
一、概念: He is the boy who often goes to school late.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
二、原则: a.定语从句必须紧紧地跟在先行词后面,修饰先
行词。
b.定语从句必须用关系词来引导。
c.关系词在定语从句中作一个句子成分.
三、特定情况
A.只能用that来引导,不能用which:
1.先行词为形容词最高级所修饰
2.先行词为序数词所修饰
3.先行词既包括人又包括物
4.主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句
5.先行词为the only, the very, the last, the same,no,all,any,few,little所修饰的定语从句
6.先行词是everything, nothing, something, all, little, much,
everybody等不定代词
7.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时
8.关系代词在句中做表语时
9.有两个定语从句,一个已用which修饰时
B.只用which,不用that
1.在非性定语从句中
2.介词提前时
(不能拆开的词组: look for / look after / catch hold of /take care of / put on / take off…….)
C.只用whom
1.放与介词后(一般能用which,that)
D.只用who,不用that
1.当先行词是one,ones,anyone,those时
E.which与who(m)
1.先行词表身份、地位、性格等时,用which,不用who(m)
He is not a lawyer which his father wanted him to be.
She is no longer the shy girl which she was ten years ago.
2.先行词是集合名词时,用which,不用who(m)
Look at the crowed which gathered there.
F.position/stage/state/point/situation/part/
condition/Case + where
Time/occation + when
G.百分比/分数/both … +of which/whom 结构
H.what和that, which的区别:
what 实际上等于是 “the thing that(which)”, 即 “先行词+关系词”. 因此在句中如果已有先行词,则不能用what,而只能用that(which),如没有先行词,则用what。what是 一个没有先行词的关系词。
四.关系副词when, where, why
1.定语从句在修饰一个表示地点的名词时,常用where来引导。
where是关系副词,在从句中作地点状语,其作用相当于一个介词短语,.因此定语从句中的关系副词where=介词+which。
只有作地点状语时才可以用where,作主语或宾语,则用which/that。
2.定语从句在修饰一个表示时间的名词时,常用when来引导。
when是关系副词,在从句中作时间状语,其作用相当于一个“介词+关系代词”。
关系词虽然代替的是时间,但如果在从句中作主语或宾语时,仍然要用which/that。关系词作宾语时常常可以省去。
3.定语从句修饰reason时,常用why来引导。
关系副词why的先行词只有reason,在从句中作原因状语。
关系词在从句中作宾语时仍要用that/which
(*that有时可以代替关系副词,且可省略)
五、非性定语从句只对先行词起补充,说明的作用,常用逗号分开。关系代词用who(m), which,关系副词用where ,when. 非性定语从句不能用that,why来引导.
(注意其与强调句的区别)
1.先行词是一个句子的非性定语从句
用as或which引导,谓语动词用第三人称单数
六、as 的用法
1.作为关系代词, 习惯上用于下列词组:
the same....as such ...as as ... as, so…as
2.用于非性定语从句,常见以下句型:
as you know, as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected, as we can imagine, as has been pointed out
3.the same…as, the same …that 的区别
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. (相似的事物)
I am wearing the same coat that I wore yesterday. (同一事物)
4. as与which的用法区别:
as引导的从句可放在主句的句首, 句中或句尾, 而 which引导的从句只可放在主句的句尾
谓语是know,see,mention,excpet等时,常用as引导
As没有“介词+关系代词”结构
七、主谓一致
He is one of the teachers who speak English.
He is the one of the teachers who speaks English.
八.先行词是the way的情况
1. the way做主语或宾语时无特殊
I don’t like the way that will make teacher angry.
2. the way做状语时,用in which/that引导或省略
I don’t like the way (in which/that) you treated me.
九、定语从句和同位语从句的区别:
定语从句相当于形容词作定语, 对先行词加以或修饰,同位语从句相当于名词,对先行词加以补充或说明,连接词that在定语从句中充当某个成分,而that在同位语从句不充当句子成分.
The promise that my uncle gave me made us happy. (定语从句)
The promise that my uncle would give me a new bike made us happy. (同位语从句)
