1. Inside,in the warm living room, with a glass of wine to drink and Mozart to listen to on the CD, she was far from the tiredness she had ___C___earlier.
A advocated B conceived C claimed D accumulated
2. If you've worked for one employer for two years or more before leaving to have your baby,you may be __B___maternity pay(产妇薪酬)
A drawn on B entitled to (有权益) C settled for (满足于) D rested on (依靠)
3. Tons of food was laid out on the big table and crates of beer were ____D__ready for consumption.
A reserved(保留) B expended(花费) C generated(产生) D stacked(一堆)
4. You'd better keep your leaders___A____of your activities so that they can ensure you are adequately supported.
A informed(告知) B amused(有趣的) C outlined(概括) D swallowed(吞咽)
5. According to the latest poll,the president's 43 percent support has _B____to 32percent.
A minimized(最小化) B shrunk(减少) C cited(引证) D predicted(预言)
6. Managers might not borrow as much as they should,if they want to retain a large____C__of borrowing power in case of problems.
A delivery(递交) B burden (负担) C reserve ( D deposit(沉淀)
7. It is said that one____D__a work of art and brings it forth as a child is _____and brought forth into the world.
A reproduces, reproduced(繁殖) B safeguards, safeguarded (防护措施)
C tolerates,tolerated (忍受) D conceives,conceived (构思、怀孕)
8. Our case against piracy was won,but over $75000 had been _B_____in legal costs in the proceedings ,far more than the compensation awarded by the court.
A advanced (提高) B expended(花费) C attained(获得) D blasted(爆炸)
9. If the environment is to be properly____C___policies must be formulated which will encourage the green industry.
A bluffed(吓唬) B promoted(促进) C safeguarded(保障) D varnished (装饰)
10. Although we are often successful in securing accommodation for people with AIDS, it is a problem which stretches our _C_____to the full and needs taken care of immediately.
A bonuses (奖金) B dilemmas (窘境) C resource (资源) D limitations ()
11. Mark's latest work ___D___the learning theories of the 1980s as well as his own experience in teaching English to foreigners.
A built on(建立。) B left out(漏掉) C brought up D drew on(运用)
12. ____D___the pros and cons of being the son of one of the famous,Rock replies:"I think I'm among the most blessed of people who ever lived."
A Fed on(靠。生存) B Headed for(朝。走)C Brought down D pressed for
13. Painting is the art of reaching the soul through the eyes, but if the picture___A___the eyes and never reaches the soul, the painter has fallen far short of his aim.
A.appeals to (吸引) B settle for(。定下来) C fumbles with(摸索) D aims at(瞄准)
14. A commission was appointed to __A____into the alleged illegal payments by the football club.
A.inquire(调查) B bounce (弹跳) C render(使) D deceive(欺骗)
15. Under the norms of international law, countries are _A_____in using military force abroad to defend their citizens from hostile military action.
A justified (正义的) B refuted C sheltered D identified(证明身份)
16. Statistics are __C____to prove the depth of popular misery: falling real wages, rising unemployment ,and a general collapse of living standards.
A concealed(隐瞒) B grabbed(抓) C cited(引证) D projected(突出)
17. The claim that women can never be in positions of public responsibility because of their"raging hormonal(荷尔蒙的)imbalances" is thoroughly__C______in this article.
A poked(戳) B injured C refuted (驳斥) D pleaded
18. Once the problem has been identified, the couple can start appropriate treatment, and with the right treatment, Mr Goswamy_D______,many more infertile (不育的)couples will conceive.
A exaggerates(夸大) B curses (诅咒) C betrays D predicts(预言)
19. Every few miles his suitcase _B_____out the back of the cart and Tock became annoyed at having to stop and collect it all the time.
A arose (引起) B bounced(蹦) C collided(撞) D strayed(偏离)
20. While I am waiting on platform,a railway employee shouts across the track that the 9.49train is ___A____,and that the next train will be at 10.19.
A.canceled B abridged C.poised D.upset
21. The daughter of an Indian laborer,Mrs Swami was _B___by her husband and had to support four children on her own.
A.followed B.deserted C.canceled D.scared
22. Peter read the letter twice before its meaning _B_______
A.came up B.sank in C.caught on D. turned up
23. "I might just as well __C_____and go if you can't even listen to things reasonably.!"
A. mean business B.make concessions C.pack up D.hang up
24. Mary___D____herself for making the silly mistake and letting the golden opportunity slip through her fingers.
A. Amused B.Justified C. Blessed D. cursed
25. Environmentalists are doing everything within their power to protect the birds and_A_____the impact of the oil spill.
A. minimize B.swallow C.exaggerate D. abridge
26. But what really __B_____the official statistics is that they are based almost entirely on the state economy.
A. Burdens B. Distorts C. Confirms D. Maintains
27. The ___D___truth is that some youngsters are so out of control they have to be detained .
A. Thoughtful B.internal C mature D brutal
28. Mary admired Max for his wit, although she could not A_______his philosophy of life.
A. Tolerate B invade C refute D interpret
29. This is a matter which cannot be too carefully watched since failure to comply _B______you liable to heavy penalties.
A. Enables B renders C injures D flushes
30. Their organization neither used nor___D_____the use of violence in its struggle for equality.
A.scattered B. enrolled C overheard D advocated
Test Yourself 2
31. It may be possible to claim damages against a local authority for negligently failing to ensure that construction work complied with the ___B_____ building regulations.
A magnificent B relevant C artificial D delicate
32. A substantial proportion of educational costs was __A____ to local authorities , although the latter had neither sufficient financial nor administrative means to carry out their new assignments.
A transferred B withdrawn C hurled D adjusted
33. These fads for physical fitness____A_____lead to two things: a great deal of unnecessary injury and a lot of profit to the people behind the scheme.
A invariably B virtually C originally D literally
34. Each product ___B______ by our company is quality tested at least three times , depending upon the requirements.
A derived B manufactured C demonstrated D constructed
35. Technological innovation is __C_____ to the modernization of the economy.
A unique B alien C indispensable D continual
36. The essence of being human _D______ the values we place on ourselves we place on ourselves in being human beings.
A reaches for B associates with C rests on D consists in
37. If they are A_______ they have nothing to fear , that's what they always say.
A innocent B inherent C attractive D notable
38. If is to be expected that homebuyers will be less___B_____ to borrow at today's high rates.
A restrained B inclined C obliged D exposed
39. On 6 March be was suffering from skin problems and an___C____ fall in his blood sugar level resulting from the earlier hunger-strike.
A acute B intense C dramatic D tender
40. Both girls quickly turned their faces away, just in case he would want to take_C_____ on them later for having witnessed his humiliation.
A sequence B occupation C revenge D complaint
41. I had no experience of teaching art to anyone, but the headmaster __B____me that it simply involved giving the boys some paints to play with and then telling them to get on with it.
A exerted B assured C grasped D addressed
42. The hotel's restaurant enjoys a good reputation, with a lovely first-floor terrace where on fine days you dine __D____the lake.
A visualizing B picturing C dipping D overlooking
43. In Diana's words the new invention can provide "disabled people with freedom from the wheelchair they spend so much of their life in , making them as ___A___as the next gust of wind."
A mobile B attractive C hospitable D marvelous
44. Materialism has until recently been_B_____ unknown in Confucian societies.
A normally B virtually C invariably D increasingly
45. Some lawyers say the law of deception must be __C_____ to include deception of machines rather than just people.
A reflected B unified C adjusted D loosened
46. The building materials industry___C____ itself to meet the steady predictable demand of the house-building industry, thus eliminating one of the chief obstacles to the output of houses.
A bound B integrated C geared D lowered
47. As a general rule vegetable oils are much better for you than fats that are__A_____from animals.
A derived B enriched C curled D detached
48. The critical moment for harvest___D_____from year to year and from one plant to the next.
A renews B envies C baffles D varies
49. If left to reach their natural__D____,many plant species will eventually take over a wide area of ground and should be avoided in small gardens.
A capacities B occupations C suspicions D dimensions
50. Fame is the most _B____subject in the world and I'm keenly interested in speaking to certain people who've had fame and then lost if.
A overwhelming B fascinating C rewarding D misleading
51. Interestingly enough, having once entered the profession itself, age ceases to be a ____C___, for actors of any age may easily teach each other something and share emotions honestly.
A necessity B pursuit C barrier D concession
52. Another _C_____ is how the yacht drifted north-west when prevailing conditions would normally have sent it towards South America.
A inquiry B dilemma C mystery D risk
53. The company is based on a novel_D___ of direct selling, which involves representatives knocking on doors selling household goods.
A extent B aspect C symptom D concept
54. It is my experience that many students of English Literature with good A-level results dislike poetry, or at least feel __A___ by if , and can go through a three-year degree course without this attitude being radically changed.
A baffled B overlooked C deceived D restrained
55. _B_______the technological requirements of the new system , other important issues have to be resolved
A Next to B Aside from C Rather than D Contrary to
56. By the end of this month manufacturing__C____ is expected to increase three-fold, according to sales and marketing director Joe Weston.
A dimension B endeavor C capacity D schedule
57. You may find it surprising that in this country__B___labor shortage coexists with high.unemployment.
A crucial B acute C artificial D instant
58. Those present at the meeting expressed interest in all of the organizational ___D___of home care, including nursing,equipment loans and the volunteer program.
A concepts B sequences C consequences D aspects
59. In this and succeeding meetings the__A_____ of attention was primarily on the manpower involved with some discussion of the public expenditure costs.
A focus B absence C minimum D authority
60. Other types of skin cancer are_ D____continued exposure to the sun over a long period..
A dedicated to B inclined to C derived from D associated
VII Cloze
When dad told us about the delivery work it sounded easy, just a piece of cake. The trouble was, we didn’t take care to inquire just how much material was involved. Before long trucks seemed to be pulling up outside our house all day long, leaving stacks of advertising. It seemed we should have no chance of meeting the deadline. The we had this marvelous idea. Hiring local kids to help would enable us to get the job done on time. True, it would cut into our profits, but there was no alternative. things seemed to be going well, but then we had trouble over a pay claim. Our workers demanded five dollars an hour, but fortunately for us they were ready to settle for less. As for us, when we finally settled our accounts we ended up earning less than the minimum wage for our efforts. I guess we should have know better than to believe that big bucks come easy.
Unit 5 英译汉
TO LIE OR NOT TOLIE -- THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA
撒谎还是不撒谎--医生的难题
Sissela Bok
Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients -- to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? 为了对病人有好处--为了加快病人康复或不让病人知道死亡的来临--医生到底该不该撒谎。
In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest. 医疗行业与法律、及其他行业一样,往往显得对诚实与否的问题不那么看重,要紧的倒是另外的一些事情,譬如,应设法避免可怕的消息造成的打击,或是应考虑恪守保密的诺言,或是需要揭露行为或促进公众利益等。
What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? 举例说吧。一个46岁的男子,在与家人外出度假之前进行常规体格检查,虽然他自我感觉良好,但医生发现他患了某种癌症,6个月内就会死去。
Is it best to tell him the truth? If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation? 这时,医生该怎么对他讲呢是不是最好对他讲实话要是他问起检查结果,医生该不该否认他得了病该不该将病情的严重性缩小到最低限度该不该将真情至少隐瞒到他全家度假之后?
Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones. 医生们常常面临这样的非常紧迫的选择。他们不时认为,为了病人自身的利益,撒谎很有必要,在他们看来,这种谎言与利己的谎言截然不同。
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. 研究结果表明,大多数医生深信身患重病的人不想知道他们的真实病情,如果将真情相告,则有可能 使他们完全失去希望,结果使他们恢复得更慢或恶化得更快,甚至会自寻短见。
As one physician wrote: "Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth's sake, and that is 'as far as possible do no harm.'"正如一位内科医生写道:“我们这个职业,传统上恪守一条信条,那就是 '尽可能不造成伤害',这一信条胜过为讲真话而讲真话的美德”。
Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will "do no harm" and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying. 有了这样一个指导原则,一些医生可能渐渐习惯于采用他们认为对病人很可能有益而“无害”的骗人做法。他们可能开出无数帖安慰剂,说一些没有事实根据的打气的话,并歪曲严重的病情,对那些患有不治之症和濒临死亡的病人,则尤其如此。
But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. 然而,现在开始有人提出证据,说明这种欺骗旨在给病人带来好处的说法是虚幻的。
Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. 研究结果表明,与许多医生的想法相反,绝大多数病人确实想知道真实情况,甚至是严重的病情。当他们了解到医生没有对他们讲真话的时候,他们感到自己被玩弄了。
We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery. 我们还获悉,将真实情况妥当地告诉病人,能帮助他们与病魔作斗争,有助于他们更好地忍受疼痛,减少用药,甚至在手术后更快地康复。
Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be patient in the first place. 谎言不仅不能提供鼓吹“仁慈”欺骗的人们所希望的那种“帮助”,它还侵犯了病人的个人自由,使他们不能对有关自己健康的问题作出明达的选择,包括要不要就医这一首要的选择。
We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted. 我们越来越意识到,病人发病期间,在不知病情或未被如实地告知病情的情况下,他们会遭到什么样的不幸。
Dying patients especially -- who are easies to mislead and most often kept in the dark -- can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.特别是濒临死亡的病人--他们最易受骗也最会被人蒙在鼓里--因此而不能作出临终前的种种有关抉择: 是否要住进医院,或进行手术,在何处与何人度过所剩下的一点时间,以及如何处理完自己的事务而后与世长辞。
Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. 谎言也伤害说谎的人,损害他们的诚实,并最终损害他们的信誉。谎言还伤害他们的同事。由于病人 怀疑有欺骗行为,许多对病人十分开诚布公的医生的工作也因此受到影响。
The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine," and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession. 病人的不信任使医疗诉讼案增多,造成医生避免风险的“防御性诊治”增多,而这些又进而有损于整个医疗事业。
Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers. 剧烈的冲突正在出现。病人开始学会催问真实情况。
Patients' bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. 根据病人应享有的权利的规定,医生应将病情和可供选择的治疗方案通告病人。
Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such information. Yet even in hospitals with the most eloquent bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices. 许多医生尽可能向病人提供这些情况。然而,即使在对病人的权益考虑得最周到的医院里,信奉“仁慈”欺骗的医生们继续他们传统的古老做法。
Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to take a stand. 同事们也许不赞同,但避免公开表示反对。护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝,但要抵制却感到为力。
There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. 及时对这个问题进行公开辩论非常必要。不仅在医疗业,而且在其他行业,从业者不断发现,自己常处于似乎不采用欺骗手段就无法避免严重后果的困难处境。
Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erode trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, "What you don't know can't hurt you." 但是公众完全有理由对职业性欺骗保持警惕,因为这种做法特别容易变得根深蒂固,蔓延滋长,并损害信任。无论医疗界、法律界、机构还是社会科学界,都不应从“不知者,不为所害”这句老话中得到丝毫慰藉。
Unit 10
汉译英
WHY PEOPLE WORK
人为什么工作
Leonard R. Sayles
Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment. 职业和工作在使人得到幸福与满足方面所起的作用比我们大多数人意识到的要多得多。
We're all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life -- the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization. But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life. 我们都习惯于认为工作为人生提供物质的东西--提供使我们的现代文明成为可能的商品和服务。但是我们对工作在促进精神生活方面所起的作用则知之甚少。这方面的作用难以捉摸,却更加至关重要,它是人生过得充实还是空虚的决定性因素。
Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin and punishment. And in our own day在历史上,工作一直与奴役、罪恶和惩罚联系在一起。
we are used to hearing the traditional complaints: "I can't wait for my vacation," "I wish I could stay home today," "My boss treats me poorly," "I've got too much work to do and not enough time to do it." Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the individual's happiness and sense of personal achievement. 现今我们还常常听到那些老一套的怨言:“我巴不得早点放假”,“今天我要是呆在家里该多好”,“我的老板待我不好”,“我的事情多得来不及做”等等。在这种情况下,当你得悉心理学家们以及其他的行为科学家们都认为,工作对个人幸福和个人成就起着积极作用时,你很可能会感到惊奇。
Work is more than a necessity for most human beings; it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity. 对大多数人来说,工作不仅仅是一种必需,它还是人们生活的焦点,是他们的个性和创造性的源泉。
Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential. 工作不是惩罚,也不是负担,工作为个人潜在能力的发挥提供机会。
Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect. A good many patients who feel depressed in clinics gain renewed self-confidence when gainfully employed and lose some, if not all, of their most acute symptoms. 许多精神病诊所的主治医生观察到工作的治疗作用。许许多多在诊所里显得精神抑郁的病人,一旦受聘从事有一定收益的工作时,便重新获得自信,并失去部分 (如果不是全部的话) 最严重的症状。
Increasingly, institutions dealing with mental health problems are establishing workshops wherein those too sick to get a job in "outside" industry can work, while every effort is exerted to arrange "real" jobs for those well enough to work outside. 越来越多的处理精神病问题的机构建立起工场,病情过重在“外面的”工厂里找不到工作的病人,可以在那里工作。与此同时,这些机构还竭尽全力为那些身体条件尚可在外面工作的人,安排“真正的”工作。
And the reverse is true, too. For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the "What do I do with myself?" question, even though there may be no financial cares. Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they don't have their jobs to go to, and must fend for themselves. 反过来也是一样。对许多人来说,没有工作反而对他们的健康有害。退休即使没有引起经济上的忧虑,也常常带来“今后我该怎样生活才好”之类的许多问题。许多人一到周末因为不上班而必须自行安排生活便产生头痛及其他不适。
It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless. 人们还观察到,失业除了产生经济压力之外,还造成许多心理上的病痛,很多人一旦失业,身体便迅速恶化。
But why? Why should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction? A good share of the answer rests in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job, by the activity of accomplishing. 这是为什么呢?为什么工作竟然是人们获得满足的如此重要的源泉呢?最主要的答案就在于,工作和通过工作所取得的成就,能激起一种自豪感。
Pride in Accomplishment来自于成功的自豪
The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind, with his will. Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities. 人们渴求取得成就,渴望有能力用自己的手,用自己的脑,凭自己的意志办成事情。我们每个人都希望自己能够做出有意义、并能显示出自己天赋的事来。
It is easiest to see this in the craftsman who lovingly shapes some cheap material into an object that may be either useful or beautiful or both. You can see the carpenter or bricklayer stand aside and admire the product of his personal skill. 这一点最容易在工匠身上看出来。他深情地将某一种价值不高的材料做成一件或是有用,或是美观,或是两者兼备的东西。你可以看到木匠或砖瓦匠常站到一边,欣赏自己的产品。
But even where there is no obvious end product that is solely attributable to one person's skill, researchers have found that employees find pride in accomplishment. 研究人员还发现,即使在没有明显的最终产品可以显示个人专长的场合,雇员们也对工作成就感到自豪。
Our own research in hospitals suggests that even the houskeeping and laundry staffs take pride in the fact that in their own ways they are helping to cure sick people -- and thus accomplishing good deal. 我们自己在医院的调查表明,即便勤杂人员和洗衣房的职工,也对自己的工作引以为荣,他们通过自身的工作协助治好了病人--因而也就作出了不少成绩。
We're often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work; deep down most people regard their won capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality. 我们常常被抱怨工作困难的言论所误导。在内心深处,多数人把自己善于解决棘手问题的本领看作个人的出众之处。
Complaining is just part of working. After all, how else do you know who you are, except as you can demonstrate the ability of your mind to control you limbs ad hands and words? You are, in significant measure, what you can do. 发牢骚也是工作的一部分。说到底,如果你不显示出驾驭自己言行的能力,那你还有什么别的办法来认识你自己呢?在很大程度上,你就是你所能成就的事情。
Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible. Just the opposite. It is energy expenditure that is satisfying. 有些人误认为人们喜欢积蓄精力,喜欢休息,并尽可能保养自己。事实恰恰相反。消耗精力才真正给人以满足。
Just watch an employee who must deal with countless other people because his or her job is at some central point in a communications network: a salesman at a busy counter, a stock broker on the phone, a customer representative. They will tell you how much skill and experience it takes to answer countless questions and handle various kinds of personalities every hour of the day. 试看一位因其工作处于某个通信网络的中心位置而必须与无数的其他人打交道的雇员: 一个繁忙柜台上的售货员,一个手不离电话的股票经纪人,或是一个客户代理人,他们会告诉你,每时每刻回答无数个问题以及应付各种各样的人物该需要怎样的本领和经验。
Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization. 不是每个人都能以这样的韧性长时间地与人周旋的。但是能够这样做的人,都为自己具有出众才能,能对所在单位的运转作出巨大贡献而感到自豪。
But work is more than accomplishment and pride in being able to command the job, because except for a few craftsmen and artists most work takes place "out in the world," with an through other people. 但是工作不光是成就和能够胜任工作的自豪,因为除了少数工匠和艺术家的工作而外,大部分工作是 在“外面”进行的,是与别人合作或通过别人来完成的。
Esprit de corps团体精神
Perhasps an example will make the point: 或许一个例子就能把这点说明白。
I remember viewing a half dozen me in a chair factory whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result. While there were ten or twelve of these "teams" that worked together, one in particular was known for its perfect coordination and lightning-like efforts. 我记得曾在一家椅子厂见过6个工人,他们的工作是将几根钢管弯曲并组成一把折椅。虽然同在一起工作的有10个或20个这样的“组”,有一个组因配合默契、动作神速而特别有名。
The men knew they were good. They would work spurts for twenty or thirty minutes before taking a break -- to show themselves, bystanders and other groups what it was to be superbly skilled and self-controlled, to be the best in the factory. 这班人深知自己能干。他们常常要猛干二三十分钟才肯休息一会儿--以便向自己、向旁观者以及向其他班组展示技术高超、善于自我克制的全厂最佳的班组是一个什么样儿。
When I talked with them, each expressed enormous pride in being a part of the fastest, best team. And this sense of belonging to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of work. 当我与他们交谈时,他们每个人都为自己是最快最好的班组一员而深感自豪。这种自己属于一个有娴熟技巧的班组的意识,是工作带来的最突出的满足感之一。
One further word about work group satisfactions. Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work tend to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional. 关于从工作班组中获得满足还要再讲一点。与生活中许多其他方面不同的是,工作人员之间的关系趋于简单,不那么复杂,且较少感情色彩。
This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and less regular relationships in the community. 这不是说工作中,没有争论、嫉妒。但总的来讲,行为科学研究揭示,工作中人与人之间较好相处。这或许是因为工作上的人际关系较有规律,更易于预料,因此更容易协调,而在社会上,人与人之间的关系是断断续续的,比较紧张,而且较少有规律可循。
And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the "rough edges" are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day. 另外,工作班组也会对其成员稍稍施加压力,促使他们学会相互协调,消除“摩擦”,因为人们知道他们每天都要共同努,相互协作,才能完成一定的工作。
Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university. 在工作班、组之上又有更高一级的组织,它或许是公司、医院,或许是大学。
The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is derived from being part of a larger collectivity. Working for a company that is thought of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with both status and self-confidence. 在一个更大的集体中工作,如同在一个配合默契的成功的单位工作一样,其成员也能获得同样的自豪。在一个被公认为是社会上最好的公司之一工作, 可以给雇员带来社会地位和自信心。
They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that they are more competent than the average because of this association with a "winner," a prestigious institution. 他们常常不无道理地认为,因为他们是与一个“胜利者”,一个有威望的机构联系在一起的,别人更加看重他们,甚至羡慕他们。他们也自认比普通人更能干。
We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, and we seek ways of asserting our membership so that others will know and can recognize our good fortune.事实上,我们常常沉浸在这种机构所折射出的荣誉里洋洋自得,我们还想方设法表明自己的这种身份,以使别人了解并承认自己的好运气。