息的能力。因此,听录音时需留意与各个选项关键词相关的内容,把握重点信息。
【解析】讲话中提到,这些志愿者都年满65岁,但他们的身体状况良好,他们到大学里来给我们提供血样,接受采访,帮助我们进行一系列的研究。因此,选项B为正确选项。选项D与讲话内容相反,志愿者们是接受采访而不是去采访别人。选项A、C原文均未提到,可排除。
21. C
【解题思路】四个选项均为动词-ing形式,描述的都是某事物带来的好处。
结论:本题询问的可能是某件事情的有利之处。四个选项的核心词是strengthening immunity、better understanding immune system、helping improve health conditions和reducing medical expenses,听录音时应注意与之相关的细节。
【解析】讲话中提到,我们的研究真正影响的是老年人的健康,我们希望即使人老了,也能很健康。由此可知,讲话者的研究的主要影响是针对老年人健康的,因此选项C符合讲话内容,为正确答案。选项B是以偏概全,选项A、D在讲话中未提到,故均可排除。
Passage Three
【听力原文】
When Ted Komada started teaching 14 years ago at Killip elementary, he didn’t know how to manage a classroom and was struggling to connect with students. [22] He noticed a couple of days after school, that a group of kids would get together to play chess.“I know how to play chess, let me go and show these kids how to do it,” he said. Now Komada coaches the school’s chess team. The whole program started as a safe place for kids to come after school. [23] And this week, dozens of those students are getting ready to head out to Nashville, Tennessee to compete with about 5000 other young people at the Super Nationals of Chess. The competition only happens every four years and the last time the team went, they won the third place in the nation. Komada says chess gives him, and his students, control. [24] The school has the highest number of kids from low-income families. Police frequent the area day and night, as two months ago, a young man was shot just down the street. Komada likes to teach his students that they should think about their move before they do it. The lessons prove valuable outside the classroom as well. Many parents see these lessons translate into the real world. [25] Students are more likely to think about their actions and see whether they will lead to trouble.
22.What did Ted Komada notice one day after he started teaching at Killip elementary?
23.What are dozens of students from Komada’s school going to do this week?
24.What do we learn about the students of Killip elementary?
25.What have the students learned from Komada?
【整体预测】
快速浏览本部分的所有选项,由关键词his students、at school、a chess team、a chess competition、national chess champions等可知,短文可能与师生之间的活动有关,而且很可能这些学生参加了某项国际象棋比赛,听音时应侧重听与之相关的内容。
22. D
【解题思路】四个选项均为描述性句子,浏览选项可大致推测本题和学生或一群孩子的一些行为活动相关。
结论:四个选项中A、C两项描述的是学生之间以及学生和老师之间的互动,选项A是学生之间很难相处,选项C是学生听不懂他的课。选项B、D描述的是一部分孩子的活动。因此,听录音时要重点留意与此相关的信息。
【解析】讲话开头提到,在学校教了几天书后他注意到,一群孩子放学后会聚在一起下国际象棋。因此,选项D为正确答案。选项A、B、C在讲话中均未提到,可排除。
23. C
【解题思路】四个选项均是以动词原形开头的祈使句,是对不同活动的描述。
结论:由四个选项的内容可推知,本题问的应该是某一项具体活动。四个选项中的关键信息分别为visit a chess team、join...chess team、participate in...competition和receive training。因此,听录音时需留意与各个选项关键词相关的内容,把握重点信息。
【解析】讲话中提到,本周,数十名学生将要动身前往田纳西州的纳什维尔,与大约5000名年轻人一起在国际象棋超级联赛中竞争。因此C项符合讲话内容,是正确选项。选项A和选项D在讲话中并未提到,选项B不是本周的活动,因此均可排除。
24. A
【解题思路】四个选项均为描述性句子,浏览选项可大致推测问题是对某一群体的一般性描述。
结论:四个选项中,选项A和C的主语分别为most of them和a couple of them,选项B和D的主语均为many,由此可知,本题的考查对象是一个集体中的大部分。因此,听录音时要明确其指代对象,然后重点关注与之相关的具体细节信息。
【解析】讲话中提到,这所学校招收的低收入家庭的孩子数量最多。因此,选项A与讲话中内容一致,是正确答案。选项B、C和D在讲话中均未提到,可排除。
25. B
【解题思路】四个选项均为哲理性的句子或谚语,可知本题应该考查的是学生们从老师那里学到了什么道理。
结论:四个选项都是哲理性的句子且都与行动有关,因此,首先要辨析各自的含义及其强调的内容。选项A强调行动强于空谈,选项B强调不要贸然行动,选项C强调把语言应用于行动中,选项D强调趁早行动。因此,在听录音时要重点关注与行动有关的信息,并注意其强调的内容。
【解析】讲话结尾提到,学生们更有可能去思考他们的行为,会考虑他们的行为是否会带来麻烦。由此可知,卡马尔达强调的是行动之前多思考,所以选项B与讲话中的内容相符,为正确选项。
Part III Reading Comprehension
Section A
【参考译文】
在过去的十年里,美国汽车创新中心已经转移了2000英里。它已经从底特律[26]转移到硅谷,在那里,自动驾驶汽车开始出现。
[27]为了把自动驾驶汽车的生产带回底特律,密歇根州的立法者们已经提出[28]立法,它或许可以使密歇根成为即使不是全世界也是全国发展自动驾驶汽车并将其投入使用的最佳地点。
“密歇根州在汽车研发方面的[29]优势地位受到了几个州和国家的威胁,这些州和国家希望[30]取代我们在交通运输领域的领先地位。我们不能让这种情况发生。”参议员迈克·科瓦尔说道,他是最近提交的四项法案的主要[31]发起人。
如果这四项法案都以书面形式通过了,它们将[32]代表2013年密歇根州法律的一次实质性的更新,该法律允许在有限的条件下对自动驾驶车辆进行测试。(根据四项新法案)制造商几乎可以完全自由地在公路上测试他们的自动驾驶技术。他们将被允许在跨州的公路旅行中派遣几组自动驾驶汽车,甚至建立自动驾驶汽车的随需应变[33]车队,比如通用汽车和来福车正在建造的车队。
密歇根州的立法者显然想让该州为自动驾驶技术的商业应用做好准备。[34]相比之下,硅谷所在地加利福尼亚州最近提出了更具[35]性的规定,它要求驾驶员做好驾驶准备,并且禁止商业使用自动驾驶技术。
【答案解析】
26. H) migrated
语法判断:空格前面为助动词has,空格后面为介词from,故空格处应填动词的过去分词,构成现在完成时,且该动词能与from构成合理的搭配。
语义判断:符合条件的动词的过去分词选项有migrated(移居,迁移)和transmitted(传送,传递,传播)。本段句意为“在过去的十年里,美国汽车创新中心已经转移了2000英里。它已经从底特律______到硅谷……”,此段在表述美国汽车创新中心转移的距离以及具体的出发地和目的地,空格所填词与第一句中的moved表意相同,migrate from...to...表示“从……迁移到……”,transmit from... to...表示“从……传递到……”,migrated符合句意,故答案为H。
27. A) bid
语法判断:空格前面为不定冠词a,故空格处应填可数名词的单数形式。
语义判断:备选可数名词的单数选项有bid(努力)、deputy(代理人;副手)、reward(回报;报酬;奖赏)和sponsor(提案人,发起人)。根据上下文句意“美国汽车创新中心已经转移了2000英里。它已经从底特律转移到硅谷……”和“______把自动驾驶汽车的生产带回底特律,密歇根州的立法者们已经提出______,它或许可以使密歇根成为即使不是全世界也是全国发展自动驾驶汽车并将其投入使用的最佳地点”可知,本段在表述为了把自动驾驶汽车的生产带回底特律,密歇根州的立法者们所做的努力。a bid to do sth.表示“为争取某物而做出的努力”,bid符合句意,故选A。
28. G) legislation
语法判断:空格前面为本句的谓语动词have introduced,空格处应填可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词。
语义判断:备选的可数名词的复数或不可数名词选项有contrast(对比,对照)、dominance(优势;统治地位)、fleets(车队)、knots(结)和legislation(立法;法律)。本句句意为“密歇根州的立法者们已经提出______”,立法者所做的事肯定与法律、法规有关,代入选项可知,legislation符合句意,故答案为G。
29. D) dominance
语法判断:空格所在句不缺谓语,空格前面为名词所有格Michigan’s,故空格处应填可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词。
语义判断:备选的可数名词的复数或不可数名词选项有contrast(对比,对照)、dominance(优势;统治地位)、fleets(车队)和knots(结)。本句句意为“密歇根州在汽车研发方面的______地位受到了几个州和国家的威胁,这些州和国家希望______我们在交通运输领域的领先地位。我们不能让这种情况发生”,空格所填词与后面的leadership表意相同,代入选项可知,dominance符合句意,故选D。
30. I) replace
语法判断:空格所填词与前面的desire to共同构成从句的谓语部分,故空格处应填动词原形。
语义判断:备选的动词原形选项有contrast(对比,对照)、replace(取代,代替)、represent(代表)、reward(酬谢;报答;奖赏)和sponsor(赞助;支持)。根据本句句意“密歇根州在汽车研发方面的优势地位受到了几个州和国家的威胁,这些州和国家希望______我们在交通运输领域的领先地位。我们不能让这种情况发生”可知,此处表达“密歇根州在汽车研发领域有优势,其他州和国家想取代它的领先地位”之意,代入选项可知,replace符合句意,故答案为I。
31. N) sponsor
语法判断:空格所在名词词组the lead ______指代逗号前面的Senator Mike Kowall,故空格处应填可数名词的单数形式。
语义判断:备选的可数名词的单数选项有deputy(代理人;副手)、reward(回报;报酬;奖赏)和sponsor(提案人,发起人;赞助人)。根据本段句意“‘密歇根州……不能让这种情况发生,’参议员迈克·科瓦尔说道,他是最近提交的四项法案的主要______。”可知,参议员迈克·科瓦尔是四项法案的主要发起人,代入选项可知,sponsor符合句意,故答案为N。
32. J) represent
语法判断:空格前面为情态动词would,故空格处应填动词原形。
语义判断:备选的动词原形选项还有contrast(对比,对照)、represent(代表)和reward(酬谢;报答;奖赏)。根据本段句意“如果这四项法案都以书面形式通过了,它们将______2013年密歇根州法律的一次实质性的更新,该法律允许在有限的条件下对自动驾驶车辆进行测试……”可知,此处表达“这四项法案的通过将代表2013年密歇根州法律的一次实质性的更新”之意,代入选项可知,represent符合句意,故答案为J。
33. E) fleets
语法判断:空格前面为修饰词on-demand,空格后面为介词词组of self-driving cars,故空格处应填可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词。
语义判断:备选的可数名词的复数或不可数名词选项还有contrast(对比,对照)、fleets(车队)和knots(结)。本句句意为“他们将被允许在跨州的公路旅行中派遣几组自动驾驶汽车,甚至建立自动驾驶汽车的随需应变______,比如通用汽车和来福车正在建造的……”,and后面的even set up on-demand ______ of self-driving cars与前面的send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips表意相同,代入选项可知,fleets符合句意,故答案为E。
34. B) contrast
语法判断:空格前面为介词In,空格后面为逗号,故空格处应填可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词。
语义判断:备选的可数名词的复数或不可数名词选项有contrast(对比,对照)和knots(结)。根据本段句意“密歇根州的立法者显然想让该州为自动驾驶技术的商业应用做好准备。______,硅谷所在地加利福尼亚州最近提出了更为______规定,要求驾驶员做好驾驶准备,并且禁止商业使用自动驾驶技术”可知,此段将密歇根州和加利福尼亚州关于自动驾驶技术商业应用的相关规定进行对比,in contrast表示“相反,相比之下”,contrast符合句意,故答案为B。
35. K) restrictive
语法判断:空格前面为副词more,空格后面为复数名词rules,故空格处应填形容词,与more一起构成比较级。
语义判断:备选的形容词选项还有restrictive(性的,约束性的)、significant(重要的,显著的)和transmitted(传递的,传输的)。根据前一题的解析可知,此段将密歇根州和加利福尼亚州关于自动驾驶技术商业应用的相关规定进行对比,密歇根州的立法者想让该州为自动驾驶技术的商业应用做好准备,相比之下,加利福尼亚州在这方面的相关规定却更加严格。代入选项可知,restrictive符合句意,故答案为K。
Section B
【参考译文】
当我们大多数人都活到100岁时,工作将如何改变
A) [40] 今天,在美国有7.2万名百岁老人。在世界范围内,这一数字大概为45万。如果目前的趋势持续下去的话,那么截止到2050年,仅在美国这一数字就将超过100万。根据詹姆斯·沃佩尔教授和他的研究伙伴的著作所说,2007年在美国出生的婴儿中,有50%的人的预期寿命在104岁以上。英国、德国、法国、意大利和加拿大的情况也大致相同,而在日本,2007年出生的婴儿中,有50%的人预期寿命为107岁。
B) 考虑到与之相关的健康和养老金方面的挑战,有人担心这会给公共财政带来很大影响,这是可以理解的。这些挑战是真实存在的,而且社会迫切需要解决这些问题。但同样重要的是,从更广泛的角度来看,当这么多人都活到100岁时会发生什么。简单地将长寿与年老的问题等同起来是错误的。更长的寿命对生命的各方面都有影响,而不仅仅是生命的终结。
C) [45] 我们的观点是,如果许多人都更长寿,而且也更健康,那么这将不可避免地导致工作和生活方面的重新规划。当人们寿命更长时,他们不仅年老的时间更长,而且年轻的时间也更长。“70岁是新的60岁”或“40岁是新的30岁”,这么说是有一定道理的。如果你变老得更慢且变老持续的时间更长,那么在某种意义上,你年轻的时间也就更长。
D) 但变化远不止于此。比如,人们在什么年龄致力于买房、结婚、生子或开始职业生涯等事宜。这些都是目前我们生命中正在延后发生的基本事宜。[38] 1962年,50%的美国人在21岁之前结婚。截止到2014年,这一里程碑似的数字已经转变为29岁。
E) 尽管这些变化背后有许多因素,但其中一个因素无疑是年轻人越来越意识到他们的寿命将更长。拥有选择权的时间越长,选择就越有价值。因此,如果你相信自己会更长寿,那么选择就会变得更有价值,而早着手就会变得不那么有吸引力了。其结果就是,之前被作为成年伊始的标志现在正在被延迟,对于那些20多岁的年轻人来说,新的行为模式和人生新阶段正在出现。
F) 长寿还会推迟退休年龄,这不仅仅是出于经济原因。情况确实如此,除非人们准备存更多的钱,我们的推算表明,如果你现在45岁左右,那么你可能会工作到70岁出头;如果你现在20岁出头,你将很有可能需要工作到接近80岁甚至可能到80多岁。[43] 但是即使人们能够在经济上支持65岁退休,30多年的潜在性运动缺乏对于认知上以及情感上的活力都是有害的。许多人可能根本就不想早早退休。
G) [37] 然而,这并不意味着仅仅延长我们的职业生涯就有吸引力。仅仅延长第二阶段这一全职工作的时间段,或许能确保活到100岁所需的金融资产,但这种持续不断的工作将不可避免地耗尽宝贵的无形资产,比如生产技能、活力、幸福和友谊。
H) 教育也是如此。仅在童年和成年早期接受的教育将不可能支撑一个持续60年的职业生涯。[42] 如果你将技术变化的预期速度考虑进去,要么你的技能将变得没有必要,要么你所在的行业将会过时。这意味着,每个人在其人生的某个阶段,都将不得不对自身的技能进行大量重要的再投资。
I) [36] 那么,传统的三阶段人生似乎很可能会发展成为包含两个、三个,甚至更多个不同职业生涯的多个阶段。每个阶段都可能是不同的。其中一个阶段的侧重点可能是获得经济上的成功和个人成就,另一个阶段的侧重点可能是建立工作和生活之间的更好的平衡,还有一个阶段的侧重点可能是更全面地探索和理解各种选择,或者成为一名生产者,还有一个阶段的侧重点可能是为社会做出贡献。这些阶段将跨越各个领域,把人们带到不同的城市,并为发展各种各样的技能提供基础。
J) 这些阶段之间的过渡可能是以休假为标志的,即当人们为了休息、调整身体健康、对其人际关系进行再投资,或者提高自己技能而找时间的时候。有时,这些休息和过渡将是由自己决定的,而另一些时候,随着现有角色、公司或行业的消失,这些休息和过渡将是被迫的。
K) [41] 一个多阶段的人生将不仅会对你如何管理自己的事业产生深远的影响,而且会对你的生活态度产生深远的影响。一项越来越重要的技能将是你应对变化,甚至欣然接受变化的能力。一个包含三阶段的人生只有很少的过渡,而一个包含多阶段的人生却有很多过渡。这就是为什么拥有自我意识、投资于扩大朋友圈、勇于接受新思想将成为更重要的技能的原因。
L) 这些多阶段的人生将在不同的人群中创造出不同寻常的多样性,这仅仅是因为有如此多的方法可以对这些不同的阶段进行排序。更多的阶段意味着更多可能的顺序。
M) [44] 伴随着这种多样性,年龄和阶段的密切联系也即将结束。在拥有三个阶段的人生中,人们在相同的时间、相同的年纪离开大学,他们通常会在相同的年纪开启自己的事业和家庭,他们在大致相同的时间完成中层管理,然后在几年之内相继退休。在一个包含多阶段的人生中,你可能是一个20岁、40岁或60岁的大学生;30岁、50岁或70岁的经理;并可能在任何年纪成为一名生产者。
N) [39] 当前的生活结构、职业道路、教育选择和社会规范与正在出现的寿命延长这一现实是脱节的。三阶段的人生——全日制教育,继以持续的工作,然后是彻底的退休——可能对我们的父母甚至祖父母都适用,但现在已经不适用了。我们认为,把长寿作为一个主要的老龄化问题来关注,会忽略它的全部含义。长寿并不一定意味着变老的时间更长,而是活得更久,老得更晚,年轻更久。
【答案解析】
36. I
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息An extended lifespan和more careers。文中论及未来寿命的延长将使人们拥有比现在更多的职业生涯的内容出现在I段,该段第一句提到,传统的三阶段人生似乎很可能会发展成为包含两个、三个,甚至更多个不同职业生涯的多个阶段。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,即未来寿命的延长将使人们拥有比现在更多的职业生涯。其中An extended lifespan对应原文中的the traditional three-stage life,而more careers对应原文中的two, three, or even more different careers,故答案为I。
37. G
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息extending one’s career和both positive and negative effects。文中论及仅仅延长一个人的职业生涯可能既有积极影响又有消极影响的内容出现在G段,该段首句提到,然而,这并不意味着仅仅延长我们的职业生涯就有吸引力。紧接着后面两句具体说明了其积极影响和消极影响:仅仅延长第二阶段这一全职工作的时间段,或许能确保活到100岁所需的金融资产,但这种持续不断的工作将不可避免地耗尽宝贵的无形资产,比如生产技能、活力、幸福和友谊。换句话说,仅仅延长一个人的职业生涯可能既有积极影响又有消极影响。由此可知,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为G。其中Just extending one’s career 对应原文中的simply extending our careers。
38. D
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息many Americans和delayed their marriage by some eight years。文中段落论及很多美国人已经将结婚年龄平均推迟了大约八年的内容出现在D段,该段最后一句提到,1962年,50%的美国人在21岁之前结婚。截止到2014年,这一里程碑似的数字已经转变为29岁。也就是说,很多美国人已经将结婚年龄平均推迟了八年,由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为D。其中many Americans对应原文中的50% of Americans,而delayed their marriage by some eight years对应原文中的were married by age 21... had shifted to age 29。
39. N
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息longer lifespan和no longer follow the pattern of life of their parents or grandparents。文中段落论及由于寿命更长,今天的年轻人不再遵循他们父母或祖父母的生活方式的内容出现在N段,该段前两句提到,当前的生活结构、职业道路、教育选择和社会规范与正在出现的寿命延长这一现实是脱节的。三阶段的人生——全日制教育,继以持续的工作,然后是彻底的退休——可能对我们的父母甚至祖父母都适用,但现在已经不适用了。换言之,由于他们的寿命更长,今天的年轻人不再遵循他们父母或祖父母的生活方式。由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为N。其中Because of their longer lifespan对应原文中的with the emerging reality of longer lifespans,no longer follow对应原文中的it is not relevant today,the pattern of life对应原文中的 current life structures,而their parents or grandparents 对应原文中的our parents or even grandparents。
40. A
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息live over 100 和 by the mid-21st century。文中段落论及21世纪中叶,预计将有更多的人活到100岁以上的内容出现在A段。该段前三句提到,今天,在美国有7.2万名百岁老人。在世界范围内,这一数字大概为45万。如果目前的趋势持续下去的话,那么截止到2050年,仅在美国这一数字就将超过100万。由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,即到21世纪中叶,预计将有更多的人活到100岁以上,故答案为A。其中by the mid-21st century对应原文中的by 2050,而live over 100对应原文中的centenarians(百岁老人)。
41. K
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息A longer life,radical changes和people’s approach to life。文中段落论及寿命的延长将导致人们的生活态度彻底改变的内容出现在K段,该段首句提到,一个多阶段的人生将不仅会对你如何管理自己的事业产生深远的影响,而且会对你的生活态度产生深远的影响。由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为K,其中A longer life对应原文中的A multi-stage life, cause radical changes对应原文中的have profound changes,而in people’s approach to life对应原文中的in your approach to life。
42. H
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息Fast technological change和constantly upgrade their skills。文中段落论及快速的技术变化使人们有必要不断地提高他们的技能的内容出现在H段,该段最后两句提到,如果你将技术变化的预期速度考虑进去,要么你的技能将变得没有必要,要么你所在的行业将会过时。这意味着,每个人在其人生的某个阶段,都将不得不对自身的技能进行大量重要的再投资。也就是说,快速的技术变化使人们有必要不断地提高他们的技能。由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为H。其中Fast technological change对应原文中的the projected rates of technological change,而constantly upgrade their skills对应原文中的at some point in their life, have to make a number of major reinvestments in their skills。
43. F
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息retire early和do harm to their mental and emotional well-being。文中段落谈到许多人可能不想早早退休,因为这会对他们的精神和情感健康有害的内容出现在F段,该段第一句提到,长寿还会推迟退休年龄,这不仅仅是出于经济原因。接下来具体进行论述,并在最后两句总结道:但是即使人们能够在经济上支持65岁退休,30多年的潜在性运动缺乏对于认知上以及情感上的活力都是有害的。许多人可能根本就不想早早退休。由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,即许多人可能不想早早退休,因为这会对他们的精神和情感健康有害,故答案为F。其中retire early对应原文中的pushes back the age of retirement,do harm to their mental and emotional well-being对应原文中的is harmful to cognitive and emotional vitality,而Many people may not want to retire early对应原文中的Many people may simply not want to do it。
44. M
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息The close link between age and stage和cease to exist in a multi-stage life。文中段落论及在一个多阶段的人生中,年龄和阶段之间的密切联系可能会消失的内容出现在M段,该段首句提到,伴随着这种多样性,年龄和阶段的密切联系也即将结束。由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,即在一个多阶段的人生中,年龄和阶段之间的密切联系可能会消失,故答案为M。其中The close link between age and stage对应原文中的the close association of age and stage,cease to exist对应原文中的come the end of,而且该段最后一句中也出现了In a multi-stage life,属于原词重现。
45. C
解析:注意抓住题干中的关键信息living a longer and healthier life和rearrange their work and life。文中段落论及过着更长寿、更健康的生活的人们将不得不重新安排他们的工作和生活的内容出现在C段,该段首句提到,我们的观点是,如果许多人都更长寿,而且也更健康,那么这将不可避免地导致工作和生活方面的重新规划。换言之,过着更长寿、更健康的生活的人们将不得不重新安排他们的工作和生活。由此可见,题干是对原文的同义转述,故答案为C。其中People living a longer and healthier life对应原文中的many people are living for longer, and are healthier for longer,而rearrange their work and life对应原文中的an inevitable redesign of work and life。
Section C
Passage One
【参考译文】
[46] 在传统的结婚誓词中,新婚夫妇会承诺无论疾病还是健康都不离不弃。但是一项新的研究发现,当上了年纪的夫妻双方中的妻子(而不是丈夫)得了重病之后,这对夫妻离婚的风险会增加。
“被确诊患有重病的已婚女性可能会发现自己既要在疾病所带来的影响中苦苦挣扎,又要面对离婚的压力。”研究人员艾米莉亚·卡拉克说道。
卡拉克和该研究的联合作者肯齐·莱瑟姆分析了印第安纳大学从1992年开始进行的一项历时20年、针对2717对夫妇的研究数据。在对研究对象进行第一次采访时,夫妻双方中至少有一人的年龄在50岁以上。
该研究剖析了四种严重的身体疾病的发生是如何影响婚姻的。他们发现,总的来说,在研究进行的这段时间内,有31%的婚姻是以离婚告终的。[47] 随着时间的推移,新的慢性疾病的发病率也随之增加,与妻子们相比,有更多的丈夫会出现严重的健康问题。
“我们发现,在面对疾病的时候,女性比男性更容易面临婚姻的结束,其比例是男性的两倍。” 卡拉克说。“她们更容易成为寡妇,[48] 如果她们是生病的一方,她们的丈夫更容易与她们离婚。”
虽然该研究没有评估为什么当妻子而不是丈夫身患重病时夫妻更容易离婚,但是卡拉克给出了几个可能的原因。卡拉克说:“[49] 就照顾他人而言,性别角色和社会期望可能会使男性更难为生病的妻子提供照顾。并且,由于婚姻市场,特别是老年人的婚姻市场中存在着不平衡,与离过婚的女性相比,离过婚的男性对未来的另一半有更多的选择。”
鉴于人们对老年人群体医疗费用的问题越来越关心,卡拉克认为,制定者们应该意识到疾病与离婚风险之间的关系。
“给照顾生病的另一半的配偶提供支持性服务可能会降低婚姻中的压力并且抑制老年人离婚。”她说。“[50] 但是,离婚的压力可能与健康相关,并且患病的前妻可能需要额外的照顾和服务,以防止病情恶化以及治疗费用攀升,认识到这两点也很重要。”
论说文:老年夫妻中,如果妻子身患重病,她们的丈夫更容易与她们离婚
第1段:虽然新婚夫妻会在新婚誓词中承诺,无论疾病还是健康他们都对对方不离不弃,但研究发现,老年夫妻中的妻子如果患病,这对夫妻更有可能离婚。
第2段:患有重病的女性既要承受疾病带来的痛苦又要面对离婚的压力。
第3段:研究人员分析了一项印第安纳大学针对2717对老年夫妻的研究。
第4段:该研究剖析了四种重疾是如何影响婚姻的。老年夫妻中,随着年龄增长,男性比女性更容易出现严重的健康问题。
第5段:如果男性患病,女性更容易成为寡妇,如果女性患病,她们的丈夫更容易与她们离婚。
第6段:给出为什么当妻子而不是丈夫身患重病时夫妻更容易离婚的几点可能的原因。
第7-8段:给制定者的建议:意识到疾病与离婚之间的关系,给照顾生病的另一半的配偶提供支持性服务,并且给予离婚的患病女性额外的照顾与服务。
【答案解析】
46. A
定位:根据题干关键词marriage vows可以将答案定位到文章第一段。
解析:文章第一段第一句指出,在传统的结婚誓词中,新婚夫妇会承诺无论疾病还是健康都不离不弃。然后第二句由But引出转折。注意,一般But之后转折的内容往往是作者想要表达的观点。这句话指出,有新的研究发现,当上了年纪的夫妻双方中的妻子(而不是丈夫)得了重病之后,这对夫妻离婚的风险会增加。由此可知,作者提到结婚誓词是想表达,虽然人们发誓无论健康还是疾病都不离不弃,但现实情况却与誓词相悖。也就是说结婚誓词无法保证婚姻长久,故选项A正确。原文并未提及誓词的约束力和人们对它的重视程度,故可以排除选项B和C。选项D与原文的意思相反,故排除。
47. D
定位:根据题干关键词Karraker and co-author Kenzie Latham find和elderly husbands可以将答案定位到文章第三、四段。
解析:文章第四段第三句提到,随着时间的推移,新的慢性病的发病率也随之增加,与妻子们相比,有更多的丈夫会出现严重的健康问题。即丈夫比他们的妻子更容易患重疾,故选项D正确。该选项中的contract serious illnesses同义替换了原文中的developing serious health problems。选项B和C是对原文的曲解,选项A文中并未提及,故可排除。
48. B
定位:根据题干关键词women who fall ill可以将答案定位到文章第五段第二句,其中who become ill与题干中who fall ill含义一致。
解析:文章第五段第二句指出,她们更容易成为寡妇,如果她们是生病的一方,她们的丈夫更容易与她们离婚。由此可知,对患病的女性来说,丈夫更容易与她们离婚,故选项B正确,其中more likely to get divorced是原词重现。虽然选项A中的more likely to be widowed也是原文内容的重现,但是要注意题干所问的条件,原文是说女性更容易成为寡妇,潜台词是男性更容易因为患重病去世,而题目问的是如果女性得了重病会怎么样,那么原文说的是她们的丈夫容易跟她们离婚。选项C和D的内容原文中没有提及,可以排除。
49. A
定位:根据题干关键词more difficult for men to take care of their sick spouses可以将答案定位到文章倒数第三段第二句,其中take care of同义替换了原文中的provide care to。
解析:在倒数第三段第二句中,卡拉克说,就照顾他人而言,性别角色和社会期望可能会使男性更难为生病的妻子提供照顾。这句话比较难理解,对于照顾他人的性别角色和社会期望的具体细节,作者没有明确指出,但是既然它让男性更难照顾女性,就侧面证明女性更容易照顾男性。对比四个选项,只有选项A与之相符,即男性通常是习惯于被照顾。选项B文章中没有提及,故排除。虽然选项C和选项D中出现了social和society,但是意思与原文相去甚远,故排除。
50. C
定位:根据题干关键词also important可以将答案定位到文章最后一段末句。
解析:文章最后一段末句提到,离婚的压力可能与健康相关,并且患病的前妻可能需要额外的照顾和服务,以防止病情恶化以及治疗费用攀升,认识到这两点也很重要。患病的前妻需要额外的照顾及服务,既然是前妻,也就是离婚的女性,由此可知,卡拉克认为应该给离婚的女性更多的照顾,故选项C正确。选项A和B在文中没有提及,可排除。选项D是对原文的曲解,原文提到患病的前妻可能需要更多的治疗费,但并不是说男性要给他们的妻子支付治疗费,故排除。
Passage Two
【参考译文】
[51] 如果你和大多数孩子一样,那么当你的妈妈用你兄弟姐妹的名字叫你的时候,你可能会感到沮丧。她怎么会不认识你呢?这意味着她爱你更少一点吗?
很可能不是的。[52] 根据第一个正面攻关这一课题的研究,在我们的生活中,叫错我们最熟悉的人的名字是一个常见的认知错误,它与我们的记忆如何对熟悉的名字进行分类和存储有关。
四月份发表于《记忆与认知》线上杂志的这项研究发现,“错误的”名字并不是随机的,而总是从相同的关系池中“捞”出来的,包括孩子、兄弟姐妹、朋友。心理学家戴维·鲁宾表示,这项研究没有探究这一错误是否有深刻的心理意义,“但是它的确告诉了我们有哪些人属于有特定关系的一群人,而哪些人不属于。”
[53] 研究还发现,在这一群人中,当名字开头或者内部的发音相同的时候,会出现叫错名字的现象,比如吉米和乔安妮(英文首字母发音相同),或者约翰和鲍勃(英文第二个字母发音相同)。人们之间外表的相似并不是(引起叫错名字的)因素之一。性别也不是。
研究者们对1700多人分别进行了五个不同的调查。有些调查的对象只有大学生,有些调查的参与者来自各个年龄段。有些询问了被调查者关于他们亲近的人(家人或朋友)用其他人的名字叫他们的事情。还有些调查询问了被调查者被亲近的人叫错名字的次数。[54] 所有调查都发现,人们会叫错同一关系群体中人们的名字,比如(外)孙子(女)、朋友和兄弟姐妹,但是很少有越过这些界限的时候。
总的来说,该研究发现,大学生几乎和老年人一样都会犯这种错误,男性和女性也一样。老年人和女性犯这种错误的次数略多,但是这可能是因为与年轻的父母相比,老年人有更多的(外)孙子(女),更容易混淆他们的名字。[55] 同样,考虑到传统的性别角色,妈妈比爸爸叫孩子名字的次数可能更多。没有证据表明,叫错别人名字的人在沮丧、疲倦或者生气的时候更容易犯这种错误。
论说文:叫错熟人的名字是一个常见的认知错误,叫错的名字经常属于同一关系群里的某个人
第1-2段:用生活中的一个常见事例引出话题,叫错熟人的名字是一个认知错误,它与我们的记忆是如何对熟悉的名字进行分类和存储有关。
第3段:这项研究发现,“错误的”名字并不是随机的,而总是从相同的关系池中而来。
第4段:研究还发现,在关系相同的一群人中,名字开头或内部的发音相同时,会出现叫错名字的现象。
第5段:研究者进行了五个不同的调查,都发现,人们会叫错同一关系群体中人的名字,但是很少有越过这些界限的时候。
第6段:所有人都会犯叫错名字的错误,老年人和女性犯错的次数略多,而这是有原因的。
51. B
定位:根据题干关键词people often feel和misnamed可以将答案定位到文章第一段第一句。
解析:文章第一段第一句就指出,如果你和大多数孩子一样,那么当你的妈妈用你兄弟姐妹的名字叫你的时候,你可能会感到沮丧。感到沮丧就是感到不开心,故选项B正确,原文中的upset被同义替换为unhappy。其他三项原文均未提及,故排除。
52. A
定位:根据题干关键词David Rubin’s research和about misnaming可以将答案定位到文章第二段第二句。
解析:第二段第二句指出,根据第一个正面攻关这一课题的研究,在我们的生活中,叫错我们最熟悉的人的名字是一个常见的认知错误,它与我们的记忆如何对熟悉的名字进行分类和存储有关,也就是说,它与我们的记忆的工作方式有关,故选项A为正确答案。选项B和D文章中没有提及,可以排除。选项C是对原文的曲解,原文是说对孩子或者朋友的名字容易叫错,并非叫错名字这种行为主要发生在孩子和他们的朋友身上,故排除。
53. D
定位:根据题干关键词the cause of misnaming不容易直接定位出答案,而第54题明显定位于第五段,所以我们可以根据出题顺序与原文顺序基本一致的原则定位到文章第三、四段。
解析:文章第三段没有提到叫错名字的原因,紧接着第四段第一句提到,研究还发现,在这一群人中,当名字开头或者内部的发音相同的时候,会出现叫错名字的现象,比如吉米和乔安妮,或者约翰和鲍勃。对比四个选项可知,只有选项D与原文内容相符。该选项中的pronunciation of names同义替换了原文中的names shared initial or internal sounds。选项A和B文中没有提及,可以排除。选项C明显与原文第四段第二句意思相反,故排除。
54. D
定位:根据题干关键词surveys of more than 1,700 subjects可以将答案定位到文章第五段最后一句。
解析:文章第五段最后一句提到,所有调查都发现,人们会叫错同一关系群体中人们的名字,比如(外)孙子(女)、朋友和兄弟姐妹,但是很少有越过这些界限的时候。对比四个选项可知,只有选项D与原文内容相符,叫错名字的现象发生在同一关系群体中。该选项中的within a relationship group同义替换了原文中的within relationship groups。选项A、B和C的内容文中没有提及,均可以排除。
55. C
定位:根据题干关键词mothers misname their children more often than fathers可以将答案定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句。
解析:文章最后一段倒数第二句提到,同样,考虑到传统的性别角色,妈妈比爸爸叫孩子名字的次数可能更多。由此可知,妈妈比爸爸容易叫错孩子们的名字是因为她们更常叫孩子们的名字,更经常跟孩子们交流,故选项C正确。其他三个选项文中没有提及,均可排除。
Part IV Translation
【参考译文】
Lanterns, originating from the East Han Dynasty, were first mainly used for lighting.1 In the Tang Dynasty, people used red lanterns to celebrate the peaceful life.2 Since then, lanterns have become popular in many places of China.3 They are usually made of thin paper of bright colors, in different shapes and sizes.4 Usually hung up during the festivals such as the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival and the National Day, red lanterns symbolize a pleasant life and prosperous business in Chinese traditional culture.5 Nowadays, red lanterns can also be seen in many other places around the world.6
【译点精析】
1. 灯笼起源于东汉,最初主要用于照明:可以将两个分句翻译为并列句,用and连接,也可以把“起源于东汉”处理成整个句子的伴随状语;“灯笼”即lanterns,“起源于”可以表达为短语originate from;“最初”可以翻译成first或originally;“用于”可用be used for来表达;“主要”即mainly或primarily;“照明”即lighting。
2. 在唐代,人们用红灯笼来庆祝安定的生活:“唐代”按照惯例翻译成the Tang Dynasty;“人们用红灯笼来庆祝安定的生活”既可翻译为主动句,也可翻译为被动句Red lanterns were used to celebrate the peaceful life。
3. 从那时起,灯笼在中国的许多地方流行起来:“从那时起”即since then;“流行起来”可翻译为have become popular;“在中国的许多地方”,应翻译为in many places of China。
4. 灯笼通常用色彩鲜艳的薄纸制作,形状和尺寸各异:“色彩鲜艳的”翻译为of bright colors;“用……制作”翻译为be made of(如果看不出原材料,用be made from表示);“形状和尺寸各异”翻译成介词短语in different shapes and sizes。
5. 在中国传统文化中,红灯笼象征生活美满和生意兴隆,通常在春节、元宵节和国庆节等节日期间悬挂:翻译该句之前可以分析一下该句的结构,可以把“通常在春节、元宵节和国庆节等节日期间悬挂”处理成整个句子的状语,即Usually hung up during the festivals such as the Spring Festival, the Lantern Festival and the National Day,注意如果中文中有表示列举的情况,翻译为英文需使用such as来表达,此外,考生平时应注意积累中西方节假日的相关表达;“象征”可以翻译成symbolize,也可以翻译成be a symbol of;“生活美满和生意兴隆”可以翻译成a happy life and prosperous/booming business。
6. 如今,世界上许多其他地方也能看到红灯笼:“如今”可翻译为now、nowadays、at present、presently等;“也能看到红灯笼”应根据英文表达习惯采用被动语态,即red lanterns can also be seen;“世界上”即around the world或in the world;“许多其他地方”翻译为in many other places。